The Sunday Oregonian., July 13, 1919, Magazine Section, Page 3, Image 79

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THE STJJfDAY OKEGOJflAji". PORTIiAXD, JULY 13, 1919.
3
SHALL MEN AND WOMEN GO BACK TO SCHOOL DAYS AGAIN?
England's Experiment in Graduating Ten Thousand of the Working Classes in the
Worker s Educational Association Held Out as a Means of Solving Some American Problems
HOW would too. Sfr. or Jlra. Adult
American. Ilk to (a to school
rata? la England thy ar doing
It la on of th bom notable educational
inotimuia of Uio now century. Nearly
10.00 worker affiliated with th Work
ora Educational association have boon
graduated from tho tutorial elaaoaa la
practical course Ilk ooaomlea, oci
ology. history and tho like, indicating
a deslr for moro liberal education.
Tho wrltor of th following- artiel
rcntly raturnad from England, whor
ha Investigated a numbar of working
clasa adueatlonal systems for tho United
States department of labor. Bo tails
of tho acepo and signiflcaac of this
movement and offer it aa food for
thought for thosa American loadars who
ar seeking wars and moans for th
solution of onr own industrial problems.
BT CHARLES P. SWEENEY.
We Americans ar honiflad br tha
revelation that $.400,000 persons over
th ac of 1 roars in this country can
neither read nor write, even their names,
in any language. It was but a year ago
that this fact, mentioned In an address
in th senate, startled th country, but
already, under the general direction of
the department of th interior we are
engaged in a nation-wide effort to
strike the shackles of Illiteracy from
this mnltitud of our fellows. Thy
hall b (quipped, we say. with the
fundamentals of civilised existence so
they may. aftr th maaaar of th well
born Athenians, pursue th fullness of
life. We ar determined that In our
midst there shall be equality at least
with rapct to the advantages of prim
ary education.
But ther la another Impressive edu
cational statistic gleanable in the cen
sus over which we have as yet evinced
but mild concern. It is the fact that
only 144 children in every 10.000 of
our population obtain any full-Urn d
ucation after th age of 14 years.
of which means, of course, that In
dustry la laying a heavy hand upon the
spiritual and Intellectual posalbUltiss
of the mass of growing man and
woman. Continuation schools exist, to
be sure, and there are many other just
reasons for as to point with pride to
our national record of educational ad
vancement as compared with the past
or even the present In some European
countries. But th fact remains, and
It must be regarded with the utmost
seriousness if we are to continue in our
forward march, that among us there
are many with the capacity for greater
knowledge aad higher achievement for
whom opportunities for development
axe meager, iaaeeo
Impale From Wee-kins; Class.
What is to b done about It? On
thing- is certain. It is that wo cannot
expect to provide overnight or oven
over the cours of generation the
means by which each and every child
born may be maintained in education
. until he or she has been turned out the
finished product of a university. And.
anyway, that would take all the Joy
out of life. Not even the commisar of
education tn bolshevik Russia has any
sucn amoiuon. Kalalng th comoul
sory school age, even to IS years, will
not solve the problems of life, either.
"or. aftr all. tha best education is not
obtainable la schools, which are held
by aa expert on tne aubjeot to be
merely places of preparation for peo
ple who Intend In later life to be edu
cated. And. so far as Mr. George Ber
nard Shaw Is concerned. thy ar not
even that, for he asserts that his ed
ucation waa interrupted by his schooling-
At any rate, the consensus of the
best opinion rgsrdlng education Is
that It is a continuing process, ending
for th normal individual only with
death.
But while t la neither poaalble nor
desirable to keep us in school half of
our Uvea, it is desirable, and also Im
perative, that all of us should advance
in wisdom and in understsnding to the
uttermost of our capacities; that, so
I woman who spend thIr days aarslsg
their bread by manual labor. .
Thsy attend classes on mgnt a week
I and 'devote most of tho other nights
fores of democracy In industry. The committees receive applications for the
government supports the movement in I establishment of classes and provide
order to give direction to tha force of I the tutors, who are paid partly by the
democracy in national affairs. Employ
ers are beginning- to ee the wisdom of
supporting adult education in otner
than technical subjects as tha means
of adjusting tha operation of industry
to the nsw era of self-government in
industry, by which the worker, as well
as th employers, have a voice in the
regulation of shop affairs and tho de
termination of working conditions. For
they see that If self-government Is go
lng to speed) and not retard production
the expressions of labor must proceed
from as great a knowledge and as high
a conception of responsibility aa the
expressions of management.
inevitable that so vital a social
universities concerned, partly out of the
g-rants paid to the classes by the na
tional board of education, the latter
grants now amounting to 45 or 1225
a year for each class. A nominal charge,
generally two shillings and sixpence,
or about 65 cents. Is made upon each
class member for the year. The class
meets every week for two hours at a
time, of which the first hour consists
of a lecture by the tutor and the second
of questions and discussion by the stu
dents. Books are obtained from the
universities,' from local libraries, and
from the central lending' library for
students, established by the United
Kingdom trust. The subjects of study
are chosen by the classes themselves,
after consultation with tho tutor. At
first th subjects consisted almost en
tirely of economic history and economi
cs. Now, however, the scope of the
classes is tending to widen and though
economic and Industrial history still
predominate as tho chosen subjects.
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rjTiI S'fATz ir?Yl E?swa
far as our mortal limitation will pr
mit. w knew fully what wo ar about
and why w ar about it. realising in
telligently our relation to our neigh
bors and to the world In which we live;
that our understanding and self-expres
sion be adequately developed, so that
light and couras. and not fear ana
Ignorance, may bear us company. All
of which constitutes democracy's most
formidable problem.
An inspiring contribution toward its
solution is making rapid nsaaway in
Ens land. Adult working-class educa
tion la tho name It takes, and It simply
means tho provision of facilities for
CARLTLS LAMENT AND A MODERX ENGLISH VISION.
(Quotation from Carlylo.)
It is not because of hi toils that
I lament for th poor; w must all
toll er ateal (howsoever w nam
our stealing), which Is worse; no
faithful workman finds his task a
pastlm. Th poor is hungry and
a-thlrst. but for him also ther is
food and drink; b is heavy ladn
and weary, but for him also th
heavens sand sleep, and of tho
deepest: la his smoky cribs a dear,
dewy haven of rest envelops him,
and fitful glitterings of doud
sklrtad dreama. But what I do
mourn over is that th lamp of his
soul should go out; that no ray of
heavenly, or oven of earthly knowl
edge should visit him; but only, la
tho haggard darkness. Ilka two
specters, fear and indignation, bear
htm company. Alas, while tho body
stands so broad and brawny, must
tho soul U blinded, dwarfed, stu
pefied, almost annihilated! Alas,
was this, too. a breath of Cod;
bestowed la heaven, but on earth
nvr to be unfolded! That there
ahould one man die Ignorant who
had capacity for knowledge, this Z
call a tragedy, ware It to happen
more than twenty times la the
minute, as by some computations It
does. The miserable fractions of
science which our united man
kind ia a wlda unlvers of nes
cience has acquired, why is not
this, with all diligence, imparted
to all T From "Sartor Kesartua,"
by Thomas Carlylo.
1 (Quotation from William Temple.)
I seem to see a mighty host draws)
from every nation under heaven,
and from very social clasa. pledged
to one great cause th full de
velopment of human power through
th lnureours of mas In fellow
ship and brotherhood. They ar
fiud with a high courag: tneir
yea ahln with hop and faith. Aa
vney tenor in woria is caangea. ja
now spirit 1 at work, and th
thing they car for ar th fruit
of that spirit love, joy, peace, loy.
alty. beauty, knowledge. Eagerness
to win thes does not lead to rival
ry or faction, for these are bless
ings of which th moro any one
posssss th mora thr Is on that
account for all besid. Life is still
varied, and ther ar many dlversl.
ties of service; still town and
country, with all their manifold
pursuits, but no leading captivity,
and no complaining in our streets;
still sorrow, but bo bitterness; still
failure, but no oppression; still
richer and poorer, but no thought
less luxury, no grinding destitu
tion; still church aad world, yet
both together celebrating unlnter-
mlttantly tha one divine service.
which Is th ervic of mankind.
8hall we realise that dream? It I
always ready to com true. If only
men will love and hate the right
things. From aa address by Will-
lam Temple, president of the Work
ers' Educational association of
Great Britain.
working people to obtain aecsss to
higher learning, it involve co-oper-ativ
efforts on the part of all the uni
versities In Oreat Britain, 1014 trad
unions and nearly 1000 other working
class and educational organisations,
banded together in the name of educa
tional progress generally, but more par
ticularly for th purpose of stimulating
and supplying a damand among th
workers for greater knowledge, that
they might th more Intelligently and
effectively function as members of "a
society which, 'must be Industrial and
would Ilk to be democratic."
This movement Is distinctly a move
mint of the working class to elevate
itself. Its corporate name Is the Work
ery Educational association and that
Is what it is. Philanthropy has no part
In It. It asks nothing from tn so.
call niner classes. That the govern
ment has been so deeply Impressed with
Its value to th nation as a whole that
It contributes thousands ef pound
yearly to the support of the work Is an
indication ef the grip the movement
ha obtained upon the Imagination of
the country. Government gives to it,
but government does net attempt to
Interfere with it. The unlversitlee rive
to it, but the fact remains It is not th
government's educational association or
the universities educational associa
tion, but the workers educational asso
ciation, a development of democracy,
giving voiee and action to what i de-
scribed as "an Inextinguishable long
ing among th workers for the things
of the mind and spirit." In other words.
it would seem, to put the situation in
its broadest term, th working people
ef England have set about to educate
themselves. In th process of their so
doing, th universities, made to ask
themselves If they nave pot in tne past
been rather -neglectful of the working
oiaas In their distribution of the bene,
fit of education, have, one after an
other, beginning with Oxford, thrown
themselves into th movement, offering
every faolllty and assistance at their
command tescaers, books, eenoiar.
ships, etc And, in a little while, the
government follows suit with money
to pay teachers and to meet other ex
penses. And today, after an existence
of barely a doxep year, the tutorial
elassee ef the W, E. A., as the associ
ation Is known In England, have gradu
ated nearly 10,000 students Industrial
workers, moat ef whom left school at
10, 11 er 12 years In such subjects a
economies, industrial history, politi
cal economy, biology, sociology, litera
ture, history of political freedom In Eu
rope, reconstruction, Plato's republic,
eto. And this fact is all tho more re
markable when it Is known that th
definite goal in th study of each sub
ject is a mastery of its equivalent to
that sought in aesdemio life by a stu-i
dent working for university honors, and
that this goal Is attslned by men and
th preparation of essays, a fortnightly
feature of the clssswork. In the case
of many, If not most of thes people,
their struggle for knowledge Is made
either to the reading of many books
touching their subjects of study or in
against terrllio odds. The "overtime"
evil in British industry is well known.
It has deprived many workers of the
opportunity to attend th classes, and
much of the absence from classes by
members ha been due to it. although
the attendance percentage Is amasingly
high. But it now seems likely that one
ef the achievements of ths adult educa
tional movement will h the abolition
of "overtime." So strongly has th
movement established itself in tha
minds of th public that the govern
ment last year appointed a commission
on Industrial and social conditions in
relation to adult education. This com
mission in one of th most notable con
tributions to the literature of democ
racy ha made its report. Among other
things, it recommends In th strongest
possible terras ths abolition of over
time" and the prohibition of all night
worn not strictly necessary.
The most promising educational
movement in England." 'as it is de
scribed by leading British educators,
th tutorial class movement of the
W. E. A. Is even more Important to ths
world outside. For it Is a death-dealing
refutation of the eft-repeated slander
that working people don't want educa
tion. But it goes beyond a mere shat
tering of this Action. For it has proved
not only that workers do want educa
tion, but that they have tha capacity
tor assimilating It equal to tne nignest-
oorn. Ana as go ou asm py u. v.
H. Cola, a tutor ef two of the classes,
it ts proving that the sverag of in
telligence is high. fact of which' some
seam yet to be convinced. What tB
brief history ef (his movement says in
offset is that natural intelligence is not
tn monopoly of a class, the only no
nopoly up to date being upon th oppor
tunities zer 6veiopmnt of a natural
indulgence.
Up to this Um this English venture
in eaueauon may do regaraee as
phenomenon of th labor movement
Th labor movement gave It birth and
tha labor movement is its guiding
fore. It 1 still too young to point to
any ef the great national leaders ef
labor as Its products, but scattered ever
tn priiiBB ises ar nunoreds of men
and woman occupying positions of
union secretaries, organisers, shop com.
mittaemen, shop stewards, etc.. who
would not be occupying those positions
if they had not been students ef th
W. E- A. And they have not only
slped themselves; thsy have haloed
tha labor movement by raising its gen
eral intelligence, by adding to it funds
of knowledge and wisdom with which
to meet the problems confronting It.
ia laoer movement supports ths w. E.
, In order to give direction to the
If the EnslUh plea ef adsvemtto tow
working- eiessee ia adopted eve snay
find msDv ase aad wemea back stt
the old school desk whey they Utt
off years ago la yenta.
institution as the working class educa
tional movement has come to be should
exceed the limits of a single fraction of
the community and today virtually
every forward-looking leader in British
affairs, regardless of their particular
Interests, be they religious, ethical, po
litical or social, is either directly or in.
directly affiliated with the movement
or has aligned himself as a supporter
of it. It is true that the students for
the most part are trade-union members,
but trade union membership is not a
requisite for admission into the classes.
There is but one condition, and that is
a desire for knowledge. In one class
there might bo found Catholics, prot
estants, Jews, unbelievers, socialists,
laborltes, liberals, tories, fellows all in
the quest for knowledge. The move
ment is non-partisan, unseetarian, free
from cant or dogma- It seeks not to
lift workers out of tbs shop and into
the office. And to th great pride of
its leaders and most ardent supporters,
it does not have this effect. Its aim,
as expressed by one of its spokesmen.
is that "by education, working people
shail raise, and not rise out of, the class
to which they belong. And so it goea
While th tutorial classes are the
bast known part of the work of th W.
E. A., they are by no means the only
outcome of its labors. For, from Its
central headquarters at 1 Harpur
street, Theobold's road, London, and a
score of branch headquarters ia the
other cities of England, Ireland, Scot
land, Wales and the dominions of Can
ada and Australia, it conducts an un
ceasing propaganda for general educa
tional advancement. It wielded a great
influence, for instance, in the success
ful effort for educational reform em
bodied tn the education act, adopted by
parliament last year. Its branches form
the centers of those educational activi
ties of a district which, because they
ar not supported out of public money,
do not fall within the province of the
local education authority teguivaienf
to our local boards of education.) These
branches seek to secure the affiliation
of all Ledies earrvlnsT on any educa
tional work, as well as of the local
trade unions, trades councils, co-oper-atlve
societies. Thus are wI4d Into
mpact forces powerful groups aiming
at th spread of knowledge and the so
lution of local educational proDiem.
Beyond tho tutorial class work, courses
of lectures ana reading cuxim ere ar
ranged, attracting and enlightening
hundreds of thousands of workers
yearly.
Thus, it meets some of the neeas ot
thou who era beginning to aemane
higher-education, and it create a body
of students wno oesire more wnnociu,
systematic and continuous study. These
nersons are orsranised into a tutorial
class, which become really the nucleus
of a university estaDiisnco -noi no
university exists. The organisation of
such a class is simply stated. con
sists at a e-rouD of not more than 20
students. These agree to meet regularly
once a week for 24 weeks curing eacn
of three successive winters xor tn pur
pose of study under a university tutor,
to follow ths course of reading out
lined by the tutor and to writ fort
nightly essays. For the purpose oi
managing these classes every univer
sity end university college in England
v.. snnointed a joint committee, com
posed of university representatives and
working-class representatives. These
there are classes In a great variety of
other subjects.
Arrlsisaeal by Edvcstteraw
The tutorial elasses have shown two
things: first, that there is a wide de
mand for higher education of a liberal
type among- the workers and, second,
that there is a large number of workers
who need only the opportunities to
reach a very high level in their studies.
There is an abundance of testimonials
from authoritative sources as to the
high character of tbs work performed
by the students. Amoae the verdicts
passed upon the work is a report to
the board of education by his majesty's
inspectors. Professor .. T. Hothouse
and Mr. Beadlam. After an exhaustive
examination of a large number of- the
classes, they reported that the work
of students was "in some respects bet
ter, in others not so good as that of an
Oxford or Cambridge undergraduate,"
that the classes "tend to accustom the
student to the ideal of work familiar
to a university" and that "as regards
the standard reached, there are stu
dents whose essays compare favorably
with the best academic work." That is
substantially the verdict of most ob
servers who have bad experience of,
teaching; In a university and who have
seen the work of the -tutorial classes.
Asids from the tutorial class move
ment, the labor movement In England!
supports two colleges devoted to th
development of men intending to spend
their lives In the movement. One of
these Is Rusktn college, Oxford. It la
affiliated principally by the trade
unions. It is a residential college. It
is free from class or partisan bias. On
the other hand is the Central Labor
college, London, supported by the South
Wales Miners' Federation and the Na
tional Union of Railwayman. It Is
frankly partisan, instructing Its stu
dents in economics, history, etc, strict
ly from the Marxian point of view. It
holds that the labor movement has Its
basis in the antagonism between cap
ital and labor and its aim is the over
throw of capitalist society and the sub
stitution ofhe socialist state., It, too,
is a residential college. But sine th
war started in 1914, both Ruskin col
lege and the Central Labor college
have been vacant of students. Both
are now about to resume, however.
It might be said here that the Central
Labor college point of view with re
spect to working class education has
been spread remarkably as a result
of the activity of the Plebs league, with
which it is associated. This league
has followed th general methods of
the W. E. A. with regard to the forma
tion of classes, lecture courses, reading
circles, etc, but as would be indicated
by its motto, "I can promise to be can
did but not impartial," the particular
kind of education with which it deals
would be better named propaganda.
For it is definitely and frankly calcu-
. lated to arouse class hatred and a
spirit of revolution. It is tha sworn
and open enemy of the W, E. A. con
stantly assailing its motives as "cap
italistic" and "blinding th workers to
their real interests," etc Neverthe
less, ia soma of the industrial sections '
of England and Wales It has been
able not only to retard th growth
of the W. E. A, hut to attain amexing
growth itself. At its doors is laid re
sponsibility for the recent strikes la
Glasgow on the Clyde and the stub-!
born and revolutionary strike of about
60.000 miners in Wales against tha;
orders of the miners' union officials. '
It has organized hundreds of classes '
and conducts , an extensive correspon
dence course.
Jost Starting; in America.
The labor movement In America has
as yet given little thought to the sub-
ject of education for its members. One)
union, the International Ladies' Gar
ment Workers' Union, has for three
years been conducting classes ia ev- ,
eral schools in New York city, and -
gratifying results have been obtained.
In Boston, within the past two months,
the Central Labor Union has affiliated
with a number of teachers in Harvard
university and a labor college has been
established. But that is all. Tha Bos- '
ton venture is the first hint in America
of a union for educational progress
between the nn'verslties and colleges
and the working-class organizations.
That the labor movement, however, '
cannot much longer resist the neces
sity for some form of education for
the workers is seen in the tendency
toward self-government in American
industry. In hundreds of plants hop
committees have been formed, through
which the workers negotiate with their
employers. If these committees are to
function as the real representatives of -the
workers they must be composed
of men possessing knowledge and In
formation equal to that of the em
ployer.- And, from th viewpoint of
the employer, a mutual understanding;
between him and his worker is es
sential to maximum production, which, ,
is to be obtained only through eiM
lightened co-operation between, both
of them.
:-&-;fflfe WW Mil
- ,Jo2KV,H
Tn most premising educational neresiest In Ena-land 1 the way they
describe the plasu Fax It is a refutation of the slander that working; peopi
doat want edneatloB. .
BELA KUN AND HIS SOVIET
GOVERNMENT ARE FANTASTIC
Count Karolyi'g Martla Palac Occupied by Proletariat and Stovepipe
Stick Out of Lac Curtained Windows.
VISVXA. May II. (Correspondence
of the Associated Prese) Con
ditions In Budapest and the sur
rounding country under tha fantastic
government of Bala Kun and his soviet
are grotesque. It has Just become
known the Countess Rsda la scrub
bing stairways ia one ef th city
prison a Count Julias Ssachenyi, aged
V0. formerly master ef the king's
horse. Is one of thoae who has Incurred
tha displeasure of the ruling forces.
In spits of his ace. he ha been forcibly
removed from his home and imprisoned.
What deposition will be made of him
ia not liely to reach the publto until
It has been ordered and executed.
Every room la the handsome marble
palac of Count Louis Karolyi, th
former Austrian ambassador to London,
ta eccu--ui I J aosx os of iba vausied
proletariat, with such results as might
I be expected. 8tovepipes stick from the
lace-curtained windows, and the silk
covered walla are smoky, grimy and
greasy. Protective covers have bean
torn from rich divans and handsome
chairs to be used for dlshrags. Costly
bronses. chipped and mutilated, are
being used as playthings by th pro
letarian children.
It ia the same la th handsome real
dene ef Count Andrasay next door,
where squalor and dirt are rapidly re
placing the magnificence and polish of
a happier day.
Day by day comas tha news of In
creasing violence on the part of those
who are In power. -The latest Instances
have to do with Ludwlg Navvy, former
president of th Hungarian parliament.
Ha waa seised at his country home and
while) beug MaCA iAU uUdM. We
taken from th train and shot to dth
by the red guard, who gave as an ex
cuse that ha waa trying to eseaps.
Altogether th situation in Budapest
Is rapidly approaching th point where
there will be tn customary appeal to
tha "great big-hearted America" to
feed and clothe the people. Security ef
life and property ta growing lass with
every weak and the once magnlfleant
city is rapidly taking on an appearance
to whleh its people bv hitherto been
strangers.
Neglect of agriculture Is en ef the
outstanding feature ef th situation.
It Is estimated that 50 per cent ef the
tillable soil has not been plowed, partly
due to tne disorganisation an aemorai
ltation occasioned by an order ef th
soviet whleh forced landowners to raise
the wage ef farm laborers from 5
erowns ts )0 crowns par day. and also
to giva them butter and milk without
any charge and to se that they were
preperly clothed.
The appeal to th United States for
help ta expected to come dirdctly from
the people who have dena nothing to
work what few fields are now under
cultivation and who never had many
Clothe er feit th need for them.
Presses of oyster-colored georgette
have scarfs and bolts of rough, woven
wooj,
RELIGIOUS TURKS PUT BLAME
FOR DEFEAT ON MOHAMET
Othen Say Present Plight Is Jost Judgment for Destruction of Dog
gome Yr Ago,
CONSTANTINOPLE. May I. (By
mail.) The religious Turk la very
much discouraged. To mosques
ar not a wall patronised as formerly.
foy Mahemot s blamed for th loss of
th war- Turks whose dogs war taken
away from them nd dumped on n
Island In th Marmora se ta starve
with tens of thousands ef other Con
stantinople mongrels soma years ago
se in Turkey's present plight a just
Judgment from Mahomet. Those who
prophesied at the time that the whole
sal massacre of the dogs would bring
bad luck to Turkey are new wagging
their heads sagely and recalling their
prophecies. .
The mosque of Ahmed I is deserted.
The Germans when they left carried off
all the precious rugs and the faithful
FtfuM ta CftUC ti BJ0S0U4 OB lb,
i ground that it has been profaned and
Is unclean. More than 209 deaths from
eholera took place in this mosqu dur
ing th war.
The howling dervishes in particular
declare that there is no nope for Tur
key unless the "great prophet, Wilson,"
intervenes. Recently the American Red
Cross mission for Rumania stopped off
at Constantinople and, while waiting
for their boat to coal, vistsd th bowl
ing dervishes.
With hot coals In hi mouth and with
high priests sticking knives through
their cheeks in time-honored fashion,
the high priest calling down the bless
ing of Mahomet upon America and mal
edictions upon all the enemies of Tur
key. A young Turk translated the head
howler's lamentations and blessings.
Memet VL the sultan, has not lost
tAltiX ia 31ah.omt. howvr. Each Frl-.
day- - morning he visits th ' Tlldez
mosque to pray. His visit is a cere
mony attended not only by thousands
of Turkish onlookers and guards but
also by hundreds of allied officers all
equipped with cameras of every size
and description.
American army officers and Red
Crott girls now find It easy to visit
the mosques. St- Sophia is open to all
comers and the American army man is
not forced even to take off his shoes.
He merely slips them into a pair of
huge slippers and shuffles about on the
precious carpets which are aligned in
the general direction of Mecca.
BRAVERY IS PERPETUATED
Monuments Being; Built to Comment-
morate American Achievements.
VERDUN, June 16. (Correspondence
of the Associated Press.) Monuments
to commemorate the achievements of
th Americans in the battle of the Ar
gonne are being built, details of the
work being attended to by different
army units.
A series of concrete monuments
adorned with German machine gun and
In some instances with German helmets
and, flOea baa beca, put sp to, mirk
tho front line of a division advance or
to tell of th capture of a certain
village by some regiment. Most of the
monuments are being placed in prom--inent
places near the main roads, when
possible, so that they will serve as
guide posts for tourists visiting th
scenes where the Americans fought
their greatest battle on French soil.
OLD FLAG MAY GO BACK
British Army Take) Emblem From
America In Is 12.
LOUISVILLE. Kentucky's battle
scarred flag, carried by pioneers until,
they surrendered to the British and In-;
Hans at the battle of the River Raisin.
in Michigan, in the war of 1812, may
be returned from England, where it
was taken when the British army d-,
parted from America.
The Kentucklans' battle standard, on
which is written part of the state'
motto, "United We Stand," is the em
blem which Major Sir Evelyn Wrench,,
one of the founders of the English
speaking union, recently discovered in
the chapel of the Royal hospital, Chel
sea. London, along with other captured
flags. Gov. James D. Black says no
will seek its immedlaU return,