THE . SUXDAY OltEGOXIAX, POItTLAXD, AUGUST 20. 191C
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OFF AS YOUR OWN INFANT.
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young baby to distinguish 'it as be
longing to a particular parent. Wealth
and ancestry count for nothing. The
Astar or Biddl baby Is much like the
Murphy or Blg-g-ing baby when new
born. "The handprint of a new baby, or
prints of Its fingers, would excellently
serve the purpose of identification. But
the tiny fingers are very delicate mem
bers; to unfold them and take ink im
pressions of them is an awkward Job.
necessarily causing: discomfort to the
child. On the other hand, it is the easi
est thins; in the world to pass an ink
roller over the sole of the little foot
and make a print of it.
"The baby's handprint and footprint
are substantially alike. The hand pat
tern meaning- thereby the complex ar
rangement of skin-ridgres that is con
tinuous all over the palm is, in any
individual human being-, reproduced in
the foot. Nature does not bother to
vary the ridgre-patterns materially in
the four members. From a baby's point
of view there is not much difference
between hands and feet anyway. It will
even use the latter for grasping-, as a
monkey does.
"With such a means of identification
supplied in babyhood, there can never
be any question of who's who in the
case of a human individual. Baby Bunt
ing has a footprint unlike any other
in the world. Furthermore, his foot
print retains its characteristics
through life, unaltered save by in
creased size and a coarsening of the
lines.
"To illustrate the value of such a
record, suppose that Sir Roger Tich
born had had a print made from the
sole of his foot when an infant, and
tjiat it had been preserved. The fraud
ulent claimant to hla estates, who tried
to usurp his identity, would have had
no chance of success whatever. A print
fronj the claimant's foot would have
sufficed to throw his case out of court
Immediately, and the huge expense of
prolonged litigation would have been
avoided.
"The skin that covers your foot is
like a shoe, the sole of which is made
in a separate piece, of a different mate
rial from the
speaking, at all events, it is very dif
ferent, being the only part of the body,
except the palm, that is hairless, and
having, like the latter, a ridge-pattern.
Each ridge is a roof to cover a row of
tiny conical elavations called 'papillae,
every one of which contains the end of
a little nerve. These are nerves of
touch. Beneath the outer skin of your
palms and foot-soles are hundreds of
thousands of nerve-ends, and the ar
rangement of their rows is marked by
the ridges.
"The influence of heredity expresses
strongly in the ridge-arrangements
whorls. loops, etc.) of the sole of the
foot as, likewise, of the palm. Such
SUFFRAGIST PORTRAYED AT SMITHSONIAN.
WASHINGTON, X). C. The baby
did not mind a bit. Being held
in a comfortable position by its
mother, it merely gurgrled gleefully
while Mr. J. Herbert Taylor, chief of
the Identification Division of the Navy
Department, passed a roller over the
sole of its little foot. Then the foot
was pressed firmly upon a sheet of
rmooth white letter-paper, and (the
roller being covered with printing- ink)
a perfect impression of it was made,
"Isn't that remarkable." exclaimed
the mother, examining the impression
with keenest interest.
"You may well say so, madam," re
filled Mr. Taylor. "No other baby in all
the world has a footprint just like it."
The mother carried off the precious
Bheet of paper in triumph. Whereupon
Ir. Taylor, who is the Government's
principal finger-print expert such
prints being used for the identification
of every enlisted man in the Navy
aid:
"Every mother ought to have a print
of her baby's foot. There is no telling
how or when It may be useful for
Identification. Tou have heard. I dare
cay, that the matter Js being seriously
taken up. In one of the largest Chicago
hospitals a regulation has recently
been adopted requiring that every baby
born in the institution shall have a
print of its foot taken immediately af
ter birth.
"The idea, though so new, is already
spreading, t is based, indeed, upon
very obvious common sense, especially
iwhere hospitals are concerned.
'A great many children are born In
hospitals. In the great centers of pop
ulation there are even 'lying-in' hospi
tals, devoted wholly to the business of
childbirth. Such establishments are a
pod-send to the poor. But, as you are
doubtless aware, it has within the last
few years become the fashion for well-to-do
women to go to a hospital when
expecting confinement. They do so,
isually under the advice of the family
physician, because they can get better
care, with more sanitary surroundings
than the most luxurious home will af
ford, and the best of nursing and medi
cal attention.
"Unfortunately, however, it has- hap
pened in many an instance that babies
boin under such circumstances have
been mixed up. Mothers, through acci
dental enors in distribution, have had
the wrong infants dealt out to them.
Mrs. Smith has been discharged from
the hospital with the Jones' baby in
her arms, and the Smith baby has been
handed over to Mrs. Jones. Sometimes,
doubtless, the mistakes have remained
undiscovered; but there have been
enough ascertained cases of the sort to
persuade the Chicago hospital I have
mentioned, to adopt the footprint sys
tem. "You can see how easily such error
might occur. In a great hospital a
number of babies may be born on the
same day. A separate ward is provided
for them, to which they are removed
immediately after birth. For some days
thereafter it is advisable that they
shall not be with their mothers most
of the time; this, indeed, is part of the
eystem. They are customarily -lumbered
and tagged, but there are all
eorts of opportunities for over-busy or
careless nurses to mix them up.
"A policeman in New Tork City told
me that a while ago he had an emerg
ency case where a poor woman gave
birth to a chili in a patrol wagon on
her way to a hospital. It was a hoy.
Eu, when the mother was able to
leave the hospital a. baby girl was
fiven to her. Naturally she protested,
but there was no way in which the
mistake could be corrected. "You're
lucky,' said the interne, 'that it isn't
colored.'
"In the absence of a reliable means
of identification, the mother who goes
to a hospital under such circumstances
(as matters are ordinarily arranged)
takes an appreciable chance of ex
changing her baby for some other
-woman's offspring. It is a danger the
seriousness of which, from her point
of view, can hardly be exaggerated.
"Notwithstanding the Impression of A bas relief of Susan B. Anthony h as recently been placed on view at the
the individual mother to the contrary. iA Smithsonian Institution in Wash ington. It was executed by Michel
It is a fact that all very young infants Jacobs, a painter and sculptor o f note. A second copy of the work
look much alike. At all events there is was presented to the National Associa tion for Woman Suffrage at its meet
nothing about any particular very ins Ln, Washington last Winter,
patterns, as with likenesses of feature,
are handed down in families from gen
eration to generation. Thus they af
ford testimony of relationship, which
may yet figure as evidence in courts
of law. There was a recent case, in
England, in which the shape of a boy's
ears was held to prove his right to a
name and estate. Quite possibly there
will be similar decisions where proofs
are supplied by foot or hand patterns.
' "Speaking of heredity, evidence has
recently been obtained through a study
of such patterns that bas a most im
portant bearing upon the problem of
the ancestry of the human race. It af
fords what seems to me to be the most
definite "and. valuable testimony ever
recorded in behalf of the theory that
the protruding "Hapsburg lip." or like
red hair in the Biddle family.
The tendency to produce male, or it
may be female, offspring runs In cer
tain families. Thus a marriage between
a man and a woman whose families
have been exceptionally affluent of boys,
is likely to result in a high percentage
of male births. It is, in fact, the only
means as yet ascertained by which the
sex of children can be Influenced in
advance.
An eminent Government scientist.
Professor W. J. Splllman. has pone
very deep into a study of the mathe
matics of heredity. He says (and ap
parently is able to prove) that two
brothers may not be in the slightest
degree related to each other, though
born of the same parents, and likewise
two sisters. A child may be no kin
whatever to its own grandmother. Or
it may happen that a man's niece is
more closely related to him than his
own daughter.
DOES MEXICO HATE US?
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upper.' Structurally- man is descended . from apes, or at all 7 & -rnOnZJJS UCt.
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events from ape-like animals.
"At my request, a Voman finger
print expert. Miss Gertrude M. Sullen
der, made prints of the hands and feet
of a number of apes and other monkeys
in the New York Zoo. One of them was
a gorilla, whose palm and sole patterns
were found to differ in no important
respect from those of human beings.
The ridges closely correspond, and their
arrangement likewise.
"The gorilla is the highest of the
apes meaning thereby that its like
ness to the human species is nearest, in
respect to anatomical structure. It is
interesting to discover that its palm
and sole prints- give a corresponding
rank; and also (as shown by Miss Sul
lender s ink-impressions) that other
monkeys, as they descend in the scale
of development, show patterns less and
less like those of man. Another fact
well worth noting in this connection
is that man and the monkeys are the
only animals existing today that pos
sess such ridge-patterns.
"A baby monkey or, for that mat
ter, a monkey of any age could be
identified by its footprint or hand
print Just as surely as a human baby."
To go back to the babies. Nobody
knows why certain traits are, and oth
ers are not, , transmitted from parents
to offspring; and it is impossible to tell
in advance which ones will be thus
transmitted. But at this very time
government scientists, the cleverest of
them, are busy with the problem.
Through the breeding of animals and
plants they are . gaining knowledge
which is expected eventually to be of
use in solving puzzles of the kind that
relate to human beings even the puz
zle that has to do with the control of
sex.
Co-operating with them In this work
is a so-called Station for Experimental
Evolution, established by an endow
ment from Mr. Carnegie, at Cold Spring
Harbor, Long Island. i
This is a scientific enterprise alto
gether unique. On first glance at its
interiors the main laboratory building
might be mistaken for a zoological sup
ply shop, inasmuch as the greater part
of it is divided up into breeding rooms
for the propagation of many kinds of
animals. One room Is devoted to canar
ies, and is made melodious by tae sing
ing of hundreds of these birds, in cages.
Another room contains a small but
complete fish hatchery, also tanks for
the study of shrimps, crabs and lob
sters. A separate department is as
signed to rabbits and guinea-pigs; an
other is given up to insects of num
erous species, which are being bred.
There Is an annex exclusively for
chickens and pigeons; goats and sheep
are housed in a convenient out building
and a dozen odd-looking pens of glass
on the adjacent lawn are tenanted by
promising' families of snails.
All of this remarkable outfit is main
tained for one object only the study
of problems relating to heredity.
According to the famous Gallon, ex
pectation of inheritance, in the matter
of traits or characteristics, follows
simple rule of arithmetic Of the whole
heritage of a baby (physical, mental
and moral) its two parents contribute
one-half. Thus you yourself received
SO per cent of your makeup from your
father and mother.' From your four
grandparents you acquired an addi
tional one-fourth; from your 16 great
grandparents you get a supplementary
eighth and the fractional balance was
furnished by your more remote an
cestors. This rule, however, works out only
in a rough sort of way. It is merely a
theory of averages and cannot be ex
pected to apply with exactness to any
individual. For one thing, it takes no
account of "prepotencies" 1. e, the
power of certain persons (as yet unex
plained) to impress their traits with
exceptional conspiepqusness upon their
offspring.
Again, it takes no account of the
tendency of certain inherited traits to
put themselves forward conspicuously
generation after generation. You had
a grandfather, let us say, whose nose
had a peculiar hook. That hook ap
peared in your father's nose and is
reproduced in your own. It is what the
scientists call a "dominant trait" like
IT comes as a surprise, therefore, to
find no little differences between the
manners, customs and mode of life of
the Mexicans south of the line and
those who have settled in the United
Slates.
Fundamentally, these differences be
tween two classes of the same race are
due to two causes, irrigation and edu
cation. Southwestern Texas. Southern New
Mexico and Southern Arizona, while
geographically similar to Northern
Coahulla, Northern Chihuahua and
Northern Sonora. have been made dif
ferent by man. Irrigation in the former
regions has aided agriculture, fostered
commerce and thus led to the founda
tion of modern, up-to-date towns. In
these towns are schools, which the
Mexican children must attend as well
as the American.
But in Northern Mexico there is
little irrigation, consequently little ag
riculture, and little Industry except
that incidental to the incursion of for
eign capital in the fields of mining and
stock raising.
Those American soldiers who had
been patrolling the border for the past
two or three years have been surprised
by the difference that they have found
between the Mexicans they knew on
the border and the Mexican that they
have met in this wild northern desert
rourtry of the Latin-American repub
lic. Between the natives that many of
them knew in '.he Philippines and the
people that they have met on the trail
of Villa, our soldiers, however, have
fount! mure than a slight resemblance.
Not that; the natives whom our
soldiers have met are all ferocious
head-hunters.
of Mexico fall
PRESIDENT OF BANK IS 40 YEARS OLD
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outlaws or aboriginal
The people of this part
routrhly into two classes. First, are the
bandits, the class irora which- Villa'
army has been largely recruited in the
past. Many of these men were vaqueros
on the great ranches of -Chihuahua
such as those owned by William. Ran
dolph Hearst and the wealthy Terrazas
and Creel families, but when these
ranches were closed with the outbreak
of anarchy that followed the downfall
of the Madero regime the vaqueros
were thrown out of work. Accustomed
to livln-r in the open and In the saddle,
they fell easily into the way of bandits.
But the bandits are not. as some
American newspapers would lead one
to believe, the most numerous class in
this regtt-n. The second great division
of the population, which includes the
great mass of the people of rural
Chihuahua, is made tip of peons and
small farmers with a little land of
their own enough to raise the small
quantity of beans and corn that will
sustain a large Mexican family for a
year. All these people want is peace.
For fiva years they have had their
crops reaped by one armed faction or
another and they are tired of it. An
old woman of this class, with a few
square feet of ground near Casaa
Grandes which she laboriously tilled
herself, said to the writer:
"I've ben living here for 10 years
and in that time Tve never had a
month of solid security. Even under
Diaz there was never a month when
I could leave my hut for a day or two
to visit a friend with the assurance
that my rome would not be raided and
my two cows stolen while I was
away."
Such people have come to desire the
continued peace and prosperity which
the gringo army has brought with it.
As a matter of ract the deep-seated
hatred for Americans which many cor
respondents in Mexico write of is not
so deep seated, after alL Except among
the politicians, who foster this feeling
among the people. It Is largely on the
surface. Gordon Marsden in World
Ourlook.
THEODORE HtTTZLER.
-Bain Photo.
EW YORK, July 8. (Special.)
-The youngest bank president
k the United States is Theodore
Hetzler. recently raised to the head of
the Fifth-avenue Bank in New York.
Mr. Hetzler, when he was 15 years old.
saw an advertisement in a trade paper
and applied to the bank for a job
as messenger He waa engaged.
That was 25 years ago. He was pro
moted to the position of cashier five
years ago and today, at the age of 40.
he is head of one of the biggest bank
ing concerns in New York. Industry,
Mr. Hetzler says. Is the key to success,
and opportunities are as plentiful today
as thTy eve were, according to his
way of thinking
TO MAKE GOOD JELLY.
The canning-club specialists of the
States Relations Service for the North
ern and Western states recommend that
the following points be observed to
make certain that Jelly will be of good
quality:
After the fruit has been boiled and
the texture broken down it should be
poured into a -Jelly bag and permitted
to drain for a considerable time. Forc
ing the Juice from the pulp will catfse
cloudy jelly. When the Juice has been
collected, place two teaspoonfuls of
cold unsweetened fruit Juice in two
teaspoonfuls of grain alcohol and mix
by shaking gently. Allow It to settle
for one-half hour, preferably in a glass
tumbler. If a Jellylike substance col
lects in the bottom of the mixture it
is evidence that pectin is present and
the juice is suitable for Jelly making.
When the test shows absence of pectin,
the white portion of orange peel, ap
ples, or green citron melon may be
added to the Juice to supply the neces
sary pectin. Twelve ounces of sugar
added to a pint of Juice will make a
Jelly of the proper firmness and tex
ture. Jelly is ready to be poured into
the glasses when two rows of drops
form on the end of a paddle or on the
edge of a spoon held sidewlse.
American Shoes for Burma.
The Burmese are beginning to wear
American shoes. Formerly whatever
was needed in that line was imported
from Great Britain, but the cost of the
footwear of that country has so greatly
Increased that they are now turning
to America. One Boston shoe manufac
turer recently placed an prdes for $50.
000 worth of shoes In Burma. The
custom of wearing the shoes of this
country or Europe is not yet prevalent
among the Burmese women, but most
of the men wear them.