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About The Sunday Oregonian. (Portland, Ore.) 1881-current | View Entire Issue (May 14, 1916)
TTTE SUNDAY OR EGO XT AX, FOKTXATTO, 3IAY 14, 1916. 5 & - '7 'POINCADB - TK)N&tAN OF ' " ju. - vt;. y .,v-rc1' .r-ir-r -Sk r Aivc&i I "-e QouJ(?lorm( republic Uemcted I ? now l .rancerj- Ooverned. LTJCKILT for France in these times mestic center, the home of the village Bhe has a "strong man" at the itself.' He believes that every council head of her government, some- lor should have a strong sense of the thing that has seldom happened the honor bestowed upon him and his re-, strongest man since Marshal MacMa- sponsibility in turn. "When a man has hon, he has been called. Raymond the honor to be chosen by his fellow Poincare typifies that sturdy, well poised, dauntless, persistent class of Frenchmen whose character this war Is revealing to the world. The story of his life is the story of citizens as their representative he has no right to betray, through egotism or negligence, the confidence which has been placed in him.'" The electors, too. have an equal re- the republic of France. Poincare was sponsibility. "All those who have the 10 years old when the Germans vio- faculty of participating in the choice of la ted his land, French Lorraine, and the representatives of the commune for almost a year the troops of the are under a moral obligation to vote, invaders were quartered in his father's Too many citizens take too little inter house. From them he learned the Ger- est in municipal affairs. Indifferent or man language. Bar-le-Duc, his native town, remained French. His father was a, government engineer of roads and bridges, and his brother, Lucien Poincare, is a distinguished professor of physics in the University of Paris. His mother's father was an official wolf hunter when that part of the country was overrun with wolves. Raymond Poincare received his bac calaureate degree when he was ZS years old, and three years later he was admitted to the Paris bar. ' Like many young Frenchmen, he had an ambition to t become a writer and dabbled in poetry, wrote for the local papers and even ventured upon a, novel He was constantly advised, however, to stick to the law. and his hard work in this profession brought him sub stantial rewards. To earn extra money he obtained a position as secretary to a Paris barrister and afterward be came secretary to Jules Develle, Min ister of Agriculture, a Bar-le-Duc man and a friend of the Poincare family. On the advice of his chief Raymond Poincare stood for the Department Council In Bar-le-Duc, and when there was a vacancy he was elected a dep uty. For the first three years he never made a speech, but he was learn ing the business of being a deputy and working avidly at the law. His first speech was made when he presented the report of the finance committee. Later he became reporter of the budg et committee and Minister of Public Instruction, meanwhile building up hi3 law business. He became Senator and In 1D0G accepted the position of Min ister of Finance, resigning as soon as he had the affairs of the department repudiate the debts of his maturity, youth. "The state must Intervene to assure the various members of society of their respective enjoyment of liberty. It will set certain limits. It will say: 'If you pass this limit you will encroach on the liberty of others, you will cause an noyance to another member of society or you will injure society itself.' The state fixes the point of equilibrium and reconciles and harmonizes contradic tory pretensions. "The first of all liberties Is the lib erty of the person. Every man should be free to remain in a city without being either arrested or detained unless according to legal forms and for a crime or offense proved by law. "Another liberty equally inherent In the human individual Is the right to labor. "Liberty of work, however. Is no more unlimited than any other liberty. The state may In the general interest subject labor to a certain number of legitimate restrictions. "In the interest of the health of chil dren the state forbids manufacturers to employ them in workshops before they have reached the age of 13, or 12 if they have obtained the primary school certificate and are furnished with a good medical report. Moreover the state does not allow women and children of less than 18 to work more than ten hours a day. It also extends its protection to adults and males. "The modern state stops short upon the threshold of the private conscience. I am a free thinker, a Catholic, a Pro testant, a Jew, a Mussulman, a Bud dhist. Whatever I think, believe or eel. does It concern the state? Let the state leave me the master of my own con- contemptuous, they let the election go by without troubling themselves. Those who abstain from voting not only dis dain to act for the welfare of their countrymen; they neglect at the same time their own interests." How applica ble this is to other modern republics! In his discussion of "The Functions of the State" Mr. Poincare asserts: "The rights which you require others to re spect in you, and which, by a Just re turn, you ought to respect in all your fellow citizens, are those which are summed up In the republican motto, 'liberty, equality, fraternity.' "Even under the Emperors the two ancient words 'res republica' were re tained; they meant the 'body politic; we have preserved them in the one word 'republic' This beautiful Latin expression signifies that the state is the inheritance of all. "It is the state, indeed, that watches over the goods of the nation. These goods constitute what Is called in ad ministrative law the domain. "The state, being merely the Juridi cal symbol of the nation, naturally en- ceptlons. Instead of putting Itself for- dures as long as the nation. It sur- ward as vives revolutions and changes of con stitution; these do not extinguish the state. The state endures amid things that pass away. France has known Kings. Directors. Consuls. Emperors and Presidents of the republic. In all these metamorphoses she has remained France, and the life of the state has been neither suspended nor impaired. "Whatever governments may arise, the state maintains a continuous exist- ments, highways and canals. It is a manufacturer. It exploits the posts, the telegraph and telephone service and the railway systems, and over those which It does not own it reserves a rignt of concession, a right of control and a right of purchase. It Intervenes In the management of mines and for ests; it protects Inventions by the sys tem of patents, and the interests of authors and artists by laws relating to literary and artistic copyright. It is a hyglenlst; it concerns Itself with the public health.; It endeavors to check epidemics. "It extends its empire over matters intellectual. It enables all the chil dren of the nation to receive gratui tously Instruction in the elements of knowledge; it even defends them from the negligence of parents, making pri mary instruction compulsory. It creates not only schools, but colleges and uni versities; it teaches Greek, Latin, French and other living languages, the sciences and all that is known to hu manity. "Its empire extends over the moral order. It organizes the relief of the poor and abandoned children, the aged, the inf'rm and the" incurable. It not only encourages thrift; it enforces if upon its citizens as a moral duty. "In short, it endeavors by all means to wo. k for the welfare of the com munity, and if lc does not always suc ceed it is because many human affairs Mcaie us inriu "Help yours though it is not heaven, will help you if it can," Mr. Poincare sums up the ,rf-iJt?.C' 5 r1?" zjr-z r t . .; tv t rf V r 1' M' T-'. ' elf and the state, al- Y ,'5 J??' relation of the state to the citizens. "The National Assembly in the Decla ration of Rights proclaimed in 1789 declared: The principle of all sov- the supreme arbiter of the ereiunty resides essentially in the na- truth. tlon; no body or Individual can exer- "The republic does not recognize any is authority except such as emanates sect as a state religion. But it does directly from the people.' guarantee the free and public exercise "Henceforth, therefore." concludes of all. within certain restrictions de- Mr. Poincare, "an official would no ,t J manded by the order of society. "The free communication of thoughts and opinions is one of the most precious of man's rights. Every citizen, there fore, may speak, write and print freely, subject to answering for the abuse of ence in respect of foreign powers. The this liberty, in the cases prescribed by international treaties concluded in the past by the Kings of France were Te- In order. When the Morocco trouble spected by the republic as though the became threatening, in 1911, he took the two portfolios of Premier and For eign Minister. In September of 1912. when the Bal kan explosion threatened all Europe, Mr. Poincare wrote to each of the great powers, through the French Am bassador, to warn them that trouble latter had signed them. "This permanence of the state is seen not only in foreign relations. It is manifested alBo in internal laws. Pro vided these laws were the work of a power constitutionally authorized to the law." Mr. Poincare quotes from the Declaration of Rights. "The right to property is the logical ratification of human liberty. I am free, I labor, I gain money, I save it, and I have become a proprietor. My property is merely the material form of my liberty and my industry. "First and last the state plays in- therefore," an official longer hold hlj authority from the King or the head of the state, but from the nation itself; the nation is the sovereign; the nation will govern It-, self or agree to be goveiened by its own delegates, and the nation will vote all taxes. "Sovereignty is one and indivisible; it does not reside in an isolated elec toral district, but in the whole nation. A group of citizens cannot, therefore, impose an imperative mandate upon a representative. It is to all the repre sentatives united that sovereignty is delegated; they derive it from the na tion as a whole, and no one has the t- sfj' - - . h -r f ' vT- --v. V'::..::-':X-. - -5 vv TK . V.V. .-C- . ' N" OF FRANCE. I '..V 2i enact them, they survive the govern- numerable parts," Mr. Poincare c.b- right to alienate it by bestowing it ment which promulgated them. Today serves. "Before all else it is a soldier, upon a few electors. was brewing and "would it not be well in France, under the republic, we have It provides for the defense of the home " There is one day in the year,' said to confer and prevent a sudden out- codes which date from the Consulate and colonial territories and to this victor uugo to me namber In 1S50, break?" All answered politely, but and the First Empire, and we even an- end it maintains at the cost of the on which the laborer the man who could not see that anything was to be ply laws which date back to the ancient greatest sacrifices armies and fleets. done. Mr. Poincare took a legal view regime. of the great subject of the peace and concert of Europe and labored for Its success as diligently and intelligently as if it was a case upon which the reputation of his great law firm de pended. '"It is the same with the pecuniary obligations which the state contracted in the past. . The republio continues to pay the interest on loans which were contracted by previous governments builds fortifications, barracks, war ships, cannon, dirigible balloons and aeroplanes. It is a commissary of po lice. It maintains the internal se curity of the country, prevents dis- bears burdens, the man who breaks 6tor.es beside the roaeV Judges Repre sentatives. Senators, Ministers and the President of the Republic there is one day in the year when the humblest citizen takes part in the vast life of turbances and arrests criminals. It is th whole country a day on which the onlr for himself, but for other indi- ppondence necessary to the accompllsh vlduals and for the whole nation. This ment of a. common tank. Is the principle which ouirht to be In- "The function of these various fly scribed upon the votlnir paper In order wheels Is fixed by the constitution: COPPER RIVER RAILWAY (Continued From Page 4.) would some time advance so as to cover the railroad and wipe out the tracks. One end of the glacier is now not more than 1500 feet from the hrlriire ml T ..u .V... .1 . . the. melting and also by the force of . , ' ,, .. . " " , " , , " 0, f . , ., ,,,. ,, advanced that much in a single season. If this is so, the finger known as the S early as 1840 or 1850 fine violins may be described as absolutely perfect- The eiccl0rs of the working members besan to be brought to the United That Is to say, its varnish fully intact, .nrVmen. foremen and overseers. The move- r,h i..' f ,h .,,, l.rr.lT t that time bv the sons no dse nor corner worn and in ap- when thev take nart In the material ex- a model of at the Childs Glacier, which is within ment of the glacier varies in speed day 8wallow the briage. 0n tne other Rnd daughters of wealthy Southern pearance new. This is the "Messiah," ecution of their work; the electors ot hand, the advocates of the Copper planters, who went to Paris to study. " the employers are industrial ana com. it came forward Rlver vajiey route claim there Is About 1860 -the first collections began 'or 8.5.000. merclal employers and those overseers It navs the pensions srranted by ancient a Judge. It Judges the disputes which feeblest feels within him the great Mr. Poincare was In Russia shortly laws: It pays annuities to surviving arise between individuals, and to that ot national sovereignty; a day on before the war began, and his confer- employes who were on the civil list or end has created law courts. appeal tho s Irtt of his fatherl d ences at that time were of great bene- paid from the private domain of Louis courts and a court of cassation. It ia jn regard to the rights' and duties of fit to him later. Like other French- Philippe. In short, the state behaves an engineer. It constructs harbors, suffrage Mr. Poincare sets forth this men, Raymond Poincare had his year like an honest man, who does not, in lighthouses, quays, bridges, embank- proposition: of military service when he was a young man. being discharged as & ser geant, and later, having kept up his military studies, he was made a cap tain of reserves, another Qualification for his present onerous position. With All his busv life. Mr. Poincare has found time to write lnformlngly the bridge, in plain sight of both gla- the great ice river as it flows slowly on important topics. His book "How ciers. and we had an hour or so to iook aown irom me neignis. Vrnnfo Ta r,rivprnpi1" Is n.ritv and comprehension. One who 10 minutes walk of the railroad. V e from time to time. Vina known n o t b i rw tr ff Franca will hava left the cars and made our way over a 1906, 1907 and 1908 nirc.nHno. . .i trail throuerh a thicket of green bushes only two or three feet a day, but in opment and character of the dlferent twice as high as our heads. We 1909 its motion increased to five or six branches of the French government crossed open places where there were feet, and In August, 1910, it was ad after reading this book. great patches of pink blossoms and vanclng at the rate of 30 or 40 feet He has also written "Idees Contem- ferns and grass that reached to our daily. After that it began to subside j -rosriT. waists. As we went onward the stones and In June, 1911, it was moving at Politiques" He became a member of and bowlders increased in number, and less than two feet per day. When the Ohio State oJurnal. the Academy when he was 40 years upon leaving the bushes we entered the motion was at its height the movement How prone men are to hold fast to ol(j terminal moraine of the glacier, which of the glacier was observed by some of a view they have embraced, even after In his book "How France Is Gov- is made up of rocks of all sizes down the scientists of the National Geo- it has been utterly disproved. Take, erned " translated by Bernard Mlall to pebbles as big as a pea. graphic Society, who were sent to for instance, the case of Robert Ful and published bv McBride. JCast & Co., The vegetation had now disappeared Alaska to investigate and describe its ton and the invention of the steam Mr. Poincare devotes the first chapter and we stood on the bank of a river wonderful glaciers. The investigations boat. He has always been dlstln to "Civic Rights and Duties." whose glacial waters looked like skim covered three years and they were enilshed for operating the first steam- t,, r,tix, th- -tt It. mod- milk. We were right under a mighty made at a cost of about 117.000, paid boat, and only recently a great annl- ern France." he begins, "is based upon ice wall that ascended straight up from by that society. Their work has thrown versary was observed in New York In country Ir0m abroad stopped at Hart the principle of national sovereignty, the water to a greater height than that new light upon the ice age of Amer- honor of him and his invention. Tet ford to 8es tm9 famous collection, and France is a great democracy, which of the dome of our Capitol at Wash- ic ana it nas Deen recently emnoaiea we read In 'The Social Forces in Amer rules and administers itself. But it ington. This wall is washed by the n a book entitled "Alaskan Glacier lean History" the following: rules and administers Itself by means river. It extends along the banks of Studies," which is of the greatest "Fitch's steamboat was making regu of representatives. the stream for a length of four miles value. ' jar trips up and down the Delaware "France has lived through many and runs backward for more than ten The scientists made careful observa- in 1790. His neighbors looked upon him centuries; has evolved; has adopted miles up the valley. It is composed of tions of the Chllds glacier and photo- as a half -Insane crank. He was to new manners, new ideas. Let us be of broken and uneven cliffs of pale green graphed it from time to time when it share the fate of a multitude of those our own times: . . . but let us ice, from which ' ice masses are con- was moving along at the rate of 30 who have lightened the labor of the strive to detach what in ancient France tlnually falling. It is estimated that or 40 feet daily. One of them de- world. "You are a Frenchman: you are a to remind him of his duty at the mo- that is, by an organlo and fundamen" part of the nation; you have liberties to ment when he is exercising his right-' tal jaw which we might call the law safeguard for yourself and your chil- "Participation In the political suf- of iaws anj -which regulates the exer dren. If there were privileged citizens 'ra,re, ,s lh.;reror a veritable 'octal , f sovereignty over the country. . . . . . n . function. All citizens invested with , , . . . . . to whom the right to vote was confined th,s functlon nave a dutythe duty ol Mr. Poincare points out In his chap how could the rest make their voices exercising lt Compulsory votlns; is not ter on JuBtlce the necessslty of a good Judicial system to organixea locinj. "In France, as a general rule, the Judge must give the reasons for his sentence. The law is based not upon authority, but upon reason. The more the Judge de paix Is loved and respected by the people the better are his chances of succeeding In his delicate missions. "Prud-homme is an old, French word signifying a wise man. a prudent man. The municipal officials were formerly heard? Why should the law impose si lence upon the poor? Difference of wealth should not create a difference of rights. As for differences in intel lectual capacities, it would not be Just that they should have the effect of de stroying civic equality. "But while universal suffrage Is based on the individual right, it Is founded no less on the social interest. As Mr. Fouilee says: 'Each elector is himself, at the moment of voting, the representative ot the whole nation. which, thus confiding a charge to Dim, imposes a duty. He should vote not as yet the law In France. But the obli gation of voting Is a moral obligation binding on every member ot the cation. Those who abstain renounce all in fluence in the matter of affairs that In terest them, and they betray the first of the duties Imposed upon them by a life In the midst of society." "Nothing in the universe endures save by harmony and order." says Mr. Poincare in his chapter on the consti tution. "The principal flywheels of the con stitutional mechanism work separate ly, but it Is the national will alone that called prud-hommes, as well as Judges. experts, and all who had. or ought to have had. experience in affairs. The Council of Prud-hommes is today a par ticular Jurisdiction charged with ter minating by way of conciliation, and at need by Judgment, such differences a may arise between merchants or man ufacturers and their employes, work men or apprentices. "The members of these councils are elected for six years by their peers. should set them In motion and which will maintain among them the corre OLD VIOLINS OF VALUE little danger of such an event and that it could be easily remedied should it occur. The First Steamboat. to be formed. John P. Waters, of Brooklyn. N. Y and R. D. Hawley. of Hartford. Conn, were pioneers in thi Important movement. The old French Creole families of New Orleans acquired many of these instruments. Between 1860 and 1885 Mr. Hawley made what has always been recog nized as the most complete and ar tistic collection of violins ever assem bled in this country. The Interest which was aroused through the col elections of Messrs. Hawley and Waters soon made Its appeal to all parts of the country. Artists traveling in this We have a number of very interest ing violins of other makes In this country. For example, there Is a violin who fulfill the functions of supervision and management. In either case elec tors must be at least :S years ot age which belonged to Henry IV. of France. BA have accompnshed at least three was. in spite of all thing admirable.' devotees of the violin made Hartford the object of their pilgrimages. The difference in the tone quality of a fine violin and that of the or dinary kind is much the same as the difference between the voice of a well trained singer and that of the ordinary country choir kind, or between raw He died in poverty, the butt of BBw wines and old wines. It requires. great and more than eight billion pounds of ice scribes the changes from day to day. ridicule, while another man and gen- ot course, a little taste to appreciate break off from it every year. That They would come out in the morning eratlon reaped fame and wealth from these differences in their true magni- made by Antonlus Hiironlus Amatl In 1595, which is now owned by Mr. Pitkin, of Hartford. It is In fair preservation, and still bears the royal coat of arms and Insignia. The Strad (1772) known as the "Earl of West moreland" Is owned In New York. The famous "King Joseph" Guarnerlus. generally recognized as the most beau tiful anywhere, also is owned by a New Yorker. The Strad (1733) known as the "Edinburgh," which was presented to the Duke by Queen Victoria, belongs to a Mr. Partello. of Washington. D. C In Colorado Springs, Colo., Mr. Schley has formed what is perhaps the choicest collection In the country today. It includes a very finely pre served Stradlvarius and other splendid years of apprenticeship. Women can vote as well as men. The rights and obligations of mer chants, the formation of commercial societies and bankruptcy proceedings are regulated by a special code and particular laws. The rases arising from the application of these laws are submitted, as a rule, to tribunals com posed of merchants and appointed by election. The electors are the French merchants, members of commercial companies, captains of liners, masters of coasting vessels, ship brokers, mari time insurance brokers, etc. provided they have paid the patent fees for five years and have resided for the same terms in the district of the tribunal. "Patriotism does not come Into con- specimens. Symphonista play lnstru- n)ct w)th our dutlea toward human In regard to education Mr. Poincare would be enough to load a train of to find tons of ice resting where their bis Ideas." demands: "Is it not allowable to de- cars 500 miles long, or enough to give cameras had stood the day previous Thls intelligence is supported by an mand a minimum of capacity from the 80 pounds to every man, woman and and to see a great tree perhaps 100 advertlsement in the Pennsylvania citizens whose votes decide the desti- child In the united otates ana leave years old prone on tne ground witn tude. But as the ear becomes accus tomed to the quullty of a good old in strument It loses its interest in any- Packet of - June 14. 1790. that 'The thlnaf else. As a consequence of this. its butt beneath the glacier. The night o,.,.T,r, . -dv to Ink. pu. a demand was created for eood old "foresight, like education, should be We could see the Ice blocks breaking before the same tree had been upright eenKerSf and js intended to set off instruments of all grades. In this country, while we have a number of very excellent Stradlvarius ments of old makes worth anywhere from 8250 to 82000. whereas a traveling artist may have an Instrument worth many thousands. Musical American- Peculiar Admonition. nles of the country?" His dictum that some to spare. compulsory." is doubtless one of the off as we stood under the wall on the and the ice some distance away. In this from Arc street ferry in Philadelphia contributing causes of France's strength opposite bank of the milky river. First movement the ice tore trees out by in the present war. came a cracking, which sounded like a the roots. It acted like so many While Mr. Poincare is so strong a battery of heavy artillery. Then amass mighty "plows, ripping up the earth to believer in stable government, he re- of pure white, weighing thousands of bed. rock and carrying the turf and cords, "there is never anything perfect tons, broke loose from the glacier. It bushes along a level 10 or 15 feet or irrevocable about legislation." He seemed to hang in midair for an in- higher than that of the plain, loves the name of "common house." the stant. It then plunged down into the """- , abode of the officers of the municipal- stream with a thunderous roar, send- 11 was this movement of the Childs Ity. "Tell me if you know a more ing up a high cloud of spray. A mo- Slacier that was advanced as one of beautiful name than this. The common ment later the mist had cleared away, the reasons why the t-nited States house! What ideas the familiar term and the ice block or berg could be seen Government should not choose the awakens! There is in the village a rising and falling, sending waves in Copper River and Northwestern rail house that belongs to no one in par- billows almost to our feet. routo aa the best entrance to the ti,l, that I. nn to th. tv- . interior of Alaska. The opponents of tbe rich,; that Is. bo to speak, the do- Tho breaking of do ice la caused by that route claimed that the glacier "tator, every Monday, Wednesday and Friday, for Burlington. Bristol. Bordentown and Trenton." This steamboat was John Fitch's, and it antedated Fulton's Clermont 17 years, and It made regular trips for three months. The original model of the engine that ran this steamboat Is at the Archaeological building in this city. We have always considered it an out rage to deprive John Fitch of the honor of this great Invention and turn It over to another, who was only Fitch's lml- Tit-Bits. The holiday trafflo was at its height, and there were the usual piles of pas sengers' luggage on the platform of a great London terminus. In the usual violins, we have only one or two which wa' Powers were banging it about. while the owners mournfully looked on. Suddenly the station master appeared ity," says Mr. Poincare: "It is, on the contrary, a necessary condition of those duties. The best way of loving our fel low men Is, first of all. to love that sec tion of humanity which Is nearest to us. which includes us, which we best know. Instead of scattering our affec tions and wasting our energies, let ua try to concentrate them and employ them usefully in that corner ot the world in which nature has planted us. The mother country Is the material and moral patrimony which our ances tors have left to us and which we. In may be said to approach in value such owned In London; the "Beta." owned and' -PProaching one of the most vlg- turn, must leave to our descendants. It in Glasgow; the Tuscan." owned in Manchester, and a number of equally fine ones owned on the continent- The violins of this class are valued ac cording to their perfection of preserva tion and beauty, as well aa for their tone quality. Of all the Strads now existing, there Is but one which has orous baggage-mashing porters, shout- Includes not only our native soli, but ed in stern tones: also our national soul, our common "Here, what do you mean by throw- hopes and anxieties, our triumphs and Ing those trunks about like that?' The passengers pinched themselves to make sure that they were not dream ing, but they returned to earth when the official added: "Can't you see you re making big coma down to us in a condition which dec La la Uw concrete platlormr our trials, our literature and arts, our scientific discoveries all the pageant of ideas and feelings that la awakened In ia by the name of France." This Is the high standard that Ray mond Poincare seta for himself and his fellow, ciiiacna.