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About The Sunday Oregonian. (Portland, Ore.) 1881-current | View Entire Issue (Sept. 5, 1915)
f SECTION FIVE Pages 1 to 12 Woman's Section Special Features VOL. XXXIV. PORTLAND, OREGON, SUNDAY MORNING, SEPTEMBER 5. 1913. NO. JG. C HATRED OF BRITISH WAGE LAW FOUND WAR CONDITIONS PROVIDE SPLENDID ARRAY OF TALENT FOR MUSICAL SEASON THAT IS ABOUT TO BE OPENED AT THE HEILIG Kriesler, World-Famous Violinist, Will Be Here in September With Genius Said to Be More Poignant in Sympathy and More Intense in Emotional Expression and With Intimate Mingling of the Heroic and Vitally Human Than Shown in Work Year Ago. TO RAISE Chancellor Explains Underly ing Feeling Is Foes Are Not Moral Equals. OQOOd Chairman O'Hara Discusses Federal Report on Effect of Fixing of Limit. DENIED BY GERMAN STANDARD r'ggs . V I' SELFISH CRUELTY CHARGED TJpthrnann-rToIIwejr Says His People Are Confident Sacrifices They Have Made and Are Prepared to 3fake Will Count. BT FRANZ HUGO KREBS. Copyright, 1915, by the Wheeler Syndicate, Inc.) The following interview wth Tr. von Bethmann-Holltveft, the Im perial German Chancellor, and, an uch, the Kaiser's riffht-hand man in affairs of state, was secured by an American citizen. Franz Hugo Tvrebe, of Boston. Mr. Krebs was born in that city. He practiced law t here until about four years ago. He was formerly prominent in Bos ton politico, Bei-ving- two terms in the Massachusetts State legislature. At the heprinnins of the Spanish American War Mr. Krebs enlisted in Company H, Second Regiment, Mas sachusetts Volunteers, and after reaching Cuba was appointed orderly to Colonel Clark and served in that capacity until the end of the war. After Mr. Krbs had written his account of his interview with the German Chancellor it was placed Jn the hands of the German Foreign Office and subsequently approved by it as here published. BERLIN", Aug. 4. Somo days after reaching Berlin, I received a note at my hotel statin that His Excellency, the Imperial Chancellor Dr. von Beth-mann-Hollweg, would see me at 12 M. On entering the Chancellor's palace I found mvnelf in a large hall, where we were told to leave our things with an attendant and then were ushered upstairs. On going up, we were shown into a huge room, simply furnished, the walls covered with tapestry, the most interesting bit of furniture being a small table on which there were three pictures, one of the Kaiser, another of the Kaiser and two of his grandchil dren, and another of Field Marshal von Hindenburg. These pictures were all autographed in the lower right-hand corner, anrt were evidently personal gifts to the Chancellor. Chancellor! Face Remarkable. The Chancellor has a remarkable face. He wears a closely cropped beard, his hair is iron gray, his face Is deeply lined. Ambassador Gerard told me that the Chancellor reminded him somewhat of Lincoln, and I under stand It, but I did not see in his face that tender, all-embracing sense of th fellowship of man that seems to me to , to "VtvidUl' present in many of the pic- 1 tures of Lincoln. The Chancellor has the face of one to whom men may mean comparatively little, but who is interested in a broad j way in the history of mankind in the I paef and in its future development as I well. The personal touch was to me lacking, but, remember, it could not be there and have him the great and won derful exponent that he is of the most perfect human machine on the face of the earth. In Germany the welfare of the state comes first; after that the rights of the individual. Opening; of Cable lMsoussed. I then handed the Chancellor the eealed envelope containing a letter ad dressed to him from America regard ing the reopening of the cable between America and Germany. The Chancellor read the letter through with great care, and then looked up at me with evident interest showing in his face. "But, Mr. Krebs," he said, "do you think for a minute that the British would allow the cable to be opened?" i "Yes, Your Excellency, provided it is done under such conditions that Ger many cannot gain anything, and the United States gains everything." "But would public opinion in the United States favor the cable's being reopened?" I answered in the affirmative. Germany lias Nothing: Conceal. Turning in his chair, and striking bis hand on the desk, the Chancellor said: "We will do more than you suggest. We will, if cable communication can be restored, allow the American Am bassador and Consular representatives to use the cable. We will also allow all properly accredited American news paper representatives to use the cable and send out their reports uncensored, except as to military or naval oper ations which might be deemed preju dicial to Germany's best interests. If the American people want the news. Germany is willing that they should have it ; Germany has nothing to con ceal from the world." A moment or two passed in a brown study. Musingly, the Chancellor then commented : "It is sometimes hard for us to understand you Americans, hut you cer tainly have a great deal of push and ingenuity. Well! I wril take this mat ter under consideration, and if I find that the cable can be reopened, of course the matter must then be taken tip by us with the Government of the United States, as it would only be through its influence that the cable could be reopened and operated." American Keeling: Explained. Then, looking me straight in the eyes, the Chancellor asked me a series of fairly rapid-fire questions. "When did you leave the United States?' "Three weeks ago." "What was the slate of public opinion then?" "Strongly in favor of the allies." "Why ?" "Partly on account of tho violation Of the neutrality of Belgium; partly on account of a kindly feeling for France; partly on account of our close finan cial relations with Great Britain, and largely on account of the violent prop aganda carried on in the United St3tes by Germans and German-Americans." "Don't the American people believe that a man has a right to show his fondness for the land of his birth?" Hypothetical Case Preseuled. "Yes. your Ejciellency, they do, and we are sympathetic in all matters of that kind; but suppose conditions were reversed, and suppose that the United States and Great Britain were at war, and further suppose that there were about 2.500.000 Americans by birth liv ing in Germany and enough more of American descent to bring the number up to about 20,000,000; suppose also that 75 per cent of your people favored Great Britain, and that practically all f your upper classes did so, and sup pose that your government desired to AN unusual array of 'talent has been obtained this year for the Steers & Coman musical season at the Heilig, owing to war conditions in Europe, which have redounded to our good fortune by driving all the stars from the Old "World to the New. Krelsler, the world-famous violinist, who is to be here September 27, has struck a new note in art, and his gen ius is said to be more poignant in sym pathy, more intense in emotional ex pression, with a moe intimate ming ling of the heroic and the vitally hu man than he could show a year ago. He is in superb condition physically as a result of his life in the open air, and there are depths and heights in hi nature revealed in his music that will be utterly new and surprising even to those who knew him Jsest. Emmy Destinn, for the past seven years the leading prima donna of the Metropolitan Opera, New York, has achieved triumphs in all the leading music centers of the world as an ex ponent of Italian grand opera. This will be her first visit to the Pacff ic Coast. Her voice is of enchanting qual ity. It was for her that Puccini wrote the "Girl of the Golden" West." and this great composer has sent forth the dic tum that Emmy Destinn is the only woman who has eve been able to sing the role of "Madame Butterfly." Rosenthal, the famous pianist, la about to make his first visit after an absence of eight years. According to his most recent press notices he has "been increasing constantly in depth, .bril liance and effect. His music appeals not alone to the mind, but to the heart with a stimulating power. Gadski, the supreme interpreter of Wagnerian roles, the world's greatest Brunnhilde, has long been regarded as indispensable to the season of grand opera in Beyreuth, as well as at Co vent Garden and at the Metropolitan, New Tork. She is now in her prime, remain neutral; how long would you tolerate an agitation such as has been carried on in the United States for months past? Under those conditions wouldn't you stop it with an iron hand, before it had gained any considerable headway?" The- Chancellor asked one or two questions of Dr. Horstmann, the sec retary of the Foreign Office, who had accompanied me, evidently desiring him to translate for him a few words that he had not entirely understood. He then said: "Mr. Krebs, this view is a novel one to me: surely, Americans can't believe that Germany would interfere in their internal politics?" Germany Expects to Win. The Chancellor is not a diplomat in the sense that he Is a palterer in words and phrases; he is not a juggler in ad jectives, but is a man of the highest character, who will not deviate one hair's breadth from what he believes is right. When the Chancellor made his famous speech in the Reichstag, at the beginning of the war, he could have stated what the German Foreign Office had for a long time been prac tically certain of that Belgium had made tentative arrangements that were, to all intents and purposes, a violation of its neutrality; but the Chancellor preferred to make no statement until the facts were absolutely in his hands. In answer to my question. "Who will win the war?" the Chancellor said: "Germany and its allies will win; the people have made great sacrifices, and must be and are prepared to make still greater ones; but of the outcome there is no doubt." Next, I asked the Chancellor, "Do the Germans hate the British?" Feel ins: Is Aot Hatred. The answer, calmly given, was: "No, I do not think that hate is the proper word to describe their feeling. We have had a united Germany for only about 45 years, but see what we have accomplished in that time. We have. I believe, the most scientifically conducted government that the world has ever known, and we have practi cally eliminated extreme poverty. "The upper classes In Great Britain, who have for generations past lived in luxury and comfort, have given little thought to the millions of wretched slum dwellers in their large cities. To the German mind, such an attitude seems not merely selfish and cruel, but unscientific. Now, in this hour of peril, what assistance can those un fortunate beings offer to the country that has given them birth alone?" The Chancellor then said, and his voice suddenly sounded as cold as ice: "We are not unfamiliar with the stories circulated about us by the Brit ish since the war began. Was it not Shakespeare who said: Who steals my purse steals trash; 'tis some- thinp. nothing; 'Twas mine, 'tis his. and has been the slave to thousands; "But he that filches from me my Rood name Robs me of that which not enriches him And makes me poor, indeed. "While we do not hold the mass of British gentlemen responsible for the circulation of these libels, we do feel that It is an indication of an underlying brutality in the British that places them outside the pale of our regard as intel lectual and moral equals." Then, turning in his chair, the Chan cellor said: "Let's not talk about the war any more. Tell me" with a rather quiz zical look in his eyes "how's woman JX."r..- M K--;- ;- 4 X and has received a rare distinction for I her appearance in three "ring" per- suffrage corning along In the United States?" When I told the Chancellor that it was advancing rapidly, that in all prob ability 11916 both candidates for the Presidency would favor it, and that it was only a question of a few years before women would be voting in nearly every state of the Union, he seemed much interested. "Well," he said, almost seeming to be thinking aloud, "who can tell? Tt may be the best thing for you to do. There are no historical precedents to guide you; you are traveling along a road where you have to blaze your own trail who can tell, who can teli?" Germans Want No Prohibition. There wa a distinct pause before the next question, and" then: "Is prohibition of the sale of liquor still an active issue in the United States?" "Yes, your Excellency; we have many states in the Union in which the sale of intoxicants is forbidden. Recently the question of .adopting a constitu tional amendment was brought up in Congress and received very considerable support." "Most interesting," said the Chancel lor. "A movement of that sort would make no headway in Germany. The people woijld regard it as an absolutely unwarrantable interference with their personal liberty." Then a clock chimed once, the Chan cellor rose, shook hands with me and said: "Goodbye, Mr. Krebs. Please don't forget that you did not do all the interviewing." With a wave of his hand we were dismissed. The joint interview was over. I left thoroughly impressed, with the fact that for an hour I had been in touch with one of the world's great est men and one of its greatest minds. The feeling in Germany against its diplomats" is strong and outspoken; I have had many Germans say to me: "After the war Is over we will make a clean sweep of our diplomats." The Chancellor stands forth as the abso lutely impeccable representative of the German aristocracy who believe in straight and clear thinking and who have an entire and almost unreasona ble contempt tor mental equivocation of any kind. He is an idealist, but of the work-a-day kind. As Secretary of the Interior he labored for years to put the empire in the condition in which it is today, one so economically and basically sound that it is able to withstand the shock of attack from all sides and yet main tain its poise and the integrity of its boundaries. A man personally of the most simple, almost, one might say, Spartan tastes, the Chancellor seeks personal recrea tion, when work permits, far from courts or the ambitions of the mighty. The Kaiser has had the best there was in him to give, and when his life work is ended one can imagine the Chancel lor, with that absolute loyalty to his sovereign that characterizes the Ger man gentleman, laying aside the cares of state without a single regret save that further service may be impossible. Pendleton to Get New Theater. PENDLETON, Or, Sept. 4. (Special.) Frank Downey, proprietor of the Cozy Theater, and Frank Rhodes, who will be associated with him. have per fected plans for a new theater to suc ceed the Cozy. Alterations in the Temple building will be made imme diately. , formances, a decoration by royalty. The Kneisel String Quartet, of Bos- VALUE OF MILKFEED FOR POULTRY IS DESCRIBED W. Ludwig Cites Results of Tests Made by Responsible Breeders and Fanciers Showing Great Gain in Flesh by Consistent Feeding. BY W. LUDWIG. POULTRYMEN are recognizing the value of milk when fed to poultry in large quantities, as it furnishes protein in an easily digested form. Growing chicks and laying hens require relatively large amounts of easily di gested food. It is but seldom that jne will stop to think how rapidly a little chicken will increase -in weight, or what a large amount of food must be digested and assimilated for this purpose. A chick weighing one and one-half ounces when hatched can be made to weigh two and one-half pounds when 12 weeks old. This is a gain of slightly more than 25 times the original weight of the chick in 12 weeks, or an average gain of more than twice of its original weight pej week. If a ten-pound baby were to grow relatively as fast as a chicken, it would weigh 260 pounds when 3 months old. It is necessary that growing chick ens and laying hens have large quanti ties of protein or muscle-forming mate rial to build up the tissues of the eggs. Also large quantities of ash constitu ents are necessary from which to man ufacture the rapidly growing bones of the young chick, to furnish eggshells and mineral matter used for other pur poses by the laying ,hen. Of course, in addition to the ash and protein, car bonaceous matters are required to keep the fowls warm and to supply energy. Composition 1m Shown. Let us examine the composition of skim milk to see whether it shall an swer for the growth of tha chicken or for formation of flesh and bone. If we were to remove the water from 100 pounds of skim milk there would be left about 9.75 pounds of solid matter, of which 3.5 pounds would be casein and albumen, 5.25 pounds of milk sugar and a little more than .75 pounds of ash. It may be seen at a glance that the dry matter of skim milk is rela tively rich in muscle-forming material, there being one part of albumen and casein to one and one-half parts of milk sugar or heat-forming material, while in corn the ratio between these two classes of compounds .is about as one to ten. The ash also is relatively high. The composition of skim milk indicates that it s well adapted to fur nish material for the growing chick and for the laying hen. When skim milk is fed to chickens the deficiency of carbonaceous material is abundantly supplied by. the grain that constitutes the main part of all poultry rations. Two tests to determine the value of skim milk for growing chicks were conducted hy the Indiana Experiment Station. In the fist test two lots of chicks, containing ten Plymouth Rocks and ten Houdans were fed all they would eat of a mixture of crushed corn, bran and ground oats, 2-1-1. Both lots were also fed crackec. bone, cabbage and lettuce, and the amount of these articles consumed is not recorded. The two lobs received the same treatment except that lot 2 were given all the skim milk they would eat, in addition to the grain ration. The test was con ton, has not visited the Pacific Coast before for 10 years. This ineompara- tinued for eight weeks. Lot 1 consumed 179.8 pounds of grain, and the average weekly gain per chic!t was 2.62 ounces. Lot 2 consumed 217.3 pounds of grain and 90.4 pounds of skim milk and the average weekly gain per chick was 4.46 ounces. The conclusion drawn was to the effect that the use of the milk was very profitable, as it aided in the digestion of the. other foods, resulting in increased consumption and faster growth. This test was duplicated dur ing the Summer with practically iden tical results, and we may assume that skim milk, whenever available, is es pecially valuable for growing chickens. Eastern Test Described. Two experiments regarding the value of skim milk for egg production have been carried out at the West Virginia experiment station. In the first test two pens of Single-Comb White Leg horn fowls were used, each lot contain ing 20 hens and two cocks. In the sec ond test each lot of fowls consisted of 60 hens and six cocks. Each test was carried on for practically three months. The skim milk was allowed to sour, then it was used to moisten the ground feed which was fed to one lot of fowls, while water was used to mois ten the mash for the other lot. Ir both tests both lots of fowls were fed and handled In the same way, with the single exception noted. Eight to ten quarts of sour skim milk was fed per diem per 100 fowls, and the general result of the two tests was that the fowls receiving the mash moistened with sour milk laid better than the fowls getting mash moistened with water. In the two trials 802 quarts of skim milk were fed, resulting In an in crease in the egg production of 702 eggs. Under the conditions which pre vailed in these experiments, and with eggs selling for 20 to 25 cents a dozen, the skim milk used to moisten the mash had a feeding value of 14 to 2 cents a quart. Poultrymen living near large cities find that milk-fed poultry are very profitable, so that the chickens can be sold dressed. The fowls cannot be de livered alive, as the flesh Is very tender and bruises easily. Fattening: Process Explained. During the fattening period the birds should be confined in slatted crates that are just large enough to hold them comfortably and having room for the fowls to come to the front to eat. They should be fed out of a trough which is fastened m front and on the outside of the crate. The bottom of the crate should be made of one-half-inch mesh hardware cloth, thus allowing the manure to pass through and insuring clean feet and plumage. Under this wire should be placed a movable pan that will catch and hold the manure. The feed should consist of two parts of buttermilk to one part of ground grain. These should be mixed and fed as a sloppy ration, the birds receiving no other food. Skim milk is nearly as good as buttermilk and may be used in its place. The ground feeds may be composed of cornmeal, wheat middlings and oat flour, because they are easily $ . . . . ble organization therefore will be warmly welcomed. For pure delight their music is not surpassed by any other the world can offer. CATHOLIC SCHOOL TO OPEN Imniaculata Acudemy Session Be gins on Tuesday. Immaculata Academy, a Catholic high school for young women, on Stanton street. In the Immaculate Heart parish, will open its cession next Tuesday. It is under the supervision of the Domini can Sisters. On entering Immaculata Academy the pupil is required to enter one of the following departments: The academic department offering courses of four years, which, when satisfactorily completed entitles the student to the academic diploma and honors of graduation. The commercial department, which gives a thorough course in bookkeep ing, typewriting and stenography. Of fice training and business practice classes are organized during the last year. Domestic science department, whicn aims to prepare young women for home life and home-making, along practical and scientific lines, - School of music.- - - Baker Fair "Pendleton Day Set. PENDLETON. Or., Sept. 4. (Spe cial.) Thursday, September 9, has been designated as "Pendleton Day" at the Baker County Fair, opening on Sep tember 8. A big delegation of Round up boosters will visit the fair Septem ber 9, making the trip in a -special car. The Roundup Band probably will ac company the delegation. digested. The birds should be fed twice a day and as near 12 hours apart as possible. The trough containing the feed should be left before the birds about 20 or 25 minutes and then removed. If food is left from the previous feeding the birds will not be particularly hungry at the next feeding .time. The object is to have the birds so hungry at each feed ing time that they will eat more than they really want, thus fattening faster. Storrs Station Makes Tests. The most profitable length of the feeding period is about two weeks. The birds should make 40 to 60 per cent gain in this length of time. Usually the greatest gains are made the first week, but the gains the second week ought to be large enough to make them profitable. The cost of the gains vary from 7 to 12 cents a pound. When the fattening period is finished, tho birds should be taken from the crates and killed and dressed at once. Care must be used when dressing them, as the bones are very brittle and easily broken. Experiments show that the birds with strong vitality and plenty of mascu line characterics make the largest gains. The success of milk-feeding poultry depends as much upon the se lection of the birds to be fed as it does upon the care they receive after being placed in "the crates. The results of the experiment and feeding tests conducted by the Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station for more than four years show conclusively that every poultry raiser should be ac quainted with their, report on milk feeding and its influence on growth and mortality in chickens. , Following are some of the most important facts as taken from the bulletin. During the first year that the milk feeding experiments were conducted a marked reduction in mortality from white diarrhea was brought about in the pens which were supplied with the milk. General Vigor Increased. By far the most important data were those related- to growth and mortality from all causes. It was conclusively shown in all of the experiments that milk feeding stimulated growth and caused a great reduction in deaths from general causes. Not only were the chicks which received the milk much larger than those that did not, but they appeared in every way to be stronger and more vigorous. These results have been fully substantiated In all subse quent experiments. The differences In several cases in the weights of the milk-fed lots and those which were npt supplied witu milk amounted to more than 8 per cent, and in two instances to more than 100 per cent. The differences vary in a large measure in direct propor tion to the amounts of total" solids consumed. Nevertheless, it will be seen that, aside from stimulating appetite for the dry feed, the milk served the important function of bringing about a more complete utilization of the food. The following summary for gains for each 10 chicks gives the actual figures. The combined results of the 2250 chicks show that those which re ceived the sour milk gained .2G pound per 10 chicks for each pound of soiidi consumed; the chicks that were fed sweet milk made, a corresponding gain of .25 pound and those which were not given any milk. .20 pound. In other words, the milk-fed chick C Concluded on Page 0. Column 3.) MAXIMUM MOT LOWERED Natural Consequence of Depression in Business Is Reduction in Force, but Few Instances Are Learned by Commission. BV EDWIN V. O'HARA, Chairman Industrial Welfare Commission. The United States Bureau of Labor Statistics has issued a bulletin on the effect of minimum wage rulings in Ore gon. The material forming the basis of the report was collected by investi gators sent out jointly by the Bureau of Labor and the United States Com mission of Industrial Relations. Its preparation was in- the competent hands of Marie L. Obenauer and Bertha von der Nienburg This is the first Federal investigation of the effect of the minimum wage in the United States and will be read with interest by all who wish to know the actual results of the legal regula tion of women's wages. The Oregon minimum wage law was passed by the Legislature early in 1913. It provides that it shall be un lawful in the State of Oregon to em ploy experienced women workers at & wage inadequate to meet their co'st of living ar.d to maintain them in health. Effort to Fix Limit Explained. To determine what this minimum wage should be in different occupations and localities there was created an In dustrial Welfare Commission, composed of three members, appointed by the Governor, one represeniing-tiic employ ers, one the errployes and one .he gen eral pjbl ic. The commission bewrnn its work the lirst week in June, 1913, and appointed various -wage boards consisting i;i each case of nine mem bers representing equally the employ ers, the women employes and the pub lic The question submitted to these conferences was: What Is the sum required per week for a self-supporting woman In the oc cupation in question to maintain her self in health and frugal comfort? 9.25 Rate Set for Portland. The wag3 boards returned recom mendations varying from $8.25 a week for the smaller cities of the state to $9.25 a week for mercantile establish ments and offices in the City of Port land. The recommendations of the wage boards were accepted provision ally by the Industrial Welfare Commis sion and submitted to a public hear ing, as required by the law. The information offered at the public hearing tended to support the findings of the wage boards and the Industrial Welfare Commission, acting under its powers as prescribed by the act creat ing it. Issued orders making the pay ment of the prescribed weekly wage rate mandatory. A ruling of the Com mission awarding the minimum wage rate of $9.25 a week to experienced adult women employed in mercantile establishments is Portland went into effect November 23, 1913. Effect of Work Reviewed. To become experienced in the sense of the law, not more than one year of service was required. The report of the United States Bureau of Labor Sta tistics is i. study of the effects of this ruling as registered on the payrolls of r Portland merchants the most reliable source of information on the subject. The chief questions which one would expect the report to answer are: First Has the enforcement of tho minimum wage law thrown women out of employment and have women been supplanted by men? Second Have the average weekly earnings of the women been increased? Third Has the minimum wage tend ed to become the maximum? The report before us gives definite answers to these questions. Based on a careful study of the relations of the number of employes to the actual busi ness done by the stores in correspond ing months of 1913 and 1914, the report shows no falling off in the number of women employes nor supplanting of women by men due to wage legislation. Minimum Is Increased. In the words of the report, 'Alto gether, therefore, little displacement of women by men seems to have occurred in these six large stores and the little which has occurred is not chargeable to the minimum wage determinations." The effect on the wage rate of ex perienced women is told by the report in the following sentence: "Without a doubt the minimum rate of pay for adult experienced women was raised in all occupations in these- six Portland stores.' The numbers rtceiving $9.25 a week increased 130 per cent. In discussing the average weekly earnings the report continues: "The average weekly earnings of all women in the six department, dry goods and 5 and 10-cent stores increased 10 per cent, or from $7.89 to $8.68 per week after the minimum wage determina tions." Decrease Tendency Overcome. This is a remarkable showing in view of the fact, pointed out elsewhere -in the report, that at the time the wage rulings went into effect several impor tant causes were at work which would, except for the wage law, have caused a notable decrease in the weekly earn ings of women employes. There had gone into effect at the same time with the wage determinations other rulings of the Commission cutting the daily hours of labor from 10 to eight and one third and prohibiting the employment of women In stores after 6 P. M., and. still more important, for measuring the effect of the wage determinations, the year 1914 witnessed a serious financial depression, which was measured in the stores by a falling off of 12 per cent in the sales. This falling off of ousiness would or dinarily have been followed by a cor responding decrease in the wages, whereas, under the wage rulings as noted in the above quotations, the aver age weekly earnings increased 10 per cent for the total number of women employed in 1914. Many Paid More Than Limit. One of the commonest objections to' minimum wage legislation is the state ment that the minimum would tend to become the maximum wage. It was said that any attempt to bring up the wages of the lowest paid would be fol lowed by a decrease tn the wages of the better paid and that the process of (Concluded on Para 5, Column 6.) I