The Sunday Oregonian., October 04, 1908, Magazine Section, Page 3, Image 49

SUNDAY OREGOXIAX. PORTLAND. OCTOBER 4, 190S.
BEGINNINGS. IN THE CONVERSION OF A
'WILDERNESS INTO THE MOST FRUITFUL
EABLY EVFjrTS I" OREOOX.
17 Robert C.rmj entere susath
mf Cetambla IUm, 11n twm
hm f bt (hip. WtmhU.
IMS ImMum prr-fa -letrd.
1MM LmtU mad Tk poto
rat Mt by Pr"Ui Jrftnim.
imAMor expedition t. eatab
Usb far trade.
iml Jol.t aerupiMloa tr7 -twM
EnsUa u4 fatted Mat.
imt-Tmtr with Upala estabUnh
Int thecw bMadary Oregoa at
t Ogroes.
1K1-IMI Regime of Haaaoo'a
Bar rnpu; : the coming ,h"
wilsafoaarleat Ih fomastloa
vlatowsl ffnlm",t a Cbaoiaacv
141: tho frlj UnmlfitoM.
IMt Treaty with Englomd flxlag
orthor boundary at degrees.
IT WAS In the year 132 that four In
dian, either N Perce or Flathead,
bedecked with feathers and but little
le. appeared In . Ixul and began
eeklng the "White Man's Book of Life."
Bo far a the history of the Old Oregon
Country goes thia la the first trace of the
effort of "Christian people to send the
news of salvation to the red men
of the West coast. From that pathetic In
cident enacted with the fervor of the sav
age races, cam the Inspiration which Im
pelled men and women to give their lives
to (he education and enlightenment as
well as to the spiritual welfare of the
warlike people who were the first settlers
of the country now so rich, so Independ
ent and so progressive.
it was a. far cry from the quiet settle
ments of the Eastern States to the wild
lands or the Pacific Coast, but coming as
It did In a period of religious devotion and
awakening to responsibilities, the answer
was prompt and adequate. Great churches
entered quickly upon the task of equip
ping missionary parties and hastening
them to the new-found field. Jason Lee,
pioneer of pioneers In religious work, with
a number of earnest associates, hastened
westward, and two years later we find
Ihem located at Chemeketa. in the Wil
lamette Valley, erecting the first temples
dedicated to the worship of the "white
man s god."
The following year two envoys of the
American Foard of Missions crossed the
plains to carry the gospel to the strange
people who had sent so far in an effort to
find the true light. It " easy to recall
the names of Marcus Whitman and Sam
uel Parker, missionary scouts, to whose
seal and courage w much is due. And.
how appropriate It Is that Dr. Marcus
Whitman, should have heard the first
news of Oregon while at work In a saw
mill, earnirg a livelihood which had
seemed Impossible In his profession. His
failure as a phyelcl&n, financially, seems
to have been providentially ordained, that
his mind might be free to meditate upon
the great things which offered Just across
the plains.
Whitman and Parker journeyed together
as far as Green River. Wyo.. then the
outpost of civilisation, when Whitman be
came satisfied with the prospects ahead of
hint and returned to New York to assist
In the formation of a missionary party to
come west and establish civilization. Dr.
Parker pushed forward and landed In Ore
gon just as Winter was setting In. Dr.
Mclaughlin was at that time established
st Vancouver. Following Dr. McLoughltn'a
advice, the mission at Wslilatpu. near the
present site of Walla Walla, was estab
lished on the return of Dr. Whitman and
the arrival of his missionary party.
Walllatpu, picturesque in Its loneliness,
surrounded by the wlde-stretchlng bunch
grass plains, nestling at the confluence of
the Walla Walla River and Mill Creek,
peaceful In its Christian surroundings, was.
to mark an Important milestone in the
history of Oregon and an epoch In the his
tory of the Northwest. From this small
beginning great t hints have already
LIVES SAVED BY PASTEURIZED MILK
Federal Government Furnishes Data in Proof of Such a Contention.
r
r X A LATH Federal report on "Milk and
Its Relation to Human Life," pas
teurization Is strongly recommend
ed as the best measure for saving human
life. Xathan Strau. the wealthy philan
thropist to whose effort the establish
ment of milk stations In New Tork City
is due. reviews the report as follows:
At a time when the question of a pur
milk supply ls engaging public attention
everywhere It is of Interest to note what
fruit a similar agitation has borne In
the United States. I have the satlsfao
Inn of knowing that It was owing In a
great measure to my efforts that the In
terest of our Government was aroused
In a pure milk supply.
Sixteen years ago I started my work
In New York City and extended tt grad
ually to other places. The results which
followed wherever I Introduced pasteur
lied milk were brought to the notice of
the Public Health Department of the
United States; and the very extensive
report, "Milk and Its Relation to Public
Health." is the outcome of my agitation.
I demonstrated practically by the dis
tribution of pasteurized milk the great
need and the great results that can be
attAined. Coincident with this distribu
tion the infantile death .rate of New
York Cty steadily decreased from 92
per in lSi-J to &l per liw in 1:". Sim
ilar giHd results followed wherever pas
teurized milk was introduced.
In the Summer of I1 there were ty
phoid outbreaks in the District of Colum
bia which, thanks to an efficient Inspec
tion service, were traced to the milk
upply.
Early in 1'T President Roosevelt or
dered a thorough investigation of the
milk problem to be made by the officials
of the Public Health Service wfth the
assistsnce of the Department of Agricul
ture. With eztraonllnary dispatch the
results of this Inquiry are now laid be
fore ns in a volume of about T50 pages
entitled "Milk aad Its Relation to the
Pi.hllc Health""
The bulletin is not the report of a
commission. It consists of Jl essays or
ON
"5
come, but greater meaning to the Amer
ican people is sure to follow.
All new American communities have
possessed the element of romance, of he
rofam, of tragedy, of rugged endurance.
Like all her predecessors, only In an In
tensified degree, did Oregon possess all of
these. Early in her history did she take
a place in the discussion of international
questions and the problem she offered for
settlement was not insignificant either In
itself or In the principles It involved. Na
tions were awakened by the "Oregon
Question," and the United States, first of
all. begun to open Its eyes with the possi
bilities of greatness when for once tms
great western country was explored..
While the Oregon country Is the last
arrest division of the United States to be
reclaimed from the wilderness, while In
actual endeavor It is young in years. Its
history can be traced back almost to the
time of Columbus. Klght years after
Columbos sighted land on San Salvador
Island. Cortereal, the Portugese navigat
or, sailed to the entrance of what after
wards became known as Hudson's Bay,
and upon hi return give forth the first
thought of a "Northwest Passage" from
the Atlantic to the Pacific. Three hun
dred years after Columbus.. Robert Gray.
In his good ship Columbia, set sail across
the bar at the mouth of the Columbia
River and anchored in a great body of
fresh water. Until that time navigators
had been fearful of the breakers and
currents which have since been the ter
ror of seamen in stormy weather. Gray
promptly named the river Columbia, in
honor of his ship. During the same year
Vancouver sailed through the Straits of
Fuca and explored Vancouver Island.
Because of Its peculiar location, the
Oregon country naturally subdivided Itself
from all the rest of the Northwest. It
could only become tributary to the coast
country, and there must spring up great
cities, because of transportation advan
tages. Within Its own boundaries was
every natural element 'Which counted for
success, every resource that the Ingenu
ity of man needed to build up a great
civilisation. Government was needed, and
It was quickly supplied by the Settlers
themselves, thus offering to a wondering
world one of the most unique demonstra
tions of the power of American citizen
ship ever witnessed. Following the suc
cess of the provincial government three
states were carved from the territory:
Oregon. Washington and Idaho.
The development of the Oregon coun
try haa been phenomenal from the first.
A citizenship unequaled In sturdlness of
character. Indomitable of purpose, stead
fast In following the star of success, has
wrested from nature the treasures she
held selfishly for to many centuries.
monographs by the departmental special
ists on various aspect of the milk ques
tion, with an introduction In which Surgeon-General
Wyman briefly allude to
the most striking result of each of the
papers.
I suppose it is well known by this time
that the germs of disease can be carried
in milk and that epidemic outbreaks are
often traceable to that source. Typhoid,
scarlet fever and diphtheria are the dis
eases most frequently spread In this way,
but we learn from the bulletin that
Asiatic cholera, dysentery and Malta
sever- are also communicable through
milk.
One special subject for inquiry by
American investigator was the frequency
of these "milk epidemics"1 as they
are called". - An enormous amount
of statistical material relating to the last
W years has accordingly been collected
and sifted. Here you will find summar
ised the essential details of SIT outbreaks
of typhoid. ITS of scarlet fever and 51
of diphtheria, all owing their origin to
Infected milk, though It is admitted that
not all the atatisiics available from for
eign sources have been Included.
Thus, while the United Statea furnish
132 instances of typhoid. 27 of scarlet
fever and IS of diphtheria, the United
Kingdom can "boast" of 13$. 96 and 3!
cases, respectively, the sum total of all
three diseases from other countries be
ing only W.
So far we have been dealing with cases
where ml'.k had become infected on its
way from the cow to the consumer.
There is. of course, another class of cases
in which the milk 1s already infected
when it leave the cow.
The contempt of precaution is more
culpable, perhaps, when human diseases
are allowed to infect the milk, but it la
only another degree of neglect which
tolerates the sale of milk from diseased
csttle.
That negligence, must now be branded
as criminal which alllows animals suffer
ing from tuberculosis to contribute to
the supply of milk destined for human
food, it Is ridiculous at this late hour to
quibble over any possible difference there
EARTH.
r.
6
Founded upon such a citizenship, fos
tered by Just laws, favored by a provi
dence which allows not a sparrow to fall
without notice. Is It to be wondered at
that great schools, magnificent temples
of- worship. Institutions of helpfulness
and of benevolence should spring up and
develop, while the natural resources of
the country were being awakened by the
hand of commercialism?
And who has the temerity even to fore
cast what the future decade will bring
forth?
may be between bovine and human
tuberculosis. Englishmen will probably
be content with the verdict of the Brit
ish Royal Commission on Tuberculosis
as to this matter, but the doubters
America and even tne Germans mem
selves have been forced to the same con
clusion, viz.,- that tuberculosis, whether
In animal or man. Is essentially the same
disease, and is communicable from ani
mal to man 1n milk.
This I hold to be a reason of para
mount Importance for Insisting on pub
lic control of the milk supply, or at least
on precautionary measures for securing
non-tuberculosis milk for the innocent
children who must have milk and who
cannot protect themselves.
More than 1500 of the cows supplying
milk to the city of Washington were offi
cially tested last year, and nearly 17 per
cent 'had to be pronounced tuberculosis.
Had all the cows in all the herds been
examined no doubt the percentage would
have been much higher, say 25 per cent.
The figures are first hand and speak for
themselves.
Iet us see next what the bacteriolo
gists find who examine samples of milk
as sold in the great towns. In Liverpool,
for instance. In lS8-9. S per cent of the
samples from town dairies and 17 per
cent from country dairies contained tu
bercle bacilli. About the same time 9
out o 16 dairies supplying the colleges
at Cambridge were found to be selling
them milk that was tuberculous.
The latest research on milk tubercle is
Dr. John F. Anderson's examination of
the Washington milk, full details of
which are given in the bulletin. The re
sults are summed up in the statement
that . approximately 11 per cent of the
dairies whose milk was examined con
tained tubercle bacilli virulent for gui
nea pigs.
It is easy to see the magnitude of the
evil, but what is going to be the rem
edy? Obviously the thing- to be aimed at
is compulsory examination of all cows by
the tuberculin test, and weeding out of
those found to be tuberculous. This Is
dtetlnctly recommended in the bulletin,
and it is very wisely suggested that the
GREAT
EMPIRE
TMT VJETHS HOUSE
objectionable cows should be purchased
out of a Government compensation fund,
as, in fact, is already done In Pennsyl
vania. But the maximum of scrupulosity
entails an increase In the price of the
product which places it beyond the reach
of ordinary purchasers.
, There remains, therefore, for the pres
ent at least, but one way of dealing with
all milk whatever, except in a few spe
cial cases, where it is procured under ex
ceptionally favorable conditions and that
is. In my opinion, pasteurization.
The writers In the bulletin fully agree
with me on thie point. I am entitled to
congratulate myself a little on the change
that has come over professional opinion,
for when I began to Interest myself pub
licly in the milk question I was almost
alone In my demand for universal pas
teurization and It could always be said of
me that I was but a layman.
It Is now more than 13 yeans since I
wrote in the Forum (November, 1S94): "1
hold that In the near future "It will be
regarded as a piece of; criminal neglect to
feed young children on milk which has
not been sterilized." and now compare
those words with the recommendations of
the specialists In the milk bulletins.
Dr. Leslie L. Luxnsden writes that "to
FOURTH
was
as
I
prevent the spread of typhoid infection In
the milk supply of cities . . '" . pasteuri
zation of the milk ... is the best
measure."
Dr. John R. Mohler recommends, as a
veterinary authority, "that all milk . . .
shall come from . . . tuberculin-tested
cattle, which shall be re-tested at least
once a year, or be subjected to pasteur
ization under the supervision of the
health department In case the herd Is not
tuberculin tested."
Dr. Joseph W. Schereschewsky, writing
on. "Infant Feeding." says: "During the
Summer it Is better to pasteurize or to
sterilize all milk used in Infant feed
ing." The author of the paper specially de
voted to "Pasteurization," Dr. Milton J.
Rosenau, director of the hygienic labora
tory. W more chary of giving a decided
opinion than his collaborators. He main
tains throughout the Judicial attitude of
the man of science, but It is not difficult
to see the side toward which the prac
tical man in him Inclines.
"We must protect ourselves." he says.
"We prefer pure milk, but so long as we
cannot obtain it. we must purify what we
get. Special case may require raw milk.
1,,,,.
r?ourtTvis. as vwrvAw2 MRry was coMssewsr
but the general public should be pro
tected." And after giving us all the arguments
for and against, he concludes with these
words:
"Theoretically, pasteurization should
not be necessary: practically, we find It
forced upon us. The heating of milk has
certain disadvantages which must be
given consideration, but It effectually
prevents much disease and death, espe
cially in Infants during tne Summer
months."
Now it Is pretty generally admitted that
milk heated In the way Dr. Rosenau de
scribe is a great safeguard against the
disease mentioned, and that it has a bene
ficial effect in reducing the risk of in
fantile diarrhoea, but there are still doc
tors who believe that its disadvantages
outweigh Its merits as a food for Infants.
The objections are carefully gone Into one
after another by Dr. Rosenau. but he and
Dr.. Schereschewsky between them are
able to reply very satisfactorily to them
all.
So far from pasteurized milk being more
difficult of digestion than raw milk, as is
sometimes asserted, the heated milk Is
found to be more completely absorbed
than the raw.; the curd Is softer and will
therefore behave in the stomach more
.,. . .,.
like the fine curd of human milk; large
fat-containing curds are less likely to be
formed In the stomach. "The evidence
seems clear that the pasteurization of
milk at 140 degrees Fahrenheit for 20
minutes does not appreciably deteriorate
Its quality or lessen its food value."
I have always pasteurized at 157 degrees
Fahrenheit for 20 minutes and this heat
has not been found to destroy the chemi
cal ferments. Experience is better than
theorv, and my experience has so dem
onstrated the success of 157 degrees that
I am loth to change my method.
The alleged disadvantages may there
fore be dismissed, and we come back to
the manifest benefits of pasteurization.
It clearly makes milk a safer article of
diet for all who use it. Above all. it
saves the lives of infants. No better
Illustration of this fact Is known to the
writers In the milk bulletin than the oft
quoted figures relating to the Infants
hospital at. Randall s Island, New York,
"where the mortality in 1S97, with raw
milk, was 44.38 per cent, while in 1S9S.
with pasteurization of the milk." under
taken at my suggestion in an apparatus
that I presented to the institution, it
was 19.80 per cent."
The chief reason for the acute state or
the milk question at the present moment,
hif Stircpnn-General "Wy-
man. is the high rate of Infant mortality
coupled witn a qeciinma mm
LatestMethodof
Setting Type
S MACHINE of importance perhaps
to book and newspaper printing
has Just been invented in Vienna.
It is manipulated very much in the
same way as a typewriting machine.,
but Instead of a typewritten sheet of pa
per it produces a matrix ready for, the
stereotyper, thus dispensing with the ne
cessity of an ordinary composing ma
chine. Many different kinds of type are
at the disposal of the operator, and a
change of type can be secured at a sin
gle touch. Outwardly, says the Boston
Transcript the machine resembles a type
writer. There are arrangements for ad
vancing the matrix, and for equalizing
the lines. Syllables that are in frequent
use can be stamped with one touch, and
from "0 to 80 words can easily be printed
in a minute. ,
Interviewed, the inventor of the ma
chine (Herr Hugo Petermann) says:
"My machine outwardly resembles and
is worked Just like a typewriting ma
chine, but it turns out a perfect matrix
ready for being stereotyped. The typist
has at his disposal all kinds of type
on type wheels which are fixed at the
end of type levers. The number of
types depend on the size of the typo
wheels. A type wheel for 36 different
sorts of type, from the smallest to
the largest size (which now require 3ti
boxes), has a diameter of 25 centi
metres. On each side of the surface of
the type wheels is fixed a cogwheel In
connection with another cogwheel,
which works an arrangement by which
all the type wheels are simultaneously
set on the type desired. There are
separate type levers for small and cap
ital letters; also for the most frequent
syllables, as In. un, up, for, etc. This
saves the typist much labor, enabling
him to write 70 or 80 words a min
ute, so that the reporter's dictation
get's into the matrix almost with the
speed of shorthand writing. There is
an arrangement for symmetrically
stamping type into the matrix, only so
much of the latter being balanced as
the depth of the type requires. By
another arrangement the equalization
of the lines. at their ends is effected.
Alterations of passages in the text are
eaMIy made by cutting them out of
the matrix and putting In fresh mat
ter. As ' to illustrations. cliches
(stereotyped plates) of any size or
shape are stamped on the miatrlx be
fore the typist begins his work. He
can then type the text all round the
cliche if necessary."
Of course, this Is not the first time
that a matrix machine has been In
vented. The idea of the linotype ma
chine began In that way, but owing to
the difficulties of printing, a metal
matrix was suggested and this led to
success, each line, however, being
separate, as the name implies. Whether
the Vienna inventor has overcome the
practical difficulties of printing from
a continuous matrix remains to be
seen. The processes Involved In bring
ing these lines before the reader are
the following: (1) The writer writes
them.. (2) Then, in former days, the
compositor picked out by hand from
his "case" a type for each letter, ar
ranging them into lines as he went
along. In the present day the second
process Is that an operator manipu
lates a keyboard, and the linotype ma
chine produces a line of solid type
ready for the next process: (3), which,
when a page full of lines Is ready, con
sists in taking an Impression, or
"matrix," (4) which, again. In Its turn,
produces the cylinder of Indented metal
from which the printing press turns
out the page now before the reader's
eve. The great revolution in printing
during recent years was that described
above under process (2) the substitu
tion of machine setting for Hand set
ting. The gain in speed and accuracy
Is very great. The next great revolu
tion will consist in some contrivance
whereby processes (2) and (3) aro
combined, so that the writer will
manipulate a keyboard like that of a
typewriter and thereby produce a
matrix for the stereotyper. This is the
step which the inventor at Vienna
claims to have taken.
I