a
THE SUNDAY OBEGONMN, PORTLAND. OCTOBER 21, 1900.
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PORTLAND, SUNDAY, OCTOBER 21, 1906.
CITIZEN OR SENATOR?
To all appearances. President Roose
velt has at last convinced the wiseacres
who worry so much over hie future that
he meant what he said when he de
clined to become a candidate for a third
term. Still, this does not diminish the
difficulty in disposing of him when he
goes out of office. It rather makes the
task harder. It seems never to have
occurred to these busy and anxious peo
ple that Mr. Roosevelt will probably
And suitable occupation in the future,
as he has in the past, without troubling
his well-wishers for advice. They are
determined to have the matter all set
tled when he bids farewell to the White
House. They purpose to bestir them
selves without intermission until they
have found a berth for him which shall
be entirely pleasing to their own minde.
Whether It pleases Mr. Roosevelt or not
Is a minor matter.
This berth murt first of all be digni
fied. The Idea of a man who has been
President descending to any of the or
dinary occupations of life is intolerable
to our aristocratic busy bodies. Why it
should be so dreadful Is not entirely
clear. It was the pride of the ancient
Spartans that their great men could
both command and obey. The General
who had won great victories could put
oft his authority when he returned
home and take part with his fellow
citizens in the humble routine of civic
life. The Romans had the same feeling
In their nobler days. Clncinnatus was
called from the plow to lead the armies
of the city, and when he had led them
to victory he returned to his work. No
body thought the less of him for hold
ing the plow handles, either before or
after he had been dictator. The super
stition that office-holding makes a man
eacro-sanct, or taboo, so that it is im
pious for htm to do ordinary work af
terward, is a curious survival of the
doctrine of divine right. It is a relic
of feudalism. It implies that work is
In Itself ignobly, and that It debases the
workman. Tne man who has held high
office is, according to this, theory, for
ever afterward set apart from his kind
He has become something different
from ordinary clay. He is thenceforth
one of the Lord's anointed. A divin
ity hedges him.
- This notion is, in the first place, false.
High office, worthily filled, gives a man
honor, but it does not transform him
into something different from common
humanity. And not only is the notion
false, but it Is also undemocratic. Our
American theory is that it is essentially
noble for a man to employ himself in
honest Industry of any sort. Work,
either with hand or brain, debases no
body. The opinion that a man can be
come so exalted that It is Improper for
him to work Is part of the morbid craze
for fixing worn-out European feudal
distinctions upon this Nation. Mr.
Roosevelt has a private fortune, which
makes It unnecessary for him to earn
his living; but, If he were a poor man it
ought to be possible for him to practice
law, or write books, or lecture in a col
lege, or turn to any other honest voca
tion when he leaves the Presidential
chair without reproach or cavil. If he
chooses to do so, In spite of his ample
means, he will give another proof of his
genuine democracy.
Still, it is a commonly accepted opin
ion that Mr. Roosevelt ought to hold a
public office of some sort when he is no
longer President; and after the Presi
dency there is none at once so dignified
and Influential as that of United States
Senator. It is, of course, a fair ques
tion for debate whether Mr. Roosevelt
' would exercise greater power over leg
islation in the Senate than In private
station. The new Senator is. as a rule,
assigned to obscure posts. He to bur
led in underground committee-rooms.
Senatorial courtesy seals his Hps for a
year or two after he Is elected. He is
normally in a state of pupilage. It Is
scarcely credible that these customs
would not be altered for Mr. Roosevelt,
as they have been for some others, Mr.
Crane and Mr. Knox, for example. But
in his case it would be for reasons quite
unusual. Mr. Roosevelt would never
consent to become a meek disciple of
Aldrlch. Eikins. Allison and the other
senatorial bosses in their insidious
schemes to plunder the public, and If he
succeeded, as he probably would. In di
recting the course of legislation, it
would be through sheer determination
and ability, not because the old school
Senators desired it.
Fear of the public, which is becoming
more and more of a force in the Senate,
would check the enmity of the Drydens,
Stones and Baileys to his purposes; but
so far as they dared, and could, they
would relegate Mr. Roosevelt to the
background and thwart his measures.
If they could paralyze him and render
him dumb they would do so under the
guise of Senatorial courtesy. It Is a
fine tribute to Mr. Roosevelt's ability
that the people believe he would tri
umph over the enchantments and black
sorcery of the Senate's rules and- cus
toms and perform real public service
as a member. On, the other hand, should
he prefer to remain a private citizen
for the rest of his life, his unparalleled
eminence and his zeal for the public
welfare would aid enormously in the
endless task of driving the Senate to its
duty. Whether from within or without
It must always be driven. Never will
the Senate, so long as it depends on the
Interests instead of the people, do its
duty except under the lash. As a pri
vate citizen, a sage, without ambition,
free from prejudice, with vast experi
ence and with unimpaired energy, Mr.
Roosevelt could wield a vast influence
over the destinies of the Republic. As
a Senator he would, perhaps, be the de
termining factor in shaping legislation
for many years to come. With his
fondness for active efficiency it seems
scarcely doubtful which course he will
choose.
SOUND SENSE IN OPTION DECISION.
Whatever the lay mind may think
of local option or prohibition as an ab
stract question. Judge Burnett's deci
sion that the local-option law is a crim
inal act, restraining the charter-making
power of municipalities, is sound
sense, if not sound law. The attempt
to annul the law In "dry" towns
through the charter-making power of
municipalities is an obvious subterfuge
of liquor interests, even though this be
denied by liquor dealers, who point to
the fact that Mayors and Councilmen
of "dry" towns have been the actors in
the "wet" effort. Liquor interests have
been inspiring that effort, and their
concern in the matter is quite plain.
Judge Burnett's decision will have
far-reaching effect. It is quite reason
able to expect that his opinion will be
sustained in the Supreme Court. If his
decision had taken the other side, and
been sustained, a radical modification
of the law would have been effected,
exempting towns from prohibition
forced upon them by rural districts and
counties. "That this w.?uld cut out the
heart of the present law will not be dis
puted. The fight against enactment of
the law in June, 1904, was made to de
feat the bill chiefly on this account, and
the futile effort to amend the law in
the Legislature in February, 1905,
and in the election in June, 1906. aimed
to eliminate this part of the law, abol
ishing county and district option, and
leaving only precinct option.
There are sound arguments to sup
port the abstract proposition that the
liquor traffic should be regulated by
precinct option only. These arguments
would have prevailed In 1904 but for
animosities excited by the political ac
tivity 6f liquor men. The same argu
ments may be advanced again, at the
proper time. They will fall again, how
ever, if the old nlmositles shall he
aroused.
The present law should be respected
as the will of the people of Oregon. It
Is not to be evaded by subterfuge. Its
clear purpose Is prohibition of liquor
traffic in towns by rural vote of sur
rounding territory. The opinion of
Judge Burnett, therefore, was sound
sense. It is time that all hands begin
to treat the law as an established fact
and submit to it with such grace as
they can command. Had Judge Bur
nett's decision aided the effort to evade
the law, the reaction In public senti
ment would have mended the act "at
the next general election.
APPLES AND APPLES. .
The Hood River apples now on dis
play In this city are magnificent speci
mens of horticultural development.
Those who remember the red-cheeked
pippin, the ruddy Spitzenberg, the pale
gold of the yellow bellflower, and the
variegated tints of the Northern Spy of
half a century ago are scarcely ready
to admit that these beauties from Hood
River excel those memory apples in
flavor, though they must acknowledge
that they excel their forebears in size
and coloring. And then the price! Here
Indeed the Hood River apples soar.
They are advertised as cheap at $1.85
a box. Apples just as juicy and tooth
some rotted on the ground in the Wil
lamette Valley by the ton or found
stinted market at twenty-five cents a
box before the railroad era, and the
codlln moth and San Jose scale inva
sion. But, farther back still, when
first the apple trees of the Willamette
Valley came into bearing, growers re
ceived fifteen dollars a bushel for the
product. California was the market
then, and the apples were shipped in
the stuffy holds of the old Oriflamme,
Ajar an John L. Stephens, and were
retailed in San Francisco at no one
knows what price, but enough to clear
all costs and leave a handsome margin
of profit to the Importer. A few Soxes
of Hood River apples in San Francisco
then would have been a small fortune
to the dealer; a couple of dozen boxes
would have been wealth. But the Hood
River product is a later development,
and, because of the widened market,
brings wealth to the grower at two dol
lars a box.
At this price, however, It is clear that
apples cannot be a staple article on the
worklngman's bill of fare. As the po
tato Is the vegetable of the masses, so
the apple is their fruit, and this is in
fair supply, reasonably, though not en
tirely, free from insect pests, at a price
that the workingman with a large fam
ily can afford to pay. Not apples with
the assured perfection of the Hood
River product, of course, but apples
Juicy and toothsome.
The old apple trees, moss-grown,
gnarly and uncultivated, that produce
only stunted, wormy and scaly fruit,
are happily becoming fewer every year,
but succeeding them are many thrifty
young orchards, the owners of which,
properly equipped for the fray, fight
the apple pests vigorously and with
such effect that the product is market
able. It is to the output of these or
chards that the majority of our people
look for their -apple supply.
Fruit inspectors are and must be dili
gent in the discharge of their duty. But
It should be exercised rather toward the
destruction of old orchards, and in in
sisting that the newer trees be prop
erly sprayed and their product care
fully assorted before being sent to the
market, than in placing the ban upon
all apples that come from even slightly
Infected orchards. In the meantime,
apple-growers, even though they con
fine, their efforts in this line to the
family orchard, should not wait for the
compelling power of the law before de
stroying their old apple trees or taking
means to keep the newer orchards free
from peeus. A little individual pride
and interest displayed in this matter
will In a few years restore the) fauis) of
the big red apple throughout the Wil
lamette Valley, make the orchardlsts
of Hood River look to their laurels, and
bring good, marketable apples within
reach of the worklngman's family the
season through, with, fair returns to
the grower.
ANTIQUITY OF MAN.
' Long ago it was settled, to the satis
faction of all who had given the facts
due attention, that the human race has
had a very long career upon the .earth.
How long, none can tell, even approxi
mately. But it is certain that proofs
of the existence of man upon the earth
reach back to 'distant epochs, variously
estimated at 80,000 to 200,000 years ago,
and even, further. Lyell, in his "An
tiquity of Man," published in successive
editions from thirty-five to forty-five
years ago, adduced the main proofs,
which have since been confirmed by
unanswerable further discoveries of
similar kind. The human body ifl per
ishable, and not much sure and cer
tain proof of man's high antiquity can
be had from human bones or remains
of human art with them, for there may
be dispute, or at least uncertainty, as
to the periods to which such discov
eries belong. But man's indestructible
tools and implements, including his
weapons of warfare and of the chase,
have been found in situations innumer
able, buried deep in beds of glacial
drift and gravel that certainly have
lain undisturbed through countless
ages. No forces less potent than those
which produce cosmic or geologic
changes could so have placed them.
Implements and weapons of flint and
stone found In such situations tell a
story- which all minds open to facts
must receive. No human theory, no
creed of theology, no cosmology or re
ligious belief, is good for anything that
disputes or ignores them. Man has
been upon the earth during a period in
conceivably long; and such, remains as
wo have of his life in those distant
ages prove that he was then in a very
low stage of being or existence. " This
must have been the -original condition
of every race.
That condition was simply the condi
tion of other animals, yet relieved by
a germ, instinct or capacity of progress,-
' which haa carried . the develop
ment of the human race from a low to
successively higher stages, from the
weak and helpless state of infancy to
the maturity and powjr of manhood,
from a rude and barbarous phase to
a more refined civilization. It reverses
the Idea that man has fallen from a
high estate to a lower; It requires be
lief in an ascent from a lower to a
higher. They who deny this conclusion,
as Lyell has said, "owe their opinion
or belief to very strong prepossessions
in favor of an opposite hypothesis."
But the appearance of man In the
Western Hemisphere was probably
much more recent than In the Eastern.
No sure proofs or probable indications
of as high antiquity for the human
raoe in America have yet been pro
duced as those discoveries in Europe
admitted by common consent. The rel
ics of the Mound Builders of America,
it is believed, as not very old; and we
think no sure proof of the existence of
pre-glacial, interglacial or paleolithic
man in America has yet been produced.
Thus, while the antiquity of man in
Europe is an established fact, the like
proofs are wanting in America, though
there are those who hold that the Es
kimo 1s a surviving representative of
ancient man in the Western Hemi
sphere. There remains scarcely a remnant of
an opinion once, widely held that man
in America had his origin here. On the
contrary, there Is now little doubt that
the population of America is of Old
World origin. But when its ancestors
came, how they got here, and from
what peoples of the Old World they
sprang, are questions apparently in
soluble. It may have been easy In
early times to pass over from North
ern Asia to Northern America. Fur
ther, it is but natural to suppose that
the time since the migration had been
sufficiently long to develop the racial
differences and distinctions so marked
in America. All the variations found
here may have come from a single
type; that type now varying greatly
from the Old World type from which
It came.
HARRtMAN AND FISH.
The kindling ardor of the railroad
magnates to get possession of lines
trending southward proves that they
have definitely abandoned the hope of
defeating the Panama Canal project.
The Oregonlan stated long ago that
when the canal was finished the north
and south lines would be more Impor
tant to commerce than the transconti
nental roads, and there is much evi
dence coming to light that the captains
of industry are of the same opinion.
Assuredly the movement of slow, heavy
freight will be through the canal rather
than over the mountains.
With this thought in mind, we are at
no loss to Understand Mr. Harriman's
eagerness to control the Illinois Central
road, which is at present perhaps the
most important north and south line in
the country. He and Mr. Stuyvesant
Fish, in their contest for control, re
semble two medieval Barons fighting
over a principality, while the agencies
of the law look on in meek paralysis.
Should Mr. Harrlman accomplish, his
purpose against the Illinois Central
management, he will be the practical
owner of some 30,000 miles of railroad,
touching, it is said, every important
center of commerce in the Country, and
including the main highways of the
Nation north and south as well as east
and west.
The power over transportation which
Mr. Roosevelt trembles to see conferred
upon the Federal Government will thus
have passed Into the hands of a single
individual. Which is the better place
for it? Most thinkers, thus far agree
with the President, but there Is a grow
ing unrest at the spectacle of 60 much
concentration of power. If concentra
tion of power in the General Govern
ment is bad, many are coming to think
that in the hands -of Mr. Harrlman it
is worse still.
Each succeeding railroad magnate
who enters the field acquires more ex
tensive control than his predecessors.
The movement toward concentration is
apparently one that cannot be checked.
So far as can be foreseen it must go on
until all the highways of the country
are controlled by one individual. Shall
that Individual be elected by the people
or chosen by the trusts? This is an in
teresting question which must be de
cided before long. Mr. Roosevelt's the
ory is that the railroads ought to be
controlled in the interest of the public
This would admit, perhaps, a depart
ment of railroads as part of the Gov
ernmental machinery, with its chief for
the executive head of the whole trans
portation system of the country. Cer
tainly public control must always be
more or less visionary unless the Gov
ernment actually directs a large part
of the executive affairs of the roads.
Hitherto we have thought best to do
this Indirectly, through a commission
and the courts. Economy of adminis
tration may ultimately Induce the Gov
ernment to do it directly. The railroad
problem grows in interest wiih each
new development, and the difficulty is
proportionate to the interest. Of one
thing we can be certain the rate law,
excellent as it is, is merely the begin
ning of the solution.
EDWARD DICKENSON BAKER.
Forty-five years ago today Edward
Dickenson Baker, United States Sena
tor from Oregon, soldier of the Repub
lic, led a forlorn hope against the Con
federates at Ball's Bluff, near Lees
burg, Virginia, and fell mortally
wounded at the head of his command.
The attempt; was an ill-advised one.
Our soldiers had yet to learn the art
of war; yet to learn that the hosts of
secession were in deadly earnest in
their contention for a Southern Confed
eracy; yet to learn the added, and for
the time being the invincible force that
rancor and fury lent to the arm of Re
bellion. Colonel Baker took tutelage in
this bitter lesson at the expense of his
life. He died as dies the brave,
mourned by the citizens of his adopted
state and by thousands of loyal hearts
throughout the North.
Forty-five years ago Oregon, then but
two years a state, the youngest of the
sisterhood, was scarcely more than an
outpost of civilization. The election of
Colonel Baker to the United States Sen
ate by the combined votes of Republi
cans and Douglas Democrats is a mat
ter of the political history and methods
of those times. It gave to Oregon a
Senator whose record as a soldier was
made in the Mexican War, whose fame
as an orator reached its climax in his
immortal Madison Square speech,
scarcely more eloquent, however, than
his. eulogy on Senator Broderick; his
record as a statesman and a lawyer be
longed to the Lincoln-Douglas period,
of which Springfield, 111., was the storm
center. Though the methods by which
his election to the Oregon Senatorship
were questioned, and, perhaps, ques
tionable, it was felt at the time that
the end justified the means, and the
young state was proud of her silver
tongued, snowy-crowned Senator. And
it was justified In its estimate of his
power, his ability and his Influence, for,
though Edward Dickenson .Baker did
not live to fulfill the expectations of
loyal Oregoniana in the contention for
liberty and union in the Senate of the
United States, ha sustained the strong
arm of the Government during the few
months that intervened between his
election and his heroic death, and has
taken his place In history as a man
who carried the courage of his convic
tions into battle and unto death. A
conspicuous figure of the American
bar, a firm supporter of the National
Government, an eloquent and effective
orator, a brave soldier, Colonel Baker
lived his half century, passed out
througfh the open portals of a bitter
strife and on to an honored place in
his country's history.
THE "HIRED GIRL" PROBLEM AGAIN.
"The mistress," says Labor Commis
sioner Hoff, of Oregon, discussing in
his new report the domestic-help prob
lem, "must stop considering the girl
she hires to do her work any lower in
the human scale than she does her own
daughter, when she performs the same
work with equal intellectual ability, or
the time will come when she will have
to do her own housework, or employ a
man instead." '
This may be tne outcome of the
"hired-girl" question housewives and
their daughters will have to do their
housework themselves. But it Is not
human nature for a mother to place a
"hired girl" on the same level in the
human scale as she does her daughters.
She does not put a man cook, when she
has one, on the same level as her sons,
nor her gardener nor coachman. In
novels and on the stage occasionally
her daughter runs away with the gar
dener or her son elopes with the cham
bermaid, but even there, under the
most favorable circumstances for a
happy ending, great trouble ensues,
and the author- or the playwright Is
hard put to make things "end right."
The caste Instinct is grievous enough
among men, but is worse among wom
en. It is held down in this country as
much as it can be by popular laws
and rules of conduct. But it is a fact
of human nature, plainest with mothers
of growing sons and daughters. It is
part of the mother's feeling that her
children are superior and of her ambi
tion to hold them up and have them
"do welL" A housewife is bound to
hold herself and children above her
"help," deplorable as the results are.
But the "help"would instinctively do
the same were fortunes reversed.
The wise housewife, while possessed
of this feeling of superiority, restrains
it. She treats her cook and chamber
maid with consideration and maintains
her authority without endeavoring to
demonstrate her superiority in the hu
man scale. Unfortunately, few women
have the tact or ability or desire to
conduct their households In this man
ner. And. perhaps, for penalty, "the
time will come wh'en she will have to
do her own housework or employ a man
instead."
A WOMAN'S MONUMENT.
The citizens of Galesburg, 111., have
recently honored the memory of
"Mother Bickerdyke," the well-known
soldiers' nurse in the Civil War, by
a monument. Many stories, says
the Youth's Companion, in which the
humorous and the heroic are delight
.fully mingled, are given by the late
Mrs. Livermore in her "Story of the
War."
A homely figure, clad In calico and
wearing a Shaker bonnet, Mrs. Bicker
dyke went from hospital to hospital,
camp to camp, counting no service too
hard that would make even one of her
"boys" more comfortable, and scout
ing with fine scorn the regulations that
made haste slowly, unwinding Ted tape
as they went, while men were dying
for lack of medical and surgical aid.
She was no mild-mannered saint, this
intensely practical woman whose name
haa just been given to granite, and a
brief record of whose achievements in
mercy's side of war is engraved be
neath It. She dearly loved her own
way, usually got it, and in getting it
not infrequently enraged her superiors
by her open disregard of rftilitary con
ventionalities. One illustration of her
common-sense methods as opposed to
the usual rigid rules of war will suf
fice to make plain the prompt and fear
less measures that she pursued. She
was in charge of a field hospital on the
night succeeding a battle. The weather
was bitterly cold, and wounded, half
frozen men were being brought in.
Fire was the- first requisite, and there
was no fuel. Without taking counsel
of any one, Mother Bickerdyke tore
down the breastworks of the post and
built of the material thus secured Jiuffe
fires. Upon being arrested and report
ed to General Sherman, he ordered her
discharged, saying; "I can do noth
ing; Mother Bickerdyke outranks me."
Noted for the exercise of common
sense in emergencies; for untiring care
of men wounded In battle, and of the
sick in rudely improvised, ill-provi
sioned hospitals; for a helpfulness that
knew- not fatigue, and humanity as
boundless as opportunity to serve her
fellow-creatures, Mrs. Bickerdyke rep
resented mercy's side of war in the
great conflict in which a nation's life
hung In the balance.
THE NEW MASONIC TEMPLE.
The new Masonic Temple, whose cor
nerstone was laid yesterday in Port
land, will be an ornament to the city
and a striking monument to an organ
ization that, by common consent, is acr
corded the primacy among fraternal
orders.' The perfection and beauty of
the structure will stand as a model, not
alone for workers in architecture, but
for workers in another craft those
whose aims are the upbuilding of truth
and Justice, benevolence and charity,
on the basis of the "Fatherhood of God
and brotherhood of man."
Masonry is a great and ancient force
throughout the world. Its disciples
dwell in every clime, held through faith
in the one Great Architect, whose hands
have wrought creation's edifice, and
through adherence to the "cardinal vir
tues" temperance, fortitude, prudence
and justice. It is fitting that this thriv
ing City of Portland should be adorned
with the beautiful temple such as is
building at West Park and Yamhill
streets its symmetries not alone typi
cal of the Masonic order, but appropri
ate to the citizenship of Portland and
Oregon. Never had Masonry so many
members; never did it grow so . fast;
and its growth in the future will be
still more rapid. On its rolls are names
of foremost men of city, state and
Nation and the world men of affairs,
scholars, statesmen. Governors, Presi
dents, Princes, Kings, Emperors and
those of lesser station in church and
state. And Portland's monument of the
order will be in keeping with this city's
size and power.
There is no religious test in Masonry,
beyond reverence for a Great Creator.
The laws governing Masons "o'oljge
them to that reli jion, in which all men
agree, leaving their particular opinions
to themselves"; but if a Mason "right
ly understands the art he will never be
a 6tupid atheist or irreligious libertine."
"It thus happens," as Judge J. B. Cle
land said in his address at the corner
stone laying, "that men of almost every
creed may meet in peace and harmony
about the altars of Freemasonry."
Out of this principle come universal
rules of conduct in human association.
These are taught and enforced by Ma
sonry. "A system of ethics" it has
been called, moral, religious and philo
sophical, which "relates to the social,
ethical and intellectual progress of
man." "A Mason Is obliged by his ten
ure to obey the moral law," state the
ancient charges, which declare also that
brotherly love is the "foundation and
copestone, the cement and glory of this
ancient fraternity." A Mason's duties
to the fraternity do not conflict with
his duty to God, his neighbor, his coun
try or himself, and he is taught that
the tenets of Masonry are brotherly
love, relief and truth. He is charged
"to be a good man and true," "to be a
peaceful citizen, cheerfully to conform
to the laws," and "to pay proper re
spect to the civil magistrate," "to work
diligently, live creditably, and act hon
orably by all men." He is also taught
the immortality of the soul and the
resurrection of a future life "in that
celestial lodge above, where the Su
preme Architect of the Universe pre
sides." That all Masons do not live up to the
teachings of their order is admitted
the fault being the failings of 'human
nature. But that the order is a great
worker for good goes without saying.
Portland and Oregon have reason to be
proud of the growth of this order, soon
to be typified by its new temple.
BALLOONS AND AUTOMOBILES.
An unique feature of the exhibition
for the recent International Aeronautic
Society, held near Berlin, was a race
between balloons and automobiles, un
der the auspices of the balloon corps
of the military transport department.
The test was one both of the speed
and effectiveness of the two methods
of transportation applied to the emer
gencies of war. Theoretically, each of
the balloons carried important military
dispatches, while the automobiles, in
the service of the enemy, were charged
with the duty of capturing the dis
patches when the airships landed.
A more exciting and dangerous con
test? could not well be imagined, as four
balloons each of 200 meter capacity,
carrying two officers and an assistant
umpire, and flying a broad designat
ing pennant, shot up and sailed away
before a sixteen-mile breeze, while five
automobiles, flying the colors of the
balloons, shot after them on the
smooth highways that had been cleared
for the race. Later a large number of
automobiles joined in the chase. The
balloonists were limited to two hours
in the air, and were allowed twenty
minutes in which to escape with the
dispatches after landing, while the au
tomobiles won if they reached the bal
loons within that period.
While the balloons won, the contest
indicated the enormous advantage that
both of these modern devices for fly
ing without wings might prove in time
of war. The record of the race, how
ever, still leaves the carrier pigeon un
matched for speed as a war messenger,
while the menace of death, disablement
or capture to the bird is small by com
parison with that which attends the
balloonist and the automobllist from
start to finish. Sentiment attends the
carrier pigeon at every stage of her
flight, and welcomes the flutter of her
tired wing against the pane when her
journey is safely completed. Anxiety,
devoid of all sentiment, but eager and
tense, must follow the war mission of
the airship or the automobile, as, with
human life in deadly peril, it bids defi
ance to th limitations of matter in its
effort to overcome distance without the
aid of wings.
There are 99,777 miles of public high
ways in Pennsylvania. While the funds
collected and expended for road pur
poses last year amounted to $48.98 per
mils of public road, or 77 cents per
capita of the inhabitants of the state,
but 3 per cent of the mileage is. im
proved. " Further comparison shows one
mile of improved road to every 2916
inhabitants. Oregon should be able to
make a better showing than this. If
some one Interested would furnish the
data in the matter. The Oregonlan
would be glad to publish it. There haa
txen a rood deal of agitation In times
past upon the question of good roads
in the state, and it would be interesting
to know to what extent it has borne
fruit. The public knows in a general
way that there are some stretches of
good road in Multomah, Clackamas,
Marion, Polk, and perhaps some other
counties. Reliable data in regard to
the extent of these, the cost per capita
of road, improvement in the state, etc..
would be of interest, especially at this
season of the year, when the farmer of
almost any section abroad with his
load of produce is likely to think that
the good roads of which ho has heard
from time to time, and to which an
item In his tax receipt assures him he
has contributed his quota, are a myth,
or that they lie in some other district.
Humanity has for months been
shocked and appalled at the cruelties
practiced under the rulershlp of the
unspeakableLeopold of Belgium upon
the natives of the Congo Free State. It
Is a shame to European civilization
that this royal monster is permitted to
torture, maim and kill these wretched
creatures in order further to enrich
himself from the rubber trade. The dif
ference between the cruelties practiced
upon the revolutionists of Russia and
those inflicted upon the natives of the
Congo is that between torturing a man
who understands the conditions that
lead up to his sufferings and a child
who knows nothing of the cause for
which he is scourged and branded and
maimed. This Leopold of Belgium is a
monster of greed, cruelty and oppres
sion; a man who hounded his wife to
death and has dealt with heartless des
potism with his daughters. It Is ro
wonder that under his unlimited sway
cruelties that would disgrace a Kurd
have been practiced upon the helpless
natives of the Congo country; the won
der is that civilized Europe gave him
the opportunity, and, passively at least,
sustains him in the atrocities to which
he has been prompted by greed.
The Department of the Interior has
waged a war of prosecution in a num
ber of states and has procured a total
of 636 indictments, distributed among
the states as follows: Alabama, 14;
Arkansas, 25; California, 7; Colorado,
15; Florida, 21; Idaho, 21; Kansas, 6;
Louisiana, 156; Michigan, 5; Minnesota,
32; Mississippi, 78; Missouri, 6; Mon
tana, 41; Nebraska, 14; New Mexico, 9;
North Dakota, 15; Oregon, 110; South
Dakota, 59; Wisconsin, 6. But while all
these indictments have been returned
in nineteen states, the cases have been
pressed to trial and conviction chiefly
in Oregon. The only convictions thus
far are: Oregon, 22; North Dakota, 4;
Nebraska, 4; Colorado, 2; New Mexico,
2; total, 34. In several states cases are
yet to come to trial. Probably not In
all the states will as many convictions
be had as in Oregon, for it is seldom
that men dig up the evidence as thor
oughly as did Heney and his assistants.
"Pink tea with cigarettes" is one of
the diversions of student life at the
University of Wisconsin. The State
Presbyterian Synod, now in session at
Madison, has the temerity to object to
an entertainment of this character as
one of the influences to which young
men of the University are subjected,
the tendency of which la to weaken
their moral tone. The appointment Jf
a "student pastor" is suggested as a
remedy for the evils of which the "pink
tea with cigarettes" is a late phase.
Since one of the professors gave the
"tea" and furnished the cigarettes, a
revision of the faculty would probably
better serve the purpose.
Disbarment proceedings have been
brought against a Salem attorney who
committed forgery in state land trans
actions and afterward admitted it in
open court. And, of course, he is the
only Salem attorney who ever did any
thing that merited disbarment.
The Cuban tobacco ctop was greatly
damaged by the late storm, and the
yield will be short. By careful man
agement, there may be' enough, how
ever, to furnish the cigar stores of
Portland .with two and one-half or
three cigars apiece.
Naturally, a good man like Boss Mur
phy would be highly Indignant at being
blackmailed by the thrifty Independ
ence League managers. Think of any
one having the nerve to demand money
from Murphy!
Judging by reports, there will be a
good many families of Chinese pheas
ants that can hold unbroken re-unions
on Thanksgiving Day. The slaughter
has not yet assumed alarming propor
tions. Mies Krupp, the cannon-maker, mar
ried a humble young doctor when she
might have made her choice among the
big guns of the world. But perhaps she
was simply avoiding the big bores.
The Anti-Saloon League put Mr.
Local Option on trial, and; after much
heat and some light, found him not
guilty. Far be it from us to suggest
that the Jury was packed.
The football season has formally
opened, and every undertaker and doc
tor in town has good reason to hope for
the worst.
No doubt that West India storm was
merely rushing in to fill up the vacuum
made by Secretary Taft's departure.
David B. Hill might help a little if
he would emerge lorsg enough to tell us
what is a Democrat.
Christmas presents are due shortly.
Don't put it off too long.
The City of St. James.
Brooklyn Eagle.
James J. Hill Is to build a city. It is
to be called St. James. It Is to be a
sort of a canonization of the great rail
road operator, since his first name is
taken with the prefix of Saint. It is to
be situated on Gray's Bay, 16 miles above
the mouth of the Columbia River. The
new road being built under the auspices
of the Great Northern and the Northern
Pacific Railroad Companies from Pasco
to Vancouver" will be extended westward
to Gray's Bay. It Is to be a new ocean
port and It is expected that the new
city will divide the Columbia River ocean
commerce with Portland and Astoria. In
short, it will be another city builded in
a night under the new order of things
when great Industrial forces create new
conditions and perform marvels.
Faithful Even After Death.
London Post.
Organist Pilklngton, at Paulersbury,
Northamptonshire, England, used to be
accompanied every Sunday to the church
door by his terrier, which waited patient
ly until the service was concluded. Six
weeks ago the organist died. On each
Sunday since then the dog has gone to
the church, looked wistfully about, waited
until everybody had departed and then
gone home mournfully.
THE PESSIMIST.
Taking into consideration the pic
ture of Andrew himself on the Carne
gie hero medals, no one but a real
hero would have the courage to wear
one . '
e e
Before the present discussion as to
why servants do not like - to be serv
ants comes to an end, perhaps some
brave man will suggest that a large
part of the trouble is owing to the im
possibility of two women living to
gether in ptaee and harmony in one
house.
e e
Now that the New York Central Rail
road Company has been convicted of a
crime, the court can fine the manage
ment and sentence the employes and
locomotives to hard labor.
e
In the same breath, as it were, the
Eastern papors last week informed us
of a girl who had been made Colonel
and of another girl who thinks that it
would be nice for ladies to serve in
the Navy. It would seem rather curi
ous at first to have our Navy manned
by women, but then how much more
picturesque and homelike the ships
would be. Should the flagship In some
future battle of Manila Bay be de
layed in getting into action on ac
count of a difficulty that the fair cap
tain might have with her back hair,
the Admiral would curb his impa
tience and courteously say:
"We will fire when you are ready.
Miss Gridley."
e e
A straight line' is shorter than
around the corner, Is the popular ren
dition of the well-known geometrical
principle that any two sides of a tri
angle are greater than the remaining
side. This idea seems to bo implanted
as an a priori perception in the con
sciousness of every moving being at
birth. An ant will drag a burden many
times its own weight to the lofty sum
mit of a spear of grass and down the
other side, rather than deviate a hair's
breadth from a straight course; a tod
dling child will fall Into a well and
drown because that seems to be the
shortest route to the opposite brink,
and any boy will climb over a house
that happens to bo in his way. Older
people and girls exhibit in a slightly
less strenuous fashion their perception
of thts same fundamental truth in the
operation known as "cutting 'cross
lots."
The distance diagonally across a
block 200 feet square is about 28) feet,
while around by the cement sidewalk
it is 120 feet farther. To save that
distance, the average human will put
forth the most tremendous exertions
and brave unknown perils on dark and
stormy nights. Scorning croquet hoops
or barb wire entanglements, placed in
his way by luckless property-owners,
he will Invade the privacy of the do
mestic back yard or wend his way
through a pathless forest. Wholly ig
noring the vertical distance which he
is covering, he will climb up untold
steps and then slide down a muddy
bank to regain the street. He will en
gage in fierce warfare with belligerent
dogs, surmount the crests of dizzy
woodpiles, endure the odors of tho
family garbage can and trample upon
newly made lawns, in pursuit of the
principle mentioned or rather than
walk an extra step on his way homo.
e e
Secretary Bonaparte's address to the
.railiiatlnir mldshlrimMi lit AnnADolln fur
nishes an opportunity for further discus
sion of the question: "What Is a gentle
man?" This question is one thai is pe
culiar to this country, and is an Insistent
problem that must be solved before our
national life Is complete. In Europe In
England particularly a gentleman Is born
a gentleman; he knows that he is a gen
tleman; details of habits, or personal
characteristics have little bearing on his
status.
Mrs. Astor, who is something of an au
thority in such . matters, once said that
no gentleman was a gentleman unless he
was a college graduate. Later she amend
ed her ruling to the effect that no gentle
man ever smoked in her presence; mean
ing, of course, that a gentleman who
smoked would refrain from smoking when
she was near. Obviously her classifica
tion, while It Is very broad, does not en
tirely settle the matter. She leaves In
doubt the status of the college graduate
who does not smoke at all.
It will be seen by this that the subject
is one of some difficulty, and that one
should not, like Secretary Bonaparte,
jump at hasty conclusions from insuffi
cient premises. While self-control, readi
ness for self-sacrifice, sensitiveness In
honor are qualities exhibited by some gen
tleman, a far weightier matter than these
is the determining qualification of Ameri
lean gentility. It is my good fortune ati
this time to be able to point out what this
last requisite is.
It is a question of suspenders. A gen
tleman is known by the suspenders ha
wears.
A friend of mine, who fulfills Mrs. As-"
tor's qualification. inasmuch as ha
smokes, is a college graduate, and never
smoked in Mrs. Astor' s presence, gave a
hint that will lead to the discovery of the
great truth.
We were engaged in a solemn discussion
as to the relative merits of various
brands of trouser sustalners. Up to that
moment I had always thought myself par
ticularly happy In my choice of suspend
ers. The brand which I then affected,
and am still wearing, was durable, artistic,
and wholly efficient. Not so with my.
friend's suspenders, his were of the sort
that gentlemen wear!
Listening in silence to my enthusiastio
description of the supporters that had
been to me a comfort and a joy, my friend
slowly arose, as I "finished; and, with the
air of a man who is about to unveil a
monument to the nation's dead, he unbut
toned his waistcoat and disclosed to me
the secret that we have all sought so long.
"These," said he, "are the suspenders
that gentlemen wear."
I wish that I could remember the name
of those suspenders. My college degree is
unassailable ;" Mrs. Astor has never seen
me smoke: with my trousers held at a
genteel altitude by a pair of those aristo
cratic suspenders, I could stand with head
erect in the presence of any man.
My friend is traveling in foreign lands.
When he returns, the wheat will be sep
arated from the chaff; each man will
know his place, and the world will at last
know the final qualification of an Amer
ican gentleman.
M. B. WELLS.
His First Hnndred-Dollar Bill.
Brooklyn (N. J.) Eagle.
The world was mine, my heart stood still
1 owned a hundred-dollar bill.
I drew It from the bank that day;
They cashed the check I got In pay
For weary days of Irksome toil, '
For hoeing, plowing up the soil.
For milking cows,, tor mowing hay.
For doing anything they'd say.
And now I have a million; yet
That happy moment I regret
The moment when I felt the thrll)
From that first bundred-tioUax bill.