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About The Sunday Oregonian. (Portland, Ore.) 1881-current | View Entire Issue (Aug. 18, 1901)
THE SUNDAY OREGONIAN, POKTLAMJ, AUGUST 18, 1901. ss CONTEMPORARY THOUGHT a I v J AS SHAFFER LOOKS AT IT. Tbe Steel Strike From the Work- znca'-s Point of View. Independent The present clash between capital and labor Is by no means of labor's choosing. It has been forced on us by the monster United States Steel Corporation, and It is a battle to the death. Now or never must the workman assert himself; for should the employers be successful in this fight it will be a sorry day for mlllmen. For years the big steel and Iron men lave sought to do afray with organised labor and so make "tne -workman depen dent. "Wben they get hungry they will offer him what wages they see lit and he must then take It or continue to starve. I don't speak at random when I make this assertion; I know this has been done within the past year. In the Old Meadow Mill at Scottdale the workmen were forced by prolonged closing of this union plant to beg that it be opened so that they might make bread for their families. The employers "would not do so unless the mlllmen would sign papers that they would have nothing more to do with organized labor. They were starved into subjection, and thousands will be treated just so should this unholy light against the workmen be successful. The Steel Corporation people claim they do not care anything about our or ganizing and would not prevent us if they could. This Is untrue. I can show where hundreds of men have been dis charged from work beciuse they be longed to the Amalgamated Asociatlon, and many are yet out. Without fear I make this statement, that unless this strike Is ended speedily I will ciuse the arrest of every one in the big corporation, from Mr. Morgan down, charging them with violating the laws which provide that a man shall not be hindered from allying himself with any organization. These people are hindering us "by unfair means, and it must stop. Mr. Morgan will not start a wheel in the mills unless he settles with or destroys the Amal gamated Association. But I do not natter myself that the employers wish a settlement on grounds other than those laid down by them first They want complete subjection, and this we are not by any means prepared to give, "We are iull o:! fight and have the money to make a fight. I d6 not like the red flag waving of Mr. Morgan. Why should he say he will call out the militia If he is forced to put nonunion men In his mills? That of Itself Is a direct chal lenge to workmen to commit violence; and It would seem that Mr. Morgan wishes to encourage an outbreak of some sort. Let the trust people take all the nonunion men they can find into these mills and run them. There will be no violence if I can help it I will see that Amalgamated officers are sent to the works to see that no barm comes to the nonunion men. The mills belong to the trust and they have a right to run them as they see fit, I suppose; but we want a fair show. If there Is anything an Amer ican loves more than another it is an even chance with the other fellow. That's all j the Amalgamated Association asks now ! of the big trust. Xone of our people wants violence; and if there is trouble it will be started "by the other side. I am Assured Tjy the boys that they mean busi ness in this strike, and they are prepared to stay out all Summer. I am much pleased with the way the workmen in Pennsylvania and Ohio are behaving themselves. In all my addresses I have urged that the strikers do away with all drinking while this trouble is on, nd they are generally respecting my wishes,. pn.-he- subject. The less drink, he Jess f cfiarice for trouble. I do not WEntjtb4eeuk:lash; but If" worst comes to worawwIlLbattle and will win. I have qSevaralKcaTds to play in this game yet, and when Ijdo make a play the oppo sition will feel the weight of my hand. I have found that easy methods with these people do not bring best results". Ike the nettle, they must be grasped tight at first, else they will sting. I have grasped them nnd the struggle is on. May God help us win a Just fight! structures of similar kind in Boston and other cities, in each of which commo dious chapels are provided for religious meetings. Why not Invest church funds, generally, in the same way? Under this plan -a revenue might be de rived from the capital invested sufficient to enable the denominations to extend their work in many needed directions, and especially among the neglected and churchless masses of our large cities. If the regular church members gave no less than, they do now they might at least be relieved in this way of some of the inces sant and insistent appeals to make up de ficiencies and pay off debts which often operate to keep people of limited means away from religious services altogetusr, and to deprive those who do attend . of that spiritual help and stimulus which they have a right to expect, and which the churches are designed primarily antl chiefly to furnish. ental tongues abound-all this has made us skeptical of the hard and matter-of-fact methods of our Western speech when It coarsely makes literal what the sacred writers left figurative. In other words we now understand that in that fresh, Imag inative, childlike age the sacred writers necessarily spoke as Easterns, that the Holy Spirit had to use the only vehicle that was open to him, and that therefore we must seek to interpret in our Western tongue the truths that underlay the ex travagant, tropical descriptions of the Oriental writers. The growth of the sci ence of Biblical hermeneutlcs has had its share in modifying the old-fashioned ideas Of hell. USES OF SPECULATION. TOO MUCK MOXEY IX STEEPLES. More Practical Use o Funds Might Yield Better Results. Leslie's Weekly. A church economist of a practical and I. somewhat eccentric turn of mind has es timated -that nearly $15,000,000 has been In vested In non-productive, non-essential, and purely ornamental church building in this country, chiefly in the form of stee ples. If this feature of ecclesiastical architecture were dispensed with, accord ing to bis estimate, and the amount rep resented in steeples alone turned into the Tegular channels of church beneficence, the religious denominations would be re Hve?ed for a long time to come of the ne cessity of making frequent and imperative demands for money for the support of their mission boards and other established agencies for promoting religious work. We have no means of knowing how the economist In question arrived at the es timate given of the amount of money spent on utterly useless church steeples, but we venture the belief that the sum is not overstated. But whether it Is or not, the statement is sufficient to raise the issue as to whether the churches gen erally are utilizing as fully as they should the vast amount of property In the shape of buildings and lands in their possession. To this we think, in all fairness and jus tice, a negative answer may be given. The total value of church property in the United States is set down at S31G.1S7.- OQ0. The greater part of this enormous sum Is represented in splendid and costly edifices devoted exclusively to religious purposes and open for only a few hours each week. For the remainder of the time these buildings stand idle and empty, monuments or religious faith and senti ment, cold, stately and magnificent all this, but nothing more. From a practical and business point of view they represent capital that is "tied Tip" and non-productive. This state of things is prejudicial - to the cause of religious progress; It 19 repugnant to common sense and enlight ened reason; it argues wastefulness and extravagance, and it ought not to be. After making all reasonable and neediul allowance for the spirit of veneration and reverence attaching to old and cstab-1 lished forms and uses, and often helpful to religious faith, we believe that the time is at hand -when a radical departure should be made in the construction of church buildings and the uses to which they are put. Not even the most insistent defend ers and llterallsts of the orthodox school will contend that the Bible prescribes any particular form for church edifices appli cable to the present day. There is no apparent reason, in fact, except the purely sentimental one. why religious services may not be carried on as acceptably and successfully In a building which has neith er steeple, bell, nave, chancel or choir gallery as in one which has all these con ventional appointments. There is nothing sacred nor strictly essential to the propa gation of religious faith in an altar-rail nor even a .pulpit. Some of the strongest and most successful movements that he world has known have, In fact, been car ried on without these accessories. It would be more in barmony with wise and prudent business management and the utilitarian spirit of the age if the vast capital now lying almost dead and use less in ornate and empty religious edi fices were converted Into business blocks or office buildings where adequate room might be reserved lor religious gather ings and the remaining space utilized for revenue-producing purposes. This idea is Lpartlally carried out in the Methodist k Concern and the Presbyterian build Effective Snfefrnnrd Agrainttt Unex pected Demands on Money Market. Charles A Conant In the Forum. The stock market offers the most effec tive safeguard today against unexpected demands upon the money market. By providing a means of exchange which supplements metallic money in interna tional operations, the stock market gives to the money market that wonderful elasticity which permits loans of hun dreds of millions to be floated without disturbance, and which enables the larger markets to resist catastrophes with a firmness and a readiness of rebound which would not have been possible in transactions of such magnitude half; a century ago. Nothing can be more beautiful from the standpoint of pure reasoning and nothing Is more vital to the smooth working of the great machine of modern civilized life than this transfer of capital through the mechanism of the stock market. Let us suppose the volume of capital seeking investment, both permanent and tempo rary, to be as large as It Is today but without any common market In which transferable securities could be sold. Then what would happen if a sudden de mand for money should fall upon Lon don, Paris, or New York? If the entire demand had to be met in gold, or even in trade bills of exchange, the result would be a drain upon the market where the money was demanded which would re sult In convulsion upon convulsion, in the impairment of values below any point ever reached in a "stock market panic," and In the paralysis of the whole industrial mechanism of the country. Mills would stop and wages would cease to be paid, because the commercial banks would be called upon to denude them- selves of gold and commercial bills, so that they would hoard with the tenacity of terror what little money they had left How does the stock market avert such dangers? Simply, by substituting securi ties for money. If money becomes plen tiful in a given market like New York, the surplus gravitates to the stock mar ket This increases the offer of money for securities, and the prices of securities rise. Such securities are then drawn by the magnet of high prices from other markets, where money is less plentiful and prices are lower. The money. In other words, Is drawn from the market where It is redundant to the market where it Is most needed. It becomes proflt able to sell securities for money where they bring a good price, because the mon ey obtained for them can be lent at a high rate in the market where it Is scarce. The rate of interest for money thus co operates with the fluctuations in securi ties to maintain, In the supply of money and loanable capital, a balance which is the more accurate in proportion to the ease with which securities and money move between markets. The cost of shipping gold was once a controlling factor in the difference in t&ie rates for money. Securities have now, to a large extent, taken the place of gold in these International exchanges. The cost of shipment is smaller, the risk Is less, and the time required for making transactions has been reduced by the use of the telegraph, the ocean cable and the telephone. The larger the ownership of foreign securities on a given market, the more elastic Is the cushion which that market presents against sud den shocks. Foreign securities do not usually suffer impairment from the same causes- which affect domestic securities, and they therefore represent ,in interna tional Transactions the most perfect sub stitute for money. SEARCH FOR MISSING LINK. Discoveries in the Jungles of South eastern Asia. Professor Ernst Haeckel In McClure's. "In the jungles of Southeastern Asia and the Islands near by, which have IongS been known to science as the cradle of J the human race, and which are still In less than 10 per cent more white people in the region under consideration than there were in 1S90, while there are upwards of 17 per cent more negroes. For at least 20 years the negroes have been gaining on the whites. In, 1880, out of every 1000 in habitants of these counties, 218 were white, now only 199. Two decades ago the negroes outnumbered the whites by 210.907 today by 263,736. Since-1860 the state has gone through a terrible war. Slavery in it has been abol ished. Its tiegroes were enfranchised, and subsequently have been, in fact if not in law, again disfranchised. In a communi ty which before the war was purely agri cultural, manufacturing and mining in dustries have sprung up and have flour ished. Yet in I860, out of every 10,000 In habitants of Alabama, 4540 were .negroes, 'and in 1900 4524 were still of the weaker race. The Constitutional Convention of the state, now in session, will have need of the wisdom of its wisest. The revela tions of the census emphasize tha import ance of the work which Mr. Booker T. Washington and his associates are doing. Tuskegee Is In the midst of this Alabama black belt, in which, as we have seen, there are more than four negroes to every white. Of the Caucasians one-fifth (a dis proportionately large part) dwell in the cities and towns, of which they constitute neany nair. tne mnaoitants. in tne purely rural regions "the negro's numerical pre ponderance Is already overwhelming, and The bloody part they play can also be accounted for without vlndictJveness if seen to be a part of the vast current of race experience. The fact which the au thor uniformly makes most vivid to -the reader's Imagination Is the relation be tween character and social amelioration. It Is all an exposition of history and human effort so cheerful in its serenity that the reader does not escape its in fection. As the book Is closed we think better of our fellows, more proudly of the past, more bravely of the future. There Is first a large and generous read ing of the story of evolution, a sustained and elevated Interpretation of its mean ing, and then by natural consequence the details of character and occurrence, aa they pass before us, never lose their dignity as parts of something greater than themselves. To nearer friends, other gifts than these will be held In remem brance; above all, a never-failing gen iality and heartiness of personal good Will. One of the most widely Known of the collese teachers has Just told me: "I never knew a more lovable man. He would greet your little thought In such a spirit as really to convince you of its importance." JmmjJlTim EDUCATION OF WOMAN. t - i f ENGLAND'S CHAMPION WOMAN SWIMMER. ;; t r- fmtmmsKsMmM: m&&V$&.W8v&m i .mmmmMmMmmm - i ;&M:;UiiJ V . LADY CONSTANCE MACKENZIE. Lady Constance Mackenzie, who recently won the Bath Club's swimming challenge shield for the third time in succession, has yet to be beaten by a woman swimmer in England, titled or not. Lady Constance is a sister of Lady Cromartlo and a niece of the Duke of Sutherland. Her portrait Is a T favorite with tho makers of "Types of English Beauty" symposiums. I O-fr--0-C-0 0 C M M.( t M H H n ---" e habited by the very lowest orders of hu- is steadily increasing. The territory ln- man beings, the pithecanthropus lived 1 eluded In these counties is among the i mncr tottiii nr thn Mnnth t in nn.nVii r ETERNAL PUNISHMENT. "ttlmt Brought About Modification of Old Ideas of Hell. Dr. J. A. Faulkner in the Methodist Re view. (1) It is within the memory of men now living that frequently the declaration was heard from the pulpit that there were Infants and children in hell. (2) The de scriptions of hell were frightfully real istic; that is, realistic as judged from a literal interpretation of the Scripture. Vivid pictures of physical torment were frequent. (3) The impression was made that the vast majority of mankind in cluding all, or nearly all, the heathen world were doomed to eternal destruc tion. (4) This doctrine formed a staple of preaching to an extent not known to day. Then It was a frequent theme, now it is a rare theme In the pulpit. If we inquire the causes which have led to this change of emphasis and attitude toward the doctrine of hell, I think we may mention the following: (1) The growth of humanitarian sentiment. Thir ty or 50 years ago there were severer ideas as to punishment in general, and a moro calloused feeling in regard to suffering, than is the case today. Take tho treat ment of prisoners and the prevalence of capital punishment Treatment that we would consider shockingly cruel, that would arouse a feeling of indignation in all minds, was then taken as a matter of course. It was so In regard to school discipline. I was in common school be tween 1S65 and 1872. In years so- recent as those I say distinctly that the punish ments In vogue were cruel and birbaroUs. But they were never so considered then. The growth of love, the larger influence of the spirit of Christ on x society, has made an entire change in the atmosphere in which we live. That change bas si lently made obsolete and of none effect the kind of preaching that once was pow erful on the minds of men. (2) Theolog ical developments have also had their in fluence. Methodism has made familiar the thought that God deals uot only just ly with all men, but mercifully as well, that there 13 an Impartiality in his treat ment of souls, that men must be given an equal chance of salvation, that no man will be condemned for rejecting a Christ he never heard of, or for sinning against light he never had. The Influence of Methodism in temper ing tne acidity and fierceness of the old theology has been invaluable. Then, the doctrine of the divine fatherhood which Christ taught, and which has been re stored to the world by the broad school of the Church of England, which was made prominent In the sermons of Mau rice and Robertson and Klngsley, has had a wonderful Influence over the present-day pulpit. I think that Idea has been a fruitful one, and certainly if God Is Indeed the Father of all men, our con ception "of eternal punishment and of other doctrines related to It will be mod ified. Other theological developments have also had their influence. (3) The better understanding of Scripture also ac counts in part for the change in the thought of hell. Our familiarity with the modes of speech in the East, the intense with the elephant, tapir, rhinoceros, Hon, hippopotamus, gigantic pangolin, hyena, and other animals, remains of which were found round about him. It has been com. puted that this ancestor lived somewhere about the beginning of our last glacial epoch, some 270,000 years ago. In other words, about 17.000 generations have been born and have died between him and our selves. It will assist our understanding of what this relationship really means to know that merely 250 generations car ry us back beyond the dawn of history. 5000 years ago. To the discovery of these few bones the scientific world attached the utmost importance, as giving indisputable visual evidence of one of the steps by which the ape-form of creature has developed through the process of evolution to the man-form. Yet the discovery, though im mensely significant, was meager enough. Here were two bits of bone, a skull cap and a femur and two teeth, very dark of color and thoroughly petrified all too lit tle to satisfy the knowledge-seeking ap petite of the zoologist. Consequently, Dr. Dubois pursued his Investigations in Ja va, spending much money in making fur ther excavations, but to no purpose so far as the discovery of other remains of the ape-man was concerned. And finally Pro fessor Haeckel himself determined to go to Java, hoping, yet hardly expecting, to find some further evidences of the 'missing link' "It Is significant that, although he Is now In the land of the pithecanthropus on such an errand, Professor Haeckel has long asserted that the story of the origin of man Is complete in all of Its essential details; all that remains to be done is to fill in here and there such concrete evi dences as paleontological and zoological research shall reveal. This belief in the thorough establishment of the law of de velopment is vigorously expressed in all of Professor Haeckel's later books, espe cially in his great work, 'Systematic Phy logeny,' which comprehends in three vol umes, on an Immense scale, a systematic arrangement of the vegetable and ani mal worlds, living and extinct, on the ba sis of the" Jaw of evolution a vast pedigree-tree, with man at the top and the lowest, non-nucleateo cell at the bottom. To uch a scientist as Professor Haeckel, therefore, there Is in theory no 'missing link' the scheme of creation Is complote. If there are links between different species of animals which have been lost in the lapse of the ages and there are mauy such the scientist may name and describe them with great accuracy, fitting tbem Into his pedigree as hypothetical species. The 'search for the missing link,' there fore, becomes a search either for the ac tual fossil bones pt missing species, v or else for the living representatives of those species, already anticipated by scientists. Twdnty-five years before Dubois un earthed the bones of the ape-man in Java, Professor Haeckel had foreseen just such a creature, and given It in his pedigree the name pithecanthropus allalds." most fertile of the South. It is capable of supporting a large population. That pop ulation for an indefinite time to come will be negro. Will flralso be prosperous, civ ilized and moral? Tuskegee Is striving to have the question answered in the af firmative. The only other Southern, state for which the race figures have been made public is Arkansas. In that state during the last decade the negroes have increased moro rapidly than the whites, as they have done In every census period but one for the last SO years. Out of every 10,000 inhabi tants, 2797 were in 1900 negroes. They are. however, In a majority in six counties only. In five of those their preponderance is very great, and seems to be Increas ing. In no one of the five do the whites constitute one-fourth of the nnnnintinn and in one ihey barely number one-eighth of the whole. Does the Present System Benefit the Race nnd the Nation? Harpers' Weekly. Clark University, at Worcester, has a Summer school, before which, on July 25, President G. Stanley Hall made an In teresting discourse about the education of woman. Dr. Hall Is fat the business of education, and believes in it thoroughly. He believes heartily in educating girls, but has his doubts, as many others have, whether the sort of education which, is now lavished pn American girls is doing them good, and benefiting the race and the Nation. He Is not sure that it Is tho right sort of education for girls; nor must any one blame him for his misgivings, for the education of women on modern Hne3 is still in the experimental stage, and many, even of those who work hardest at It, are not sure yet whether they are doing good or harm. Dr. Hall especially concerns himself about the education that girls get in col leges. He has studied statistics in the ef fort to find out about the health of the college women, and what perceritage of them marry; and though the statistics he quoted are not conclusive nor especially convincing, as far as they go they make somewhat for disquietude. Dr. Hall him self did not seem to trust them, but the gist of the figures he quoted was that loss than half of the college women had good health; that less than a third of them married; that those who married married late and had too few children, and of those few lost far too many in Infancy. Statistics, or observation, or something had led him to conclude that the current higher education was of little use in training mothers. "Woman's colleges," he said, "have done little or nothing for the proper education of women. . . . While I sympathize with the claims of women, and yield to no one In admiration of their work In the colleges, it looks as if the colleges were training 'for indepen dence and support and celibacy mother hood to take care of Itself." He doesn't believe In that. Booklshness, he says, is a bad sign in a girl. "We must educate chiefly for motherhood. Coeduca tion should cease at dawn of adolescence. The present civilization is harder on wom an, who is less adapted to the world, than on men. We must, also recognize that riches are harder on. her than poverty." Such things, he asserts, and goes on to give his ideas about what a college for girls ought to be; how its first aim should be health, how it should be a place of cottage homes, not too far fromthe city. with pets, gardening, plehtty of out-door exercise and plenty of time for It; a place wnere "regularity should be exercised, idleness cultivated, and revery provid ed for In every way." And he would have the students learn religion, ru dimentary mathematics -and physics, a little chemistry, and a good deal of botany, but would take care not to have them oppressed by books. Think of a college president writing such a pre scription as that! After all, though, It has been related that President Eliot once wanted to know why a woman who could have a musical education should want any omer Kina. .uen wnose estimate of women is based on other facts than what the said women may have learned out of J books in their girlhood, seem not alwi-o-n to be less wise than other men, nor are me women whom they admire apt to be inienor women. only when rightly used It is rightly; used when devoted to a course In our school. Verily, a busi ness education pays. The success of our graduates proves this. Hundreds of them are profitably employed in the Pacific Northwest, as bookkeepers and stenographers. "Quality first, then quantity," Is our motto. Strict adherence to it is what maintains for our school such a high standing- In public estima tionand this means a great deal to our graduates when seeking employment. Send for catalogue to be had for the asking, and tells all about our school. PORTLAND BUSINESS COLLEGE PARK AND WASHINGTON STREETS A. P. ARMSTRONG, LL. B., PRINCIPAL Board of Directors D. SOLIS COHEN - - D. P. THOMPSON, PRESIDENT - - DAVID M. DUNNE ESTABLISHED 1SS7. Endlish and Business YAMHILL AND ELEVENTH STS., PORTLAND, OR. Indorsed by influential business men, who employ It3 graduates, all over tho Pacific Northwest. Thoroughly trains young men and woman for BUSI NESS and CIVIL, SERVICE examinations and SECURES SITUATIONS. In struction by mail or in person. Send for Illustrated Catalogue and fall information. Matthew Arnold's standard, should mark a club of cultured men? Is It not often true that the one obvious distinguishing mark is the comparative emptiness of the really attractive club library? Is it not also often true that one may there encounter the most surprising Ignorance of names which the magazine editor would call "household words"? It was at a dinner party in the University Club of New York, to cite a personal experi ence, that some one passed on a good story ("good" because of the person whom It concerned) of a well-known man of letters, a constant contributor to tho magazines, one who has been talked of for the presidency of more than one lead ing university in the East, only to have the question asked, after the acquiescent ly polite laugh had subsided. "And who is Mr. Blank?" The man who had passed on the story had himself to give the an swer, after a short .but hopeless pause a case of humiliation in a way like ex plaining the point of one's joke. It was on a "Story-Tellers' Night" in the same club when one of the best known writers in New York itself arose to speak a man known also for his practical services In reforming tenement-house life that little group of two lawyers, a doctor and a business man leaned forward tq- whis per, as one queried it: "He's written some book, hasn't he? What Is It?" RESULT OP BOER WAR. EXPOSITION OP HIGH ORDER. RACE CENSUS JN SOUTH. The Negro Is Not Dyingr tint, bnt Is Increasing: in Numbers. Nation. During the last 10 years the negro popu- Professor Fluke Was This and Moro An Estimate. John Graham Brooks in Review of Reviews. The current criticism of Mr. FIske that he lacked original power, that he was primarily an assimllator and expostor, is in the main probably true, but both Darwin and Spencer have left it upon record that he was an expositor of the very highest order. Both give him cor dial credit for something more than this. It is exactly SO years since he made his original contribution to the evolution the ory of the causes of prolonged infancy in man and all that this meant for family and for social development. Thirty years ago, the ignorance of and prejudice against evolution were dense and universal. Among all the forces that overcame this Ignorance and prejudice, what was so effective in Its influence as the skill of this expositor? He was among the first to understand the bear ing of tho new thought upon the whole jl me. ne was aimost wunout a peer in restating the great problems with clear and penetrating power. Neither is It to be gainsaid that his interpretation of evolution, as the years passed, took on an ever higher and more spiritual note. His learning was not more as tonishing than were his sympathy and Imagination. These qualities have rightly endeared him to one of the most splen did audiences that any American man of letters has yet won. It was happy for' Mr. FIske, as it is happy for the great multitude of his read ers, that the universe honestly appeared to him sound and good. It was, upon tho wnoie, a worm-nome In which no hon est intention need have slightest fear of permanent ill-treatment. This faith had a certain hardiness, and gayety about it that brought against its possessor much criticism for credulity and want of crit ical discrimination. If there Was in this a measure of truth, it is a falling that one prefers to Its far commoner opposite. It is a noble gift to take the historic struggle at Ito best rather than at its worst. I have heard one learned in his tory so discourse upon Sam Adams that the single Impression left upon tho mind was- that he was a town defaulter and a worse demagogue than Ben Butler. Mr. Fiske knew these failings, but in his Intlnn nf tho hinnk hflt of Alfthnmn h.ns increased much more rapidly than, the Jarser and Immeasurably truer perspec- white. There are 12 contiguous counties o,,er and above every fault, wa c Z lmasrerv. the word naintinir. the hso nt ,n Fifth avenue. New York, and in J parable, figure, simile, with which Ori- In .that state, in each of which the whites constitute less than one-third of the in habitants. Their combined area Is P367 square miles, or something more than that -of Massachusetts and Rhode Island taken together. In 390 these counties had an aggregate whIte?opuIation. of 79,231. They have now 87,202. In the same period tne negroes increased irom zyj;bsi to 300,33s. As against an absolute wh.Ite increase of 7911 is to be set a negro .gain of 51,257. Relatively, the difference between the re spective rates of growth of the two races has not been so great, but it has for all that been aulte marked. There are now the sturdy tribune playing a nart with such unselfish skill as to be an influence of first importance in those fateful days. Tho author does not simply show us the Revolution as an lsloated epoch; It Is a leaf from a far ampler history the story of the English race In Its struggle to be free. The English Trevelyan, in his recent account of the same event, make& us dislike the redcoats far more than Mr. FIske makes us' dislike them. He sees the struggle of life and events un fold from such an elevation; he groups the events in a perspective so deep that our little anirabsltles anDear absurd. Wa cannot even hate his terrible Spaniards. It Has Been Shown Tint Old Tactics Are No Longer Possible. Review of Reviews. The Boers, quite regardless of what the outcome may be, are affording an even more notable object lesson in showing how- small peoples, using modern rifles and fighting Irregularly from cover, may checkmate great European armies. Now tne Spaniards, remembering the stub bornness and tho valor shown by them when their country was invaded in the Napoleonic wars, readily see that they are at least secure in their own country. If Cubans, Boer9 and Filipinos could make so much trouble for invading armies, how impossible it would be for one of the great military powers to conquer the Spaniards on their own soil! Thus, the greatest present value of the Boer War to the world at large is the way in which it serves as a warning against war, illustrating as it does the doctrine of M. de Bloch, who says that the old art of warfare has been rendered quite obso lete by the Invention of the long-fire, re peating rifle and smokeless powder, by virtue of which a dozen farmer boys be hind a rock or a fallen tree may cut a battalion to pieces before their where abouts can be located. The Swiss are no longer so much concerned as they were a few years ago by the general growth of militarism in the great countries around them. Thoy are quite confident that they can maintain their independence under al most any circumstances that could well arise. Belgium, Holland, and Denmark each of which for reasons of its own has been apprehensive on account of tho am bitions of greater neighbors are all of them feeling that the independence and neutrality of small powers will be re spected at least in the first half of the 20th century. One of the Immediate re sults of recent object lessons, particularly the South African one, has been the re duction of the term of compulsory mili tary service in France from three years to two. This tendency to shorten the military term will, of course, become gen eral throughout Europe, with great eco- nomio advantage. One of the most im portant reasons lor the large flow of Eu ropean Immigration to thia country has been the desire to get away from the uni versal military system. In a very inter esting lecture that M. de Bloch recently delivered in London on the lessons to be derived from the Transvaal War with re gard to militarism and army reorganiza tions, it was declared that military serv ice a3 required today Is absurd, and that "the sacrifices made on the Continent to support conscription, into which It has even been proposed to drag England, are unnecessary. It was also shown that the theatrical spectacles called maneuvers are in no way related to real warfare. We, of course, found this out In our Santiago expedition and have confirmed it in the Philippines. Cost of Defending: the Cap. Lawrence Perry in Leslie's Monthly. The exact sum of money paid for the Columbia, In 1S99, is not known, but tho sum has been estimated at not less than $150,000. Without a doubt it cost over $50,000 to carry her through tho season; probably the sum was- much greater than this. In the first part of the season her owners paid $16,000 for three suits of sails. And then there was the Defender, which acted as a trial horse to the Columbia. It cost Just $50,000 for her to be a trial horse, but it was paid without a groan. And now for the present season: It will have been noticed that the con struction of each cup defender has cost infinitely more than its predecessor. The fact is, the Herreshoffs have charged sev eral thousands of dollars for each minute of extra speed. Following these deduc tions the Constitution ha9 unquestionably cost not a cent less than $200,000 to build. She has a large tender, the steamboat Mount Hope, and a crew of 68 men. Site has three or four suits of sails, extra spars and the like, and she will go Into dry dock before the cup races. Outside of tho $200,000 spent on her construction she wilt probably coat the Belmont syndicate about $50,000. Then there is the cost of her trial horse, the Columbia. She will carry a crew of 40 men, each of whom, will re ceive $35 a month In wages. That makes $2200 a month; $11,000 for the five months she will be In commission. The wages of Captain Barr and tho first and second mates will aggregate for those five months $6000; the tender will cost $7500. Uniforms for the men have already re sulted in an expenditure of $1000, and there is the cost of feeding them to be consid ered. This makes $23,000, and her sails and spars and overhauling and other par ticulars will easily cost another $25,000. It will thus be seen that, all In all, $330,000 is a conservative estimate of tEe cost of defending the" cup this year. Uncultured Culture. Arthur R. Kimball in the Atlaptic. Take, for illustration, a university club in a largo city perhaps it would not be unfair to take the largest city, New York, from its size and opportunity, draw ing to it men of brains and ambition from every section and of every t calling, thus "setting the pace" for, and In a growing sense representativ of American metro politan and city life and do we find there evidence of that acquaintance with the best thinking o fthe day which, byj Don't Gunk. Ina Brevoort Roberts in Woman's Home Com panion. The dictionary defines poise as "the state or quality of being balanced; equilib rium; equipoise; hence, figuratively, equ nlmlty; rest." Poise Instills grace and symmetry into the workings of the mind, Just aa physical exercise does into the movements of the body. It Is rarely a natural endowment, but may be cultivated to tha point where it becomes second na ture. Poise always carries with it a sug gestion of reserved force, and the woman who wishes to acquire it must learn to husband her energy as well as her time; she must not fritter away words mo ments or emotions. The woman of poise indulges In few exclamatlqns or superlatives, and does not waste enthusiasm over trifles, ane is gracious, but never gushing, and slji has acquired the habit of listening attenB-vely, not awaiting with ill-concealed eaglvness a pause in the conversation to enabfc her to rush in and take the floor. The wWian of poise never lingers after her good-bye Is spoken; never, in fact, under any cir cumstances, talks long while standing. She does not experience the' difficulty too many people have of taking leave grace fully. She says good-bye, gives you a bright smile, and Is off to the pleasure or duty that awaits her. You do not And out all there Is to know about the woman, the first time you meet her, you become ac quainted with her by degrees, and grow gradually Into her friendship. horse-power to 1500 horse-power and moro in some cases, but not by means of start ling novelties of any kind. The chief im provement has been secured through In creasing the boiler power from 150 pounds per square inch, which wa9 a maximum 15 years ago, to 200 pounds as a rule and 225 pounds per square Inch in some en gines; but the steam-distributing details remain just where they were 15 years ago. with some modifications In dimensions none whatever In application. I believe that the cylindrical, corrugated flrebox recently Introduced by Mr. Cornelius Van derbllt has great possibilities in the di rection of still higher pressures, and in that direction is an advance; but higher pressure alone will not increase average railway speed 20 per cent, and at least that Is demanded. The greatest stumbling block is the lino Itself, as It exists on most American rail ways, and It seems hopeless to expect any Improvement until the roadbeds of tho railways of the United States are con structed for high speed. There is no ob ject in building higK-powered locomotives to drag trains up steep hills and around short curves; or upon gradients more or less heavy, by brute force. That is mere ly burning the candle at both ends, for it increases the expense of maintenance without correspondingly Improving tho service. High speed as obtained at pres ent is costly exceedingly so and railway managers are well awere of it. The Four Guesta. Baltimore American. A knock at the door, but ho Was dreaming a dream of fame, And the one- who knocked drew softly back; And never again ho came. A knock at the door aa soft As soft, as shy aa a dove. But the dreamer dreamed till tho guest was gone. And tho guest wa3 Love. A knock at the door; again Tho dreamer dreamed away Unheeding, deaf to the gentle call Of the one who came that day. A knock at tho door; no more Tho guest to that door came, ,v Yet the dreamer dreamed of tho ono, who called. For the guest was Fame. 5 A knock at the door, but still V He gave no reply. And tha waiting gue3t gave a cheery hall) Era ho slowly wandered by. A knock at tho door: in dreams Tho dreamer tain would, gropo Till tho guest stole on with a Humbled sigh. And tho guest was Hope. A knock at tho door, 'twas loud. With might la every stroke. And tho dreamer stopped in his dreaming thought And suddenly awoke. A knock at tho door; ho ran With tho swiftness of a breath, And the door swung wide, and the guest camo in, And tho guest was Death. A Wife Says: We have four children. With the first three I suffered almost unbearable pains from Yl to 14 hours, and had to be placed tinder the influence of chloroform. I wed three bottles of Mother's Friend before our last child came, which is a strong) fat and healthy boy, doing my housework up to within two hours of birth, and suf fered hut a few hard pains. This lini ment is the grand est remedy ever made." Mother's Kysf 1 r High Speed on American Hailrrnys. Ev P. "Watson in tho Engineering Magazine. Tho points of my argument as to the further development of the American lo comotive as a high-speed and high-power machine are these: That a radically new locomotive is not available for Immediate service; that railway officials will give promising devices fair trials, and, lastly, the the field for radical Improvement Is exceedingly limited. Step by step the present engine has been raised from 500 wufdo for every woman what it did for the Minnesota mother who writes the above let ter. Not to use it during pregnancy is a mistake to be paid for in pain and suffering. Mother's Friend equips the patient with a strong body and clear intellect, which ia turn are imparted to the child. It relaxes the muscles and allows them to expand. It relieves morning sickness and nervousness. It pub all the organs concerned ia perfect condition for the final hour, so that the actual labor is short and practically painless. Dan ger of rising or hard breasts is altogether avoided, and recovery h merely a matter of a few days. Druggists sell Mother's Friend for $1 a bottle. Ihe Braclfkld Regulator Co., Atlanta, Ga. Send for our free illustrated book. (