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About The Sunday Oregonian. (Portland, Ore.) 1881-current | View Entire Issue (Feb. 17, 1895)
THE SUNDAY OREGOlslAS fe63RTA3n JPEBRtTABY IT, 1S95 18 IUP0LE02I THE GREAT AN IATEISTIG ACCOUNT OF HIS 'aiK-.lTABY CA3IPAIGNS. "Written ExpresMy for the Snndoy Orcgoninn by aiontgom cry B. GIbb. XXIII THE HUNDRED DATS. The Instant news of Xapoleonj daring "movement roachod Vienna, the congress, although on the point of ditsolutlon, pub lished a proclamation In which it was iaid that, "by breaking the convention .which had established him in Elba, Bona parte destroyed the only legal title on which his existence depended: and by appeanng again In France, with projects of confusion and disorder, he has deprived himself of the protection of the laws, and has manifested to the universe that there can be neither peace nor truce with him. Tho powers consequently declare that Napoleon Bonaparte has placed himself without the pale of civil and social rela tions, and that as an enemy and dis turber of the tranquillity of the world he lias rendered himself liable to public vengeance." All Europe was now prepared once more for ir. A formal treaty was entered Into by which the four great powers England. Artstrla, Russia and Prussia bound them selves to maintain, each of them, at least 3.000 troops in arms until Napolebn should either be dethroned or reduced so ow as no longer to endanger the peace of Europe. The other states of the continent "were to be invited to join the alliance, furnishing contingents adequate to their respective resources. It was stipulated that in case England should not furnish all the min agreed upon she would com pensate by paying at the rate of $150 per annum for every cavalry soldier and 5100 iper annum for every foot soldier under 3he full number. On the day following his return from Elba, Napoleon reviewed all the troops In Paris and addressed them in one of those stirring and eloquent speeches which had never failed to excite their enthusiasm. In beginning his address he said: "Soldiers. I am returned to France with 1200 men, because I relied upon the love of the people and the remembrance of me tith the veteran troops. I have not been deceived In my expectations; I thank you, soldiers. The glory of all that Is achieved is due to the people and yourselves. My only merit consists in having justly ap preciated you." Cries of "Vive l'empereur!" filled the air, and were redoubled when General Cambronne entered at he held of the of ficers of the battalion of the guard, which had accompanied him to and from Elba, and carrying the imperial eagles. On ob serving the ancient emblems, Napoleon exclaimed: "Behold the officers of the liattalton who accompanied me in the hour of misfortune. They are all my friends; they are dear to my heart; whenever I beheld them they presented to my view the different regiments composing the army, for in the number of these GOO brave 3nen there are individuals of every corps. In loving them, it is all of you, soldiers of tho whole army, that I loved. They come to restore you those eagles; let them prove to you the rallying point! Swear that they shall be found everywhere when the interest of the country shall require them: that the traitors and those who would subjugate our territory may never be able to support their view." "We swear!" came the vociferous replies of the soldiers to the strains of the band playing: "Let Us "Watch Over the Safety of the Empire." Napoleon was hardly reseated on his throne ere he learned that he must in all likelihood defend himself against 225,000 Russians. 300,000 Austrians. 230,000 Prus sians, an army of 150,000 men furnished by the minor states of Germany, 50,000 contributed by the government of the Netherlands, and 50,000 English, .com manded by the Duke of Wellington; in all, 1.100,000 soldiers. From the moment he re-established himself in the Tuileries he began that period of his government which has been designated the "Hundred Days," in order to meet this gigantic con federation. The effective force of the French army in France when Napoleon landed at Cannes, consisted of only about 93,000 men. The cavalry had been greatly re duced, and the disasters of 1S12. 1S13 and jSII were still visible in the deficiency of military stores and arms, especially of artillery. By almost Incredible exertions, although now unable to adopt the old method of conscription, by the middle of May the emperor had over 275,000 men in arms. Including an imperial guard of 40,000 chosen veterans, all in splendid state of equipment and discipline a large uud brilliant force of cavalry and a train of artillery of proportional extent and ex cellence. During the last days of the congress at Vienna. Murafs possession of the throne of Naples was under discussion, and Talleyrand was endeavoring to dethrone him and place thereon the king of the , Sicilies. When Napoleon landed on the shores of France. Murat resolved to rival Ins brother-in-law's daring, and without further pause inarched to Rome at the hejd of 50,000 men. the pope and cardi nals fleeing at his approach. Murat then advanced into the north of Italy, inviting "all true Italians" to rally round him. and assist in the erection of their country into one free and independent state, with himself at their head. The Austrian commander in Lombardy lit his troops in motion at once to meet Murat. and the latter's followers fleeing In confusion, their leader sought safety in flight. On quitting his wretched remnant of an army, he returned incognito to his capital on the evening of the ISth of May. As he embraced his queen. Napoleon's Mster. ho exclaimed with emotion. "All is lOht, Caroline, except my own life, and that I have been unable to throw away!" Ho departed In a Ashing vessel, which landed him near Toulon about the end of May. Here he lingered for some time, entreating Napoleon to receive him at Pans, and, being unsuccessful, after a se ries of extraordinary hardships, relanded on the the coast of Naples, after the king of the Two Sicilies had been re-established on that throne. Murat hoped to incite an insurrection and recover what he had lost, but was elxed. tried and executed, meeting his fate with heroic fortitude. On the- 14th of May. previously appointed as the daj of procession and solemn fes tival of the "Federates" operatives and artisans of Paris the emperor rode along their ranks, received their acclamations and harangued them In his usual strain of eloquence. In the meantime, however, Fouche. minister of police, had already be gan t hold traitorous communications i th th Austrian government. In one tn-t-Unce Napoleon had discovered this fact and had nearly had him arrested; but he abstained, apparently from apprehension of the republican party, amongst whom Fouche was a busy pretender. By this time the emperor had made most extraordinary progress In his prepara tions for war. The effective strength of the army had been raised to 3&,00d men. of whom in.ttX) were under arms, clothed, disciplined and ready to take the field. They wore formed into seven grand corps, besides several corps of observation sta tioned along the whole line of the fron tiers, which were then threatened on every side. What Napoleon now required m-as time to prepare the means of defense, but this his enemies were far from In tending to allow. Their immense armaments were alreadv passing on toward the frontiers of France, in different lines and at considerable in tervals, for the convenience of subsistence. The emperors of Russia and Austria and the king of Prussia had once more placed tuemseivos at the head of their respective armies. The Austrians, amounting to SW.0W men.' commanded in chief by Schwartxcnberg. were divided into two bodies, one of which was to enter France by Switzerland, the other by the Upper Rhine. Two hundred thousand Russians were marching toward Alsace, under the Archduke Constantlne. The Prussian army amounted to 22S.C00 men. of whom one-half were already In the field. The minor states of Germany had furnished 159.000, the Netherlands Sa.OOO. England SO.000, in cluding the King's German legion, and other troops in British pay under the command of the Duke of Wellington in all. 1,016,000 soldiers. The emperor left Paris on the night be tween the 11th and 12th of June, as some writers declare, "to measure himself against Wellington." The imperial guard had commenced Its march on the 9th, and" all the different corps of the army were In motion towards Maubeuge and Phillpville. Napoleon arrived at Vervins on the 12th of June and assembled and reviewed at Beaumont on the lith the whole of the army, which had been prepared to act im mediately under his own orders. Thvy had been most carefully selected and formed, and it was, perhaps, the most numerous with which he had ever taken the field. His returns showed that his army amounted to 122.480 men, with SO pieces of cannon. These included 25,000 vi his Imperial Guard. 25,000 cavalry in the highest condition and artillery admirably served. In the night, between the 14lh and 15th. scouts returned to the headquarters of the French, reporting that there was no move ment among the Invaders at Charleroi. Namur or Brussels, thus verifying the emperor's belief that his plans for con cealing the movements of his army dur ing the last few days were successful. The Duke of Wellington, in a letter to Lord Barthurst, on the 13th, declared his disbelief in the report that Napoleon had joined the army, and it was not until the afternoon of the 35th that he possessed any knowledge of the position and inten tions of Napoleon. On that day an officer of high rank arrived at Wellingtons headquarters in Brussels with the in telligence of Napoleon's decisive opera tions. General Bourmcnt, a protege of Ney. with Colonels Clouet and Villoutreys and two other officers, had gone over to the enemy with all the emperor's plans. Na poleon "knew from Marshal Ney that Bourmont had shown some hesitation. and had been backward In employing him. Bourmont. however, having given General Gerard his word of honor to serve the emperor faithfully, and the general in question, whom Napoleon valued highly, having answered for his Integrity, the emperor consented to admit him into the service. The emperor immediately made such al terations in his plan of attack as this un expected treason rendered necessary, and then proceeded to carry out the details of his campaign. He had determined on first attacking the Prussians, as he believed Blucher would give battle at once, in order to give the English time to collect their forces. He believed, also, that if the Eng lish army were attacked first, Blucher would more rapidly arrive to the support of the English than the English were like ly to do if the Prussians were first at tacked. Ney had been placed in command of 43, 000 men, with orders to advance on the road to Brussels, and make himself mas ter of the position of Quatre-Bras, at all points, so as to prevent Wellington from supporting the Prussians. He was to march at daybreak on the ICth. occupy the position and entrench himself. On Thursday, June 15, the French drove In all the outposts on the west bank of the Sambre at daybreak, and at length as saulted Charleroi. It being the intention of the emperor to crush Blucher ere he could concentrate all his own forces, far less be supported by the advance of Well ington, and then rush on Brussels. Zelt ten held out with severe loss at Char leroi, but long enough for the alarm to spread along the whole Prussian line, and then fell back on a position between Lig ny and Amand, where Blucher now await ed Napoleon's attack at the head of the whole army, except the division of Bulow, which had not yet come up from Liege. The plan of beating the Prussians in de tail was not a success, but the second part of the plan that of separating them wholly from Wellington might still suc ceed. With this view, while Blucher was concentrating his force about Llgny, the French held the main road to Brussels from Charleroi, beating some Nassau troops at Frasnes and following them as far as Quatre-Bras, a farmhouse, so called because it is there that the roads from Charleroi to Brussels and from Ni velles to Namur cross each other. On Thursday a Prussian officer arrived at Wellington's headquarters In Brussels, with the intelligence of Napoleon's de cisive operations. It Is still an open question just at what hour this news was received by the duke, the time being vari ously stated at from 1 P. M. to 6 P. M. This news was to the effect that the at tack had commenced, and the outposts of the allies had been driven back much to Wellington's surprise, as he was not wholly prepared for the news. There was to be a ball at Brussels on Thurs day evening at the Duchess of Rich mond's hotel, attended by the Duke of Wellington and the most of his general officers. Notwithstanding the Intelligence, they all went; but a second dispatch ar rived at 11 o'clock announcing that "the French had arrived at Charleroi that morning and continued to march in or der of battle on Brussels; and they were 130,000 strong, and that the emperor was at their head." It was now but too clear that no more time should be lost, and the duke and all his officers hurried out of the ballroom. Wellington, now fully aware of his sit uation, at once issued orders for the breaking up his cantonments, and for the concentration of his forces, which were spread over a very great extent. He rode off at an early hour on the ISth to Quatre-Bras to" inspect the position, and thence to Bry, where he had an interview with Blucher. Napoleon.- whose maneuvers had thus far succeeded to his wish, on coming up from Charleroi, about noon on the ICth, was undecided whether Blucher at Llgny or Wellington at Quatre-Bras ought to form the main object of his attack. He at length determined to give his per sonal attention to Blucher. The advance guards met at the village of Fleurus; and those belonging to the Prussians having retreated, their army now appeared drawn up In battle array their left on Sombref. their center on Llgny. their right on St. Amand. The reserves were on the heights of Bry. Upon the summit of the high ground the mill of Bry was conspicuous, and behind the mill. In a depression, stood the vil lage of Bry, whose steeple only was vis ible. The Prussian forces occupied a line nearly four miles In extent. The French army, not including Ney's division, amounting to 66,J men. halted and formed. The emperor now rode to some windmills on the chain of outposts on the heights and reconnoitered the army. At 2 o'clock the emperor, having de scended from the heights whence he had formed a correct view of his position, gave odrers for an immediate attack by a charge of the whole front, divided into several columns on Fleurus. The attack extended all along the line of the enemy, and which would be Inclosed between two fires on the arrival of the detachment from Ney's division in the rear of the Prussians. "The fate of the war," said Napoleon, in answer to a question from Count Gerard, "may be deeiuti in three hours. If Ney executes his orders well, not a gun of the Prussian army will es cape." The soldiers had hardly advanced a few paces, amid vociferous cries of "Vive l'Empereur!" when terrible ravages were made in their ranks by the chain shot from the village and the balls from the batteries above. A single ball killed eight men In- one of the columns. But the enthusiasm of the troops, all eager for battle, was too great to cause them to waver, and they advanced almost without firing, drove the Prussians at the point of the bayonet from their positions in the gardens ad orchards, and entered the 1 village after a stout resistance, only to retire a short time later, being unable to conquer the masses of Infantry drawn up in a semi-circle on a slope which sur mounted the hill of Bry- The action at Ligny had commenced a little later, but not less aggressively. As Gerard's three columns approached the village of Ligny they were received with such a volley that they were obliged to fall back. A large body of artillery was then thrown forward and riddled the village of Llgny and Gerard's columns again advanced, finally taking possession of the place. This was followed by a series of combats, exceed ingly ferocious, as the French gave no quarter, nor did they receive any from the Prussians. Blucher now advanced at the head of his soldiers and made a vigorous attempt upon the three St. Amands. but with only partial success for a time. At length, by a scries of skillful attacks and maneuvers, the French became masters of these three points, but had not been able to cross the sinuous stream of Ligny. It was now 3.30 o'clock and Napoleon was directing the Imperial Guard upon Llgny in support of the' adantages already gained by Count Gerard at the head of 5000 men, at St. Amand, when he was In formed that an army of 30,000 was ad vancing upon Fleurus. The emperor sus pended the movement of his guard In or der to mM this new force, but the alarm was unfounded. It proved to be the first corps Count d'Erlon's which form?d part of Ney's division, at last complying with Napoleon's repeated orders, and had come up to take the enemy in the rear. Their unexpected appearance had occa sioned the losa of two hoars. The Old Guard now resumed its sus pended movements upon Llgny. The ravine was passed by General Pecheux, at the head of his division, supported by the Infantry, cavalry, artillery and Mil laud's cuirrasiers. The reserves of the Prussians were driven back with the bay onet, and the center of the line broken and routed. A bloody conflict ensued, in which the French were victorious. The slaxighter among the Prussians was most remarkable. They, however, divided into two parts, effected a retreat, favored by the night and by the failure of that at tack in the rear "which Ney had been so expressly ordered to make by a detach ment from his force. Their loss amounted to the prodigious number of 18,000 men killed, wounded or prisoners, 40 pieces of cannon and eight stands of colors, while the French loss was between 8000 and 9090. On the same day as the battle of Ligny, June 16, was also fought the battle of Quatre-Bras, and at about the same time, Ney, with 43,000 men, began an attack on the position of Wellington at Quatre-Bras. At this point the French were posted among growing corn as high as the tallest man's shoulders, and which enabled them to draw up a strong body of cuirassiers close to the English, and yet entirely out of their view. 1 he Fcrty-nlnth and Forty second regiments of Highlanders were thus taken by surprise, and the latter would have been destroyed but for the coming up of the former. The Forty-second, formed into a square, and was re peatedly broken, and as often recovered, though with terrible loss of life, for out of 00 that went Into action only 96 privates and four officers remained un hurt. Night found the English, after a severe and bloody -day. in possession of Quatre Bras. the French being obliged to retreat. The gallant uke of Brunswick, fighting in front of the line, fell almost in the be ginning of the battle. The killed and wounded on the side of the French was 4003, and the allies' loss was nearly 6000, in consequence of their having scarcely any artillery- As at Ligny, little quarter was cither asked or given there being much hatred between the French and Prussians. The French were next driven out from the Bois de Bossu by the Bel gians, and the English divisions of Alten, Halket, Maitl.ind, Cooke and Byng suc cessively arrived. The French bivouacked on the night of the 16th on the battle-field of Ltgnyt with the exception of Grouchy's division-, which encamped at Sombref. The Duke of Wellington passed the night at Quatre Bras, his army gradually joining him till the morning of the 17th, when they amounted to 50,000 men. The Duke of Wellington, who Intended a junction with the Prussians at Quatre Bras, but had been frustrated by their disastrous defeat at Ligny. now ordered a ietreat on Brussels, leaving the Earl of Uxbrldge witi his cavalry as a rearguard. Napoleon directed Count Lobau's division to advance, and the British cavalry then began to retire In battle array. The French army moved forward in pursuit, the emperor leading the way. Napoleon, having ascertained the re treat of Blusher on Wavre and commit ted the pursuit of him to Marshal Grou chy, believed that the latter was close to the same place, as he ought to have been, but was not. At 10 o'clock on the night of the 17th the emperor dispatched an officer to Wavre to inform Grouchy that there would be a great battle next day; that the English and Belgian armies were posted on the field of Waterloo, Its left supported by the village of La Haye, and ordered him to detach 7000 men, of all arms, and six pieces of can non, before daybreak to St. Lambert, to be near to the right of the French army, and co-operate with it; that as soon as Blucher evacuated Wavre, either toward Brussels or any other direction, he should instantly march with the rest of his force and support the detachment sent to St. Lambert. About an hour after this dis patch was sent off the emperor received a report from Grouchy, dated from Gem bloux. at 5 o'clock, stating that "he was still at this village and had not learned what direction Blucher had taken." At 4 o'clock In the morning a second officer "was sent to Grouchy to repeat the communication and the orders which had been sent to Wavre at 10 o'clock. An other dispatch soon after arrived from Grouchy who had not at that time been found by either of the officers sent by the emperor, to state that "he had learned that Blucher was In Wavre, and would follow him in the morning!" It was not until 6 o'clock on the 17th of June that the advance guard of the French army arrived "on the plains of Waterloo a delay being occasioned by unfortunate occurrences upon the road otherwise the forces would have gained the spot by S o clock In the day. The Duke of Wellington, on being made aware of Blucher's march on Wavre, and in adherence to the common plan of the campaign, had given orders for falling back from Quatre-Bras. He had before now been heard to say that if it were ever his business to defend Brussels he would choose to give battle on the field of Waterloo, in advance of the forest of Solgnles; and he now retired thither. In the confidence of being joined there in the morning by Blucher. The English at last reached the destined field, over roads cov ered with deep mud. and In thb face of considerable rain. The troops, although somewhat discouraged by the command to retreat, were enthusiastic when they heard of their leader's purpose, and, hav ing taken up their allotted stations, biv ouacked for the night, assured of a bat tle on the morrow the ISth of June. The crossroads at Mont St. Jean were In an almost impassable condition and the rain continued to fall in torrents. Wellington was before the village of Mont St. Jean, about a mile and a half In ad vance of the small town of Waterloo, on a rising ground, having a gentle and reg ular declivity before It beyond this a plain of about a mile In breadth and then the opposite heights of La Belle Al liance, on which the French were ex pected to form their line. The duke had 76,700 men in all. of whom about 30,000 were English. He formed his first line of the troops on which he could most surely rely the greater part of the British In fantry, with the troops of Brunswick and Nassau, and three corps of Hanoverians and Belgians. Behind this the ground sinks and then rises again. The second line, formed In the rear of the first, was composed of the troops whose spirit and discipline were more doubtful or who had suffered most In the action at Quatre Bras; and behind all these was olaced the cavalry- The position crossed the two highways from Nlvelles and Charleroi to Brussels, nearly where they unite. These roads gave every "facility for movement from front to rear during the action, and two country roads running behind and parallel with the first and second lines, favored movements from wing to wing. The chateau and gardens of Hougomont and the farmhouse and inclosures of La Haye Sainte, about 1500 yards apart, on the slope of the declivity, were strongly occupied and formed the important out works of defense. The opening of the country road leading directly from Wavre to Mont St. Jean, through the wood of Ohaln, was guarded by the British left, while those running further in advance might be expected to bring the first of the Prussians oa the right flank of the French during their expected attack. The Brit ish front extended In all over about a mile with the strong outposts of Hougomont, situated near the center of th0 right, and La Haye, which was In front of the cen ter, and in the rear of the village of Mont St. Jean with the reserve forces station ed there; further bade the town of Water loo (which has given its name to the bat tle because it was thence that the Eng lish general dated his dispatches), and the forests of Soignles as positions to retire upon, to make a stand or cover a retreat. A more advantageous ground for receiv ing an attack could not easily be obtained in any open country not previously for tified. It was, therefore, sufficiently evi dent that the Duke of Wellington had availed himself of all these means of de fense, by a circumspect and masterly dis position of his forces. It was Wellington's design to hold Na poleon at bay until the Prussian advance should enable him to charge the French with superior numbers, while It was Na poleon's wish to beat the Anglo-Belgian army, or at least to divide It; as well as to cut off Its communications, ere Blucher could arrive on the field. Napoleon hoped to turn the left wing of the duke's army, it being the weakest, and divide It from the right wing, because he should thus intercept Us junction with the Prussians by the road from Wavre, and because he was in constant, expecta tion of "being joined himself by Grouchy from that side. Having effected this sep aration of the wings and made a vigorous attack on both wings to distract atten tion, it was his design to fall suddenly on the centre, break it, and rout all Its component parts In deall. The duke con sidered It his business to defeat, If possi ble, all these attempts; not to venture a general attack in return, but to hold his defensive position in the most cautious and determined manner until the arrival of Blucher. The empero- had In the field 72,000 men, all French veterans each of whom was, as he declared, worth one Englishman and two Prussians, Dutch or Belgians. Napoleon's forces, however,-unlike those of Wellington's, had been on the march all through the tempestuous darkness, many of them had not had sufficient food, and the greater part of them did not reach the heights of La Belle Alliance un til the morning of the 18th was consid erably advanced. At 1 o'clock In the morning the emperor, having Issued the necessary orders for the battle during the earlier part of the night, went out on foot, accompanied by his grand marshal, and visited the whole line of the main guards. The forest of Solg nles, occupied by the British, appeared as one continued blaze, while the horizon be tween that spot and the farms of La Belle Alliance and La Haye Sainte was bright ened with the fires of numerous bivouacs, tho most profound silence reigning. Some time later the rain began to fall In tor rents. Napoleon feared more than any thing else that Wellington would continue his retreat on Brussels and Antwerp, thus deferring the great battle until the Rus sians should approach the valley of the Rhine. The night of June 17-18. often called the "Vigil of . Waterloo," was sol emn, dark and without unusual Incident during the early hours. .Several officers sent to reconnolterj-and others who re turned to headquffrt?h at 3:30, announced that the British hadvmade no movement. At 4 o'clock the scouts brought in a peas ant who had served, as a guide to a brig ade of Englion cavalry, which had pro ceeded to a secure position on the left of the village of Ohain. Two Belgian desert ers, who had just quitted their regiments, also reported that their army was prepar ing for battle and that no retrograde movement had taken place: that Belgium prayed for the success of the emperor, as the English and Prussians were alike un popular. The French troops bivouacked amid deep mud, and the officers thought It Im possible to give battle on the following day, the ground being so moistened that artillery and cavalry could not possibly maneuver, while it would require 12 hours of fine weather to dry the soil. On reach ing the eminence of La Belle Alliance at sunrise and beholding the enemy drawn up on the opposite side and In battle array, the emperor exclaimed, with evident joy: "At last! at last, then, I have these Eng lish In my grasp." THE CHIME. There is an old French air. A little sKng of loneliness and grief Simple as nature, sweet beyond compare And sad past all belief. Nameless is he that wrote The melodi but this much I opine. "Whoever made the words was some remote French ancestor of mine. 1 know the dungeon deep Where long he lay and why he lay therein; And all his anguish, that he could not sleep. For conscience of a bin. I see his cold, hard bed; I hear the chimes that, jingled in his ears. As he pressed nightly with that wakeful head A pillow wet with tears. Oil, restless llttie chime! It never changed but rang its roundelay For each dark hour of'thst unhappy time. That sighed itself away. And ever, more and more. Its burden grew of' his lorn self a part. And mingled with his memories, and wore Its way into his heart. And there it wove the name Of many a town he loved, for one dear sake, Into its web of music; thus he came His little song to make. Of all that ever heard And loved It for its sweetness, none but I Dhined the clew'that. as a hidden word, The notes doth underlie. That wall from lips long dead Has found its echo in this breast alone! Only to inc my blood remembrance led Is that wild story known! And though 'tis. mine by right Of treasure trove, to rifle and lay bare A heritage of sorrow and delight The world would gladly share. Yet must I not unfold Forevermore. nor whisper late nor soon. The secret that a few slight bars thus hold Imprisoned in a tune. For when that little song Goes ringing In my head, I know that he. My luckless lone forefather, dust so long. Kellees his life in mine. George du Jlaurler. How They Came. The following table showa the number of cabin and steerage passengers from European ports to New York In 1S91, and the steamer lines by uhlch they came: Steamship Line. Cabin. White Star, from Liverpool 11.520 North German Lloyd. Bremen.... 2.043 Cunard. Li vprpool 1 S.S02 Hamburg-Am. Co.. Hamburg 9.MJ1 American. Southampton 1S.560 North Ger. Lloyd. Mediterranean. 1.840 Netherl'ds-Am.. Rotterdam 3.3115 Transatlantic. Havre 7.400 Bed Star. Antwerp 4,5m Scandia. Stttin a Steer age. 20.S03 19.927 19.1, 1S.4C3 l.V.05 13,088 9,633 S.CU11 7.G0S 7,129 ti.437 5.910 0.223 -1.395 3.799 n.23S 2,909 1.509 1.339 1.421 363 1.5S1 Hamburg-Am.. Mediterranean.... C4.1 Anchor. Glasgow 7! Roland. Brmtn.. Anchor, Mediterranean Fabre, Mediterranean Thlngvalia, Copenhagen I'niou. Hamburg.. .. .......... Allan-State. Glasgow Klorle Ruhatlno, Mediterranean. Netherl'ds-Am.. Amsterdam.. . . . National?. Mediterranean, ...... Gulon, Liverpool .- Miscellaneous - .-' - : MS 3 cos; 43S Total 92,551 155,101 REFORMS L C0EE1 CHANGE IN THE 3I.VURIAGE LAWS AND A ROYAL HAR.E3I. 3Iany Qneer Cnstomx nml Crude In dustrial and Commercial Meth ods AVill Probably Disappear. I have just received letters from Seoul stating that the Japanese have inaugu rated their reforms, and that the Corean government is rapidly changing. Lines of railroad have been planned, and the greedy and barbarous officials are being deprived of their offices. Salaries are to be fixed by law, and rank is, to a cer tain extent, to be done away with. The queen's family, which embraces the worst of the nobility, Is being driven into the background, and the king Is taking all the matters into his own hand. It is an open secret in Seoul that for years the king has been a henpecked husband, and I heard many stories of the queen's jeal ous disposition. His majesty had a num ber of beautiful dancing girls, who were now and then, as is their custom, called in to dance before the court. The king, who is a rather lively man of about 4o odd, has now and then singled out one of these and paid her special attention, much to the disgust of the queen. He has also carried on some intrigues of this kind unknown to her majesty, and the quar rels between the two on this account have been frequent. Just before I left Seoul one of the high officials connected with the court was caught by the queen carry ing notes from the king to one of his favorites, and she at once sent him on a loug mission to southern Corea. He was connected with imnortant nubile works. finrl oil nT fhrtrr. Vio.1 rx ctnn or tVl! or I .n.mf rrt,o. inif ot,-c. sc th. , t-ir.r I has cut entlrelv loose from his wife's ap-1 ron strings, and that he Is now going to establish a harem in the palace, as was the custom in Corea in the past, and as is the custom still in nearlv all Eastern countries. The emperor of China has hun- dreds of beautiful women, and he has the right to any of the noble Tartar girls over 12 years of age. He takes the pick of the country between the ages of 12 and IS, and he replenishes his stock every three years. The King of Siam has the most wives, perhaps, of any Asiatic monarch, though the queen is his own half sister. He also has the right to any and all of the girls of the kingdom, though the laws provide that he cannot marryjhjs mother or jhis mother-in-law. The emperor of Japan has a number of noble ladles Inside of his palace grounds, and he has a sort of harem, though the Japanese try to keep the matter secret, and no gossip concern ins: it ever gets into the newspapers. It Is the same with other Asiatic and Indian rulers, and the action of the king of Corea is not surprising, especially as al most all of the Corean nobles have their concubines. The king's intended reforms include a number of new laws regarding marriage, and this in the favor of the women. One provision is that men shall not be married under 20 and girls under 1G. Heretofore boys could be married at 14, and I saw boys who were under this wearing the hats which are the badges of matrimony. Girls are now married at 13, and are often engaged at 7. The custom of the country is such that widows cannot marry again, and pretty widows are carefully watched, and if there is anything forward or bad in their actions they arc sometimes kidnaped by the officials and held as concubines. The new laws which are now proposed will take away this restriction, and all marriages, whether of maids or widows, are to be left to the volition of the parties concerned. They also provide that there shall be no more buying and selling of human beings, and fathers will not be able to sell their daughters. The customs of mourning are to be modified, and other changes which tend to the leveling of the classes are to' be enacted. In the mean time, there is a decided opposition to all reform, and a great many of the people think the country is going straight to ruin. Ther is a woeful lack of confidence in the Japanese, and the pro-Chinese feel ing is strong. I want to tell you something about the east coast of Corea. This Is but little known, and most travelers have confined their visits to the ports nearest China. The peninsula is in the neighborhood of 200 miles wide, and in crossing it 1 travel ed northwest through the mountains and came out at Broughton bay. or the harbor of Gcnsan. This is a magnificent harbor, and it is much coveted by the Russians, because it is open all the year round. Their harbor on the Pacific is that of Vladivostock, on the lower edge of Si beria, which I visited after leaving Corea, and of which I will write in my next let ter. Vladivostock is frozen up for about six months of the year, and the Russians want a winter outlet to the sea. They are watching Gensan, and the trans-Siberian railroad will probably have a branch running down to it. The Russian trading-houses have agents at Gensan, and both the Russian and the Japanese ships stop there en route to Siberia. There is already a thrify Japanese city there, of several thousand people, and these are engaged in shipping and trading. Their houses are of wood, with heavy tiled roofs, and their town is clean and well kept. The Corean town Is perhaps twice as large, but it is a dirty settlement, made up of little one-story thatched huts. The people are poor and shiftless, and queer, and they are like their kind all over Corea. The old Corea will probably soon pass away, and the curious things of which I have written may become a matter of his tory. The whole of the country is so strange that I have only been able to par tially describe it. On this trip across the country, I saw all sorts of queer customs. Our eggs, I remember, we bought by the stick, and in Corea eggs are stacked up like cordwood, or, rather, kindling wood. Ten eggs are laid end to end, and they are then wrapped about with straw, so that they stand out straight and stiff, and look more like a club than esgs. In the stores these sticks of eggs are piled up cross wise, and the price is about 3 cents a stick, or about 3-10 of a cent per eg. Chickens are peddled about in crates or baskets made of string and wood, and fish are often eaten raw. I saw many black hog3 on the trip, and these are usually tied by strings or ropes of the size of clothesline, which ran through holes In the tops of their ears. The cattle we saw were very fine, large animals, but they were used almost entire ly as beasta of burden. They pull rude bullock carts, and carry packs on heavy " A COREA xV FAMILY. wooden saddles. The saddles are badly made, and they rnb off the skin, and my heart was sickened again and again by a bull as stately as any worshiped in India with two great raw spots as big as your hand on. each side of his back. There are dogs all over Corea. They are of a snowy white variety, and are always snarling and barking at foreigners. The poorer classes sometimes use dogmeat as food, and during the hot dog days I was told that the flesh was a preventive against ague, malaria and other sickness. At this time thousands of dogs are killed, so "General" Pak told me, all over Corea. In ordinary times only the porest of the people eat the flesh of dogs. I visted a dog butcher one day In the Corean capital and watched him kill and dress one of th curs for the market. He killed the dog in a curious way. He caught him as he ran through the door of the house by throwing a slip-noose about his neck. The dog was a rather nice animal, of about the size of an Irish setter, and his fur was as gray as that of a wolf. He seemed to be aware of his danger, and he tugged at the rope, which soon tightened on his throat. And then the bare-armed butcher swung him oft of his feet and whirled him about in the street at the end of the string till life was extinct. He next laid the dog down on the ground and stabbed him, as we stick a pig. He then hung him on the wall of his hut and cut him up into dog steaks, soup meats and roasts. He asked me if I did not want to try a tenderloin, and dished up a bowl from a pot of dog soup, which was cooking outside his hut, and asked me to taste it. It did not look at all appetiz ing, and I thanked him and left. Among many queer Corean customs there is none stranger than that of iron ing. There are no better dressed people in the world than the Coreans. They wear Immaculate gowns, and the prevail ing costume i3 white The common dress of the men is made ud of a long, full cot ton gown, full white pantaloos and wadded White StOCklnCS These are as clean as the best work of a Chinese laundry, and they are washed in cold water and ironed with9 a cold club. The women do all the 'washing and Ironing of the -land. The 1 ap the garments around a stick, which I is laid on the floor, and then one or two women squat down beside it and pound on the cloth with round, smooth wooden clubs till every fiber has the polish and gloss of our best laundries. This does not seem to hurt the cloth, and the clothes have a wonderful whiteness. It takes a long time to iron a garment, and the rat-tat-tat of these clubs is to be heard all over Corea. You hear it morning, noon and evening, and at nearly all hours of the night, and it may be called "The .Na tional Song of Corea," or the "Corean Song of the Shirt." The women tap out a tune as they play, and the most of their time is taken up in washing, ironing and sew ing. All things In Corea are strange to for eigners. The tnlmbles used are of cloth and paper beautlfuly embroidered. There are no buttons nor pins, and the garments are tied on with ribbens. Soap is sold in the form of powder, and the only matches are shavings tipped with sulphur. These have to be put into the fire to light them, and the flint is used to strike a light. The markets of Corea are full of strange things. There are regular market days rover the country, and the different towns of a district have markets in rotation; and the people for miles around come to buy and sell. The markets of Seoul are very good, and all kinds of fish, vegetables and meats are peddled out by these queer peo ple. Game is plenty, and both the beef and the venison are good. The people are early risers, and the Lest time to market in Seoul is between 3 and 6 A. M. Two hours later the stands are all cleared away, and you have to rely on the retail stores or little shops scattered all over the city. The market scenes are interesting. You see pompous swells In long gowns and high hats, poor women by hundreds with green cloaks over their heads and boys by scores carrying all kinds of vegetables and wares. There are servants in livery and coolies with hats as big as umbrellas. There are bullock carts and porters, merchants and slaves all pushing and fighting over the things they are buying. The market is near the' big south gate of the city, and there are thousands here every market morning. Among the curious articles which I noted found a ready sale was Corean ginseng, the root of which is good for all kinds of diseases; red pepper, which was sold In paper parcels about the size of a cigarette for about 1 cent apiece, and tobacco, which was dried and peddled out by the leaf. The grain market was equally queer, and the chicken and bird markets were full of interest. Here and there over the country I saw rude machinery of one kind and another. There were water m'lls for the pounding out of rice and the crushing of grain along many of the streams. The mills were all on the principle of the old see saw or teeter-board. A long beam of wood was swung on a piot and on one end of this was a heavy hammer or mallet. This fell into a mortar, in which the rice or grain was placed. At the other end of the beam was a square box, holding, perhaps, a barrel of water, and this box hung right under a pipe, which was fed by the stream. As soon as the box was full thcrv water end of the beam sank down, the water ushed out and the mallet, which had been raised nigh in the air, fell on the grain. This is the "patent roller process" mill of Corea. I taw other mills, and those in Seoul were like the ones of the Scrip ture, and were turned by hand. I saw some millstones, one on top of the another, which were turned by mules, which went about like a horse in a tannery. The most of the millers In the capital were Chinamen, and they were by no means polite. The brass works which make the cooking utensils for these 12,000,000 Coreans are of the rudest nature. The furnaces are rude ovens-of clay, and little crucibles, about the size of a tincup, are used. The brass is first cast, and then polished by means of a lathe, which the workman manipulates with his f-et. sitting in the end of a trench as he does so. The brass shines like gold, and it takes on a beauti ful polish. I bought a dinner set and it cost me 15. It consisted of about a dozen brass bowls, from the size of a wash basin down to that of an egg cup. The silversmiths work the same way, and some of their work is very artistic. In the past the Coreans were, in fact, the great est artists of the far East, and Japanese art is said to have had its birth in Corea, "Within the past half dozen centuries, how ever, the Coreans have .been going buck ward, and the Japanese have greatly im proved in every way over their Corean in structors. The Indications now are that Corea will steadily improve, and fortunes will cer tainly be made by some of the foreigners who get in at the right time, and who have the proper influence. The Asiatic market is one of the biggest in the world, and Corea has many natural resources which wlH command a ready sale all over the East. The matter of coal is a most important one. The Chinese have plenty, but. the most of. their mines are in ths interior, and they are undeveloped. The tamper of the Chinese is such that for eigners cannot get at them, and today the chief coal merchants of the Western Pacific are the Japanese. They have mines of vast extent, and in the western parts of Japan ihere are great mines which have 50 mrjes of tunnels running right out into and under the sea. These are at Nagasaki. avid the mining must be very expensive. 'Jhe mines about Pin yang. Corea, He right on the surface, and the coal can be dug out with a pick. The river is at hand for carrying the coal to the sea. and a great iadustry ought to apring up here. The gold mines are. I am told, fabulously rich. I was told that there were great mines on the east coast, and gokl is to Je found all over Cot-ea. These mines wi!J be opened with the settlement of this war. The railroad concessions will be extrvmely val uable, and this country will sur.ely form the outlet for the trans-Siberian road. This is already begun at Vladlwostock, and is being built at different points between that point and Europe. A branch line running down through Corea will bring it within a day's sail of Japan. In addition to these things, there tire other valuable concessions and enter prises which will spring up. The situa tion is such that the king has to have money, and he can get It only by borrow ing from outsiders. He owes both China and Japan large sums of money, and a foreign loan is an Immediate and an ab solute ncsesstty. His majesty has no available assets outside of his mines and concessions, and Japan will insist upon an immediate settlement of his Chinese obligations, or that he be freed in some way entirely from China. The result is that the country will be explored, and it will probably have a boom. A most inter esting scientific expedition could now be organised to go through It. and its geolo gy, its flora and its other natural resources will pay investigation. The king would undoubtedly permit It. and the explorer would have some exciting tiger hunts. and at the same time mignt get some valuable concessions. FRANK G. CARPENTER. THE FL-TTIFCL. DIRECTORY OF OCCUPANTS. Room. ARISTOS SOCIAL CLUB 211. 212, 213. 214 ASSOCIATED PRESS. E. L. Powell. Man ager ..SOS BARBER. DR. S. J.. Dentist C03-609 BECICWITH, II.. Route Agent Pacific Ex press Company 20 1 BELL, DR. J. I. Physician and Surgeon, 711-713 BIXSWAKGER, DR. O. S.. Physlcan and Surgeon 111-412 BROWN BROS. CO.. "Continental Nurser ies" 612-013-G14T BLANDKORD. S. M.. U. S. Weather Bu reau 903 BUILDERS' EXCHANGE S0O CATLIN. V. W.. Receiver Oregon National Bank 305-300 CAUKIN, G. E.. District Agent Travelers' Insurance Co , 70(J CARDWELL. DR. HERBERT W.. Physi cian 70S CARDWELL. DR. J. R.. Dentist. ..S0S-S0U-Slf CHAPPELL BROWNE. P.. Architect 700 COLUMBIA TELEPHONE CO 60O CUMMING. DR. "VVM.. Dentist 40S-40! DICKSON. DR. J. F., Physician 713-71 DRAKE. DR. II. B.. Physician 512-513-514, EQUITABLE LIFE ASSURANCE SOCI ETY, J. B. Wransham. Cashier 509-510-51 1 EVENING TELEGRAM 325 Alder st- FSNTON. DR. J. D., Physician and Sur geon .303 FENTON. DR. HICKS C Physican and Surgeon 30S FENTON & FENTON. DRS.. Surgeons.308-31O FENTON, DR. MATTHEW F.. Dentist 3302 FERRIS. DR. FRANK E.. Dentist 311-312 OIESY. DR. A. J., Physician 710 GIESY & CARDWELL. Drs.. Physicians... GODDARD. E. C. & CO.. footwear, ground floor 129 Sixth st. GRAVES. DR. J. L.. Dentist S04-803 HELMBOLD, R. P.. Special Agent Manhat tan Life 203 MACKAY. DR. A. E.. Physician and Sur geon 704-705 MAXWELL. DR. W. E.. Physician and Sur geon 701-702-703 MORRIS. E. C. Secretary and Manager Brown Bros. Co 614 MOSSMAN. DR. E. P., Dentist 512-512-514 MANHATTAN LIFE ASSURANCE CO., of New York. S. E. Mulford. Manager.20S-200-21O McELROY, DR. J. C., Physician and Sur geon 701-702-703 McMILLAN. N.. Ral Estate Loans 801 McGUIRE, H. D., State Fjsh and Game Pro tector Stf MILLER, DR. H. C. Dentist 403-400 MULFORD. S. E-, Manager Manhattan Life 203-209-210 McFADEN. MISS IDA E., Stenographer and Typewriter 20(J OREGON NATIONAL BANK. W. W. Cat- Hn. Receiver 30-303 pacific ranker, and investor, l. Stagge. Editor .. S03 PAGUE Jt BLANDFORD. Attorneys - at - Law 717 REED & MALCOLM. Opticians, ground floor 133 Sixth sf. RIGGS. DR. J. O.. Dentist COS ROBERTS. A.. Merchant Tailor 131 Sixth st- REID. JR.. R- R- Special Agent Equitable Life Sit SAMUEL. L.. Special Agent Equitable Life. 511 SCHMIDT & ROBLIN. General Agency. 303 STOLTE. CHARLES EDWARD S03 STUART. DELL. Attorney-at-Law..GlC-C17-61S STUART & YOUNG. Attorneys-at-Law.... C1G-G17-613 STEVENSON. W. R.. and HELMBOLD. R. P.. State Agents Manhattan LIfe...20S-209-210 SUPERINTENDENT'S OFFICE 203 THE FAIRFAX-GREENE PIANO STUDIO 205 TIMMS. MISS EDNA D., Portrait Artist....802 TUCKER. DR. GEO. F.. Dentist G10-G11 L. S. WEATHER BUREAU 907-903-909 WILSON, DR. EDWARD N.. Physician and Surgeon 304-305 WILSON. DR. HOLT C. Physician 507-503 WRANGHAM. J. B.. Caahler Equitable 509 WHITING. DR. S., rhysiclan and Surgeon 501-503 WOOD. DR. JAMES B.. Physician and Sur geon - -- .312-313 WOOD. DR. W. L.. Physician 413-414 YOUNG. GEO. D.. Attorney-at-Law.GlG-G17-G18 A few more elegant oKicc may be Imtl by upplylaic to 1'ortlitntt Tnut Company, of Portland, Oregon, l-! KIrst Btrect. or to tli rcuc cleric In tills building. the Features and Remov ing Blemishes, in ISO p. book for a etamo. ' JohoH. TBoodbnry, 127 W. 120. St.,N.V. , UTontor o nooaoorj's i-"aciai &cap. OBEBOHUH BIUII iifiip