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About Morning Oregonian. (Portland, Or.) 1861-1937 | View Entire Issue (Aug. 29, 1916)
THE MORNING OREGONIAN. TUESDAY, AUGUST 29, 1916. " ROUMANUi- BITTER I!! ACCUSING FOES ROUMANIA IN WAR ON SIDE OF ALLIES STREET SCENE IN B UK RAREST, CAPITAL OF ROUMANIA. Our Store Will Close at 1 F. M. on Thursdays During July and August, Thus Allowing .-x x nt Our Employes to Enjoy a Weekly Half-Holiday Each Week During This Hot Period. 4 Will You Co-operate by Arranging to Do Your Shopping in the Forenoon Thursdays? 3 Agreements Declared to Have Been Broken in Letter and Spirit During War. i THREE MOTIVES OUTLINED Hope of Bringing Conflict to Ear ; . Jler Ending EntertalnedProteo , t tection of Brothers Sought, i Allies Expected to Win, - PARIS, Aug. 28. La Liberte has re " eeived from Geneva a summary of the Roumanian declaration of war, as tele- graphed from Vienna. It Is a long, t' document, setting- forth Roumanians . grievances. The persecution of Kou ; manians by Austro-Hungarian officials - is alleged, and it is charged that agree r ments which existed between Koumania and the former members of the triple Z alliance have been broken in letter and 1 spirit from the time Germany and Aus ; tria entered the war. J Italy, the declaration says, ' was obliged to detach herself from Aus " tria and Germany. In conclusion the I communication sets forth as follows the motives in compelling Roumania to :' enter the war: First, the Roumanian population In Austrian territories is exposed to the J hazards of war and of Invasion. 7 Second, Roumania believes that by Z Intervening she can shorten the war. ; Third, Roumania places herself on ' the side of those powers she believes - can assist her most efficaciously In w realizing her national Ideal. LONDON, Aug. 28-An official state I ment issued In Berlin and forwarded by Reuter's correspondent at Amster dam, says: "After Roumania, as already report- ed, disgracefully broke treaties con ..' eluded with Austria-Hungary and Ger- many, she declared war yesterday against our ally. "The imperial German Minister to .Roumania has received instructions to request his passports and to declare to the Roumanian government that "! r Germany now likewise considers her . self at war with Roumania." BERLIN, Aug. 28. German govern " ment circles have expected some action ' by Roumania for nearly two weeks. It was hoped, though, that Roumania might reconsider the step taken yes- ' terday. It was known that the entente pro posed using Roumanian territory for a Russian advance against Austria-Hun-- gary and Bulgaria. Roumania, It was V. argued, would in that event, consider ing the Roumanian antipathy toward . Austria-Hungary, join the forces fight ing the central powers. It is felt here that Roumania cannot avoid war with all central powers should Russian troops advance through her territory. GR0WNGQUNGILDEG1DES STORE THAN TWO-THIRD S IX FAVOR ' OP INTERVENTION. King Has Prolonged Conferences With : Leaders of All Partlea Before Final Action. Is Taken. LONDON, Aug. 28. The meeting of the Roumanian Crown Council at which the decision to declare war on Austria Hungary was reached was held at the V Controceni Palace. King Ferdinand presided and the session was prolonged over several aays. The council con ',' sists of 19 members, of whom It la believed four to six opposed interven ; tion. ; Besides conferring with the Crown Council, with whom the final decision rested. King Ferdinand had prolonged conferences with the leaders of all Rou C manian political parties, including t.os8 1 favorable to Intervention and those who ; had been the strongest supporters of i Roumania continuing her neutrality. The Roumanian military officials had - discussed for some days what probably would be the first step taken when war ;' was declared and had dismissed all ; alien employes, many of whom were ' Germans. An especially large number of Germans were employed in the tech-5- nical services. General Averescu, ex-Mlnlster of War, It is said, will have chief com- mand of the Roumanian army. The Bucharest newspaper AdeveruL . commenting on the Crown Council meeting, said: - "At last the. decisive hour has struck. Events have dictated to the govern i ment intervention and the realization ; of Roumanians national claims." CITY OFFERS SANITARIUM Lutherans Invited to Maintain Tu- berculosis Hospital in Texas. r SANDUSKY, O., Aug. 28. If the ; Lutheran synod of North America will v establish and maintain a hospital for t tubercular Lutherans of . the United States and Canada who are unable to - pay their way in any one of the in stitutions now available, the city of San Antonio, Tex., will give It sani tarium property at San Antonio worth $40,000. The proposition was submitted by Rev. Paul Hein, of San Antonio, today. The synod took it under advisement. When in Seattle Stop With DR. R. L. THOMSON and H. C. BOWERS At the New Calhoun Hotel r . " INew Houston .Hotel Sixth and Everett Streets, Four Blocks From Union Station. Under New Management. All Rooms Newly Decorated. SPECIAL RATES BY WEEK. OR MONTH. ' Rates 73c, 91, 91.50 Per Day. 'ELL A (Absolutely Removes Indigestion. Onepackage proves & 25cat all. druggists. J: MARCHING TROOPS SHOW LATEST TYPE OF" SOLDIERS TO ENTER THE EUROPEAN WAR. ALL PARIS REJOICES City Decked With Roumanian Colors on Hearing News. TURKEY'S FINISH IS SEEN Optimists Predict Crushing of Ot ' tomans Within Six Months Rus sia' Points to- Tightening1 ' of Ring Around Foes. PARIS, Aug. 23. The entrance of Roumania Into the war was received with popular rejoicing -in Paris. For the - first time in many months the' newspapers were permitted to publish extra 'editions, and in half an hour all Paris had learned the news and. the city was beflagged with the Roumanian colors. The : declaration had been ' expected hour by hour for three- days. The general belief. In Paris is that Ron mania's action will tend to shorten the war. Some of the more optimistic military commentators predict that Turkey will be crushed within six months, and that Austria will be sub jected to unbearable pressure. PETROGRAD, via London. Aug. 28. Roumania's declaration of war against Austria is regarded in official circles as of far-reaching significance. The Foreign Office points out the striking features the aid of the f ub stantial .Roumanian army, which, pitted against Austria, 'will afford greater freedom of action on the Russian left wing on the western front; the tight ening of the ring around the central empires and the opening of a new line of attack; the cutting off of grain sup plies to the Austro-Germans, upon which the latter are believed to have placed local reliance. PROMS' TOUR OUTLINED DRY SPECIAL TO STOP AT TOWNS ON CAMPAIGN. 600 Portland Speech Scheduled for Sep tember IB "Million Votes for Prohibition' to Be Slogan. CHICAGO. Aug. 28. The "Prohibi tion Special," carrying J. Frank Hanly. presidential candidate, and Dr. Ira Landrith. candidate for vice-president, on their two months' tour of the Na tion, will stop at approximately 600 towns, it was announced here today at the National Prohibition headquarters. The slogan of the campaign is "A million votes for prohibition." , The special . train, ' which is to leave Chi cago September 8, will make at least ten towns a day. according to plans. It will reach Portland, Or, on Sep tember 16. The tentative schedule will put the campaign special in San Francisco September 20. Leaving Minneapolis September 10, the " train will pass through North Dakota, Montana and Idaho, reaching Spokane, Wash, on September IS. Two days will be spent in Washington and one in Oregon and then the special will start its tour of California and Nevada. FIGHT BASED ON TARIFF REPRESENTATIVE HUMPHREY TO PLEAD FOR REPEAL OF ACT. Campaign . for Republican Nomination for Senator Saya Situation at Clon of War Will Be Unparalleled. SPOKANE, Wash, Aug. 28. (Spe cial.) Representative William . E. Humphrey, of Seattle, candidate for the Republican nomination for United States Senator, will base his campaign upon the tariff issue primarily, al though he is a strong supporter of the entire Republican National platform, he said today in opening his campaign here. He arrived Sunday morning from Washington direct. "I shall base my campaign upon the need of a repeal of the Underwood tar iff law as soon as possible and the sub stitution of a protective measure to meet the unparalleled situation that will arise at the close of the war in Europe.," said Mr. Humphrey. "Sixty days after the flose of this war more than 8,000,000 American la boring 'men will be thrown out of work. At the same time millions of European soldiers and munition work ers will be returning to the produc tions of peace. Competition must be met by high tariffs or Incalculable dis aster will follow. "President Wilson has become odious In the eyes of the warring nations of Europe, Japan and South America. Nearly all the enmity directed towards America focuses on him personally. By his removal from the 'Presidency, we will be In a better position as neutrals and present a chief executive against whom no complications with foreign nations can be charged." Mr. Humphrey will speak here to morrow night. His speech will deal largely with Xational Issues and with the tariff as applied to Washington. JEWISH AIM IS DEFINED CHANGES IN POLICY SUBMITTED TO REFERENDUM. Sogrgested Purpose of Congress to Be . to- Obtain Fall Rights for Co Religionists in AU Lands. NEW YORK. Aug. 28. Changes In the aims and policies of the proposed American-Jewish Congress were sub mitted today to a referendum ' of the members of the organizations. The purpose of the congress, the com mittee suggests, shall be to define "the methods whereby. In co-operation with the Jews of the world, full rights may be secured for the Jews of all lands. and all laws discriminating against them may be abrogated, it being under stood that the phrase 'full rights'- is deemed to Include: First, civil, religi ous and political rights; second, wher ever the various peoples of any lands are or may be recognized as having separate group rights, the conferring upon the Jews of the lands affected of such rights. If desired by them, as de termined ana assisted by the congress and, third, the securing of protection of the Jewish rights In Palestine." A vote also is asked on the follow ing: Empowering of the committee calling the conference with rights to fix the representation from Jewish or ganizations; holding .of the congress before the end of the European war at a time fixed by the executive commit tee and Increase of the membership of tne executive committee from 63 to 140 members. CROWDS SEE FIRE TEST Rival Company Fa.il3 to Appear at Ridgefleld Competition. RIDGEFIELD, Wash.. Aug. 28. (Sne. cial.) The fire drill held Friday night on the main streets here by the volun teer fire department -was watched bv crowds which thronged both sides of the streets. The winners will be desig nated as Company No. 1, captained by jjavii a. urice. formerly a local busi ness man. The opposing team, can tained by George P. Funkhouser. failed lo put in an appearance. The winning fire team made one con nection to a hydrant about 600 feet from the fire house and played a stream on an imaginary, fire in 4 minutes and 55 seconds. Three Ridgefleld High ocnooi graduates, star performers on the track, are included In the firo company. ALBANY SUPPORTS HUGHES Mr. Tooze Organizes Branch With Membership or 12 9. The Republican State Committee re ports that the work of oreanizlnz Hughes Alliance branches Is pro gressing rapidly. Walter L. Tooze. Sr., organizer, has completed a branch at Albany with 129 members and is now working In Cottage Grove. Todav ha will be at Harrlsbu'rg and Halsey, Linn County; Wednesday at Corvallls and Philomath; Thursday, at Dallas; Friday, at McMinnville, and Saturday at New berg. The branch at Lebanon will be completed this week with about 75 members. "A. A. Courteney has com pleted a branch at The Dalles with 103 members. The work of organization In Port and Is moving along satisfactorily. MOTORS TO TAKE FREIGHT Soda Cargoes to Be Carried . From Spreckels Project to Rail. BEND,' Or, Aug. 28. (Special.) Three motor trucks to be used in trans porting products from the interior to railroad points have arrived .here and are being made ready for service. Two of the trucks will be used in hauling soda from the Spreckels proj ect at Alkali Lake and the other in connection with the nitrate deposits at WsuBon Tire Rldse, Formal Declaration Against Austria Is Made and Ger many Retaliates. ARMY IN TRANSYLVANIA Russians Concentrating on Prath and Danube for Drive Into Bul gariaGreece Expected to Join In Fortnight. (Continued From rlrt Pace-!- drive into Hungary. Vienna tonight reports "treacherous attacks" In the southeastern and eastern mountain passes of Hungary. Apparently King Qerdinand's commanders Intend to in trencA themselves firmly in the coveted province of Transylvania. The battle in progres has for its prize the eastern Carpathian passes guarding the- approaches to the Hun garian plain from the south. The op posing forces are in contact at Stroth enthurm Pass. 15 miles south of Her raannstadt, former capital of Hungary, and passes south of Kronstadt, one of the most Important cities of the prov ince and only six miles from the Rou manian frontier. Speedy Developments Expected. What preparations Bulgaria has made to offset a Roumanian invasion and a Russian drive through Dobrudja are not known here. It seems a fore gone conclusion that Bulgaria and Rou mania soon will be at war. Then the way will bo open for an attack against the Bulgarian army from the north. London expects a speedy withdrawal of the troops that Invaded Eastern Mace donia to guard the Roumanian border line, both against a possible Rouma nian action and a Russian thrust. ihe Germans and Austrian also are expected to send troops to help protect mis irontier. . The transfer of troops from these sec tors will leave weakened lines both in Galicla and in Macedonia. A renewal of the Russian drive for Lemberg and Kovel and a strong attack by Sarraii's lorces up the Vradar Valley is speedily expected. WAR POWER BALANCE CHANGED London Holds Envelopment of Cen tral Powers Is Complete. LONDON. Aug. 28. All the. London morning papers rive most of their edi torial space to discussion of Roumania's entry into the war. emphasizing its economic, political, and moral, as well as military effects.' With reference to Its mllitarv slrnifl- cance the papers all - assert that It alters the whole balance of roan power in. toe eastern ana southeastern the aters, brings Bulgaria between the upper and nether millstones and offers Russia a route to the heart of the enemy's country, a route whose defense involves a large extension, of the enemy's line and an enormous cart lii his responsibilities. " The Dally News says: It la the envelopment of the central powers which Roumanian success would complete that is the -capital fact of the situation. Economically the Im portance of Roumania s step is the loss to tne (Central powers of the bud piles tney nave been drawing from the big Balkan state." The Express says: "Germany has been receiving cattle. wheat and petroleum from Roumania in great quantities. This supply Is now cut orr wnen the demand is more urgent than ever." Politically the London papers believe Roumania s entry is likely to have its most immediate effect in Greece. strengthening the hands of Venlzelos and the pro-entente partyx The Morn ing rost says: "For. her indecision and weakness Greece is now suffering heavily, but there are signs that under the teach ings of bitter experience the Greek people are coming to their senses. They will be wise to look to it that their repentance does not come too late." The Daily Telegraph says: "Germany awakes after an orgy of hysterical delight over the safe return of a submarine from America to hear that the strongest armed European neutral is ranged against her, ready for instant war at the point of greatest peril to her defensive scheme." TROOPS CLASH XV MOtTNTATN'S Vienna Says Roumanian Attack Was . Made Treacherously. VIENNA, via London. Aug. 28. The first clashes between troops of Rou mania and the Central Powers occurred last night in southeastern and eastern frontier mountain passes of Hungary, says an official statement given out here today. Tne Roumanian attacks are described as "treacherous." Roumanian prisoners were taken. Advance guards came into contact at Rot.henthrum Pass, 15 miles south of Hermannstadtt, Transylvania, and In the passes south of Kronstadt (Brass), the statement adds. Kronstadt and Hermannstadt, to ward which the official communication of Austria indicates Roumanians are advancing, are two of the most im portant cities In Transylvania. They are near the southern border of Hun gary, the first about six miles from the Roumanian frontier and the last about 15 miles from the frontier. Kronstadt Is the most important commercial and manufacturing center of Transylvania. It has a population of 41,000. Hermannstadt has a popu lation of 83,000. Roumanians make up a large part of the population of both cities. NEED OF AIRCRAFT SHOWN War Game Also Demonstrates Xack of Crnisers for Fleet. WASHINGTON, Aug. 28 Comment lng today on the big naval war game played last week. Rear-Admiral Ben son, chief of operations, said the vital lesson demonstrated was the need of aircraft for scouting purposes and also the urgent necessity of adding battle and scout cruisers to the fleet. - Although the aeroplane ship North Carolina participated in the game as a scout, none of her hydroaeroplanes was regarded as safe for use at sea. The Department is still without in formation as to the part played in the game by Rear-Admiral Helm's subma rine flotilla. Admiral Benson declared, however, that when the Department's plans for establishing submarine bases along both coasts, with a fleet of sub marines stationed at each, such i result as the Red fleet under Ad miral Mayor theoretically accomplished would bo Impossible, STORE OPENS DAILY AT 8:30 A. M. ON SATURDAYS 9:00 A. SL ,aTV PACIFIC PHONE MARSHALL 50S0 The ATTEND OUR GREAT LACE SAIilE! Right at the threshold of the Fall sewing season comes this saving sale of all sorts of desirable Laces. It is an opportune time to purchase for both present and future needs. Prudent women will not fail to be here. OTHER 56 yard for Pleated Laces and 10 yard for Net Top Edges regularly sold to 25c 50 yard for 40-inch Printed Chiffons worth $1.25 100 yard for Gold and Silver Laces worth to 25c 750 yd. 27-inch Filet and Silk Flouncings to $1.75 TWO UNDERPRICED OFFERINGS IN THE Lustrous All-Wool Broadcloths shown in all staple and new price saving: Broadcloths in $2.00 Grade at $1.75 JUST RECEIVED A fine lot of 48 and 60-inch all-wool Broadcloths of perfect weave and finish the correct new Fall and Winter colors in a stand ard ?2 quality. To induce early purchasing the price THIS SALE WILL BE $1.75. Beautiful Chiffon Taffeta, Dress Silks In Plain and Changeable Effects at $1.50 Yard An early visit to our popular silk section will disclose a wonderfully complete stock of the new Fall and Winter Silks thoroughly reliable qualities, most moderately priced. Particularly attractive are these beautiful Chiffon Taffeta Dress Silks in plain colors and in changeable effects they are soft in weave, lustrous in finish and unsurpassed in quality at $1.50 a yard, and the range of shades is so ex tensive that all tastes may be suited. Come, profit by an early selection. gSST&K&SSS? Regular stock lines of reliable saving'. Underwear in 50c Grade at 35 Men's Athletic Underwear durable, well made shirts and drawers in regulation styles and in all sizes. Best 50c grade. THIS SALE AT 350. BERLIN TRADE CALM Only "War Babies" React on Roumanian Declaration. FOOD PLANS UNAFFECTED Semi-Offlclal Statement Mad That Good Surplus Will Be Saved From 1916 Crop for Pos sible Shortage In 1917. BERLIN, Aug-. 28. via London. Aug. 29. Roumania's declaration of war against Austria-Hungary was without marked effect on the Bourse today. Some "war babies" like the stocks of arms and ammunitions concerns re acted rather sharply, but most quota tions hardly changed. Semi-official statements today ex pressed the belief that the influence on Germany's food problem would not be considerable. Grain contracts for th 1915 crop already have, been filled largely, and the loss on Imports of the 1916 crop will not be severely felt, in view of Germany's reported excellent home crop. Imports of Roumanian grain of all kinds had. been placed at 1.400,000 tons. German crops are now estimated at 5.000,000 tons above those of 1915, ex cluding the occupied territory. Owing to the doubtful attitude or the Roumanian government, the au thorities in charge of Germany's food supplies completed their plans some time ago for feeding the population the next IS months without the assist ance of Roumania. It even is said that the bread ration sooa will be increased. The authorities are planning an eco nomic policy by which a groodly surplus will be saved from the 1918 crop for a possible shortage in the 1917 crops. Amour other things it has been decided tok use no grain in the making of brandy, and the grain consumption of breweries, has been reduced to below one-half the normal. Notwithstanding the growing indica tions of Roumania's warlike plans. Ger many and Austria had been rn&kins contracts for further imports a.d ex ports. Only three weeks ago Roumania sold to the central powers 2000 carloads of peas and 6000 carloads of brewers barley. On the other hand, the German steel trust had contracted to supply Roumania with 25,000 tons of steel rails. It is probable, however, that no shipments of these rails win be maaa. For soma time it has been remarked that Roumania was trying to delay the conclusion of further grain contracts. RATE INJUNCTION LOST sax kraxcisco chamber fa1xs because: of technicality. Letter to Attomer-Gencral, Enclosing Papers la Cue. ?fot Delivered on Time by Postofflce. SAN FRANCISCO, Aug. 28. The San Francisco Chamber of Commerce and the Union Iron Works here lost their fight in the United States District Court today to forestall inauguration of higher transcontinental freight rates to and from Pacific Coast ports September 1. The court declined to hear their plea for an injunction be cause a letter to the Attorney-General oX Ulq United States encloslos tee Most in Value The Best in Quality You Have Choice From Laces A A. " i . i . r T fit a vast quantity to select iroin, including oo-incn oiwauw uites, 10 uuu ll 27-inch Shadow Flouncinfrs, 12 and 18-inch Net Top Oriental Flounc ings, 6 to 12-inch Silk Flouncinge, 4 to 6-inch Venise and Net Top 86-inch plain and dotted Nets and a great many other desirable laces broken lines, odd pieces, short bolts and surplus lots in qualities reg ularly sold at 50c to 75c a yard all in one great lot and priced at 25 A YARD. EXCEPTIONAL OFFERINGS Nets worth to 20c 250 yard for Gold and Silver Laces worth to 50c 190 yard for Silk Emb. Colored Chiffon worth 50c 50 yd. for Plat. VaL and Shadow Edges worth 10c 150 yard for 1 and 12-in. Shadow Flouncings to 25c 350 dozen for French and German VaL Laces to 60e New Chiffon Broadcloths Broadcloths in $2.50 Grade at $2.25 EXTRA QUALITY 54-inch chamois-finished Chif fon Broadcloths, in black and all wanted colors made of the finest of pure wool yarn and the sea son's most popular fabric for suits and coats. Reg ular $2.50 grade, priced for THIS SALE AT $2.25 In the Men's Section quality underpriced in a manner to bring to you a positive Bathing Suits in $1.00 Grade at 79 Men's Cotton Bathing Suits in navy blue, trimmed in white or red all sizes in well-fitting styles. Best ?1 grade, THIS SALE AT 790. papers in thr case did not reach Wash ington until today, denying the Gov ernment five days' notice. A new suit for an injunction would be filed, immediately, it was announced, and the five-day notice given although the rates will have gone into effect meantime unless, as is hoped, the In terstate Commerce Commission sus pends the order upon which the car riers based the higher rates. The Interstate Commerce Commission last June ordered the railroads to re move discrimination heretofore per mitted on account of the Panama Canal competition between rates to inter mountain territory and Pacific Coast porta, The new rates will -cost California shippers $1,000,000 more a month, ac cording to Chamber of Commerce offi cials, and will become effective Friday unless the Interstate Commerce Com mission sets the date ahead. The Com mission has Just completed hearing a request for making December 13 the date, and has promised a ruling for tomorrow. According to Seth Mann. of the legal department of the Cham ber of Commerce, a favorable decision Is expected. The increases in the freight rates were authorized when the Spokane Merchants' Association and the Nevada Railroad Commission charged that rail roads were charging lower rates to Coast points than to mountain points. The rates to the Coast were lowered when the Panama Canal was opened, but when the Canal was blocked and water competition was eliminated, dis crimination was charged. Chauffeur Accused by Minor. P. C. Wilson, a chauffeur living at S58 East Thirty-fifth street, was ar rested last night by Detective Coleman charged with contributing to the delin quency of a minor. His bail was fixed at J400. which was furnished Lisa. uNk the Standard O&fbrffotar Cars Sold by dealers everywhere and at all Service Stations of the Standard Oil Company (Califoreis) Portland STORE CLOSES DAILY AT 5:30 P. M. ON SATURDAYS 6:00 P. AL HOME PnONE A 2112 Regularly Sold From 50c-75c j ry r ? 1 nl a T - i o j Fall colors at a welcome EPIDEMICS ON WANE .VBW YORK BELIEVES FIW - ALMOST WSCT ... . y- More Cases Dlacbars& From Hospital Tha Aro RnHved First Cmse In Children's Home Reported. NEW YORK. Aug. 23 Health au thorities here, who believe their fight against the epidemio of infactil paralysis is almost won. were en couraged further tonight by tb -announcement that more cases wera lis charged from hospitals today than vera received. Thirty-nine patients were re-, turned to their homes, whereas only 33 were admitted to hospitals. Tho first case to develop in a homo for children since the epidemic began, was reported today in St. Joseph's Home. Staten Island. The child ha4 been in the home since July 5. The State Department of Health has begun a campaign to obtain blood from persons who have had the disease, ivita which to prepare the human serum to be used in the treatment of cases out side of New York City. ALBANY. N. yT" Aug. 28. Indica tions that the epidemic of infantila paralysis was on the wane in the stato were noted by officials of the Stata Department of Health today. Examination of health statistics showed that the epidemic apparently reached its crest the third week ia August and in most of the counties the fourth week in August showed a) decline in the number of new cases. Germany's tot.! steel production In 19V, amounted to IS. 579. 643 metric tor.s. Motor Insurance Being made from Asphalt-base crude, Zero lenc maintains its full lu bricating value ekvays. It insures your motor gainst excessive wear. n