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About Morning Oregonian. (Portland, Or.) 1861-1937 | View Entire Issue (Jan. 1, 1903)
THE MORNING OREGONIAN, THUESDAY, JANUARY 1, 1903. Wlufct Lewis and. Cisvrk did. tACOB ASTOR GY WHOSE ENTERPRISE. AS TORIA WAS FOUNDED IN I8lf THOMAS FOUGHT IN LEWIS -F -I. INN" championed .AMERICAN SLIGHTS OREGON CONGRESSA I-STEVENS FR5T GOVERNOR WASHINGTON COLUTfr BIA LANCAS TER FIRST DELE-, GATE TOCOffi GRESS FROM WASHINGTON COL'M'T-SLMMiONS LED FIRST AMERICAN SETTLERS TO PU6ET SOUND' And they took of the fruit of the land In their hands and brought it down unto us and brought us word again and eald, It Is. a good land which the Lord our God doth give us. ONE HUNDRED years -Kill soon have gone since Lewis and Clark took of the fruit of Oregon. That fruit was scant Indeed so scant that the ex plorers barely could subsist; but In the foresight of these first American pio neers the fruit was rich with promise. The land -was good and Lewis and Clark took back the -word unto their country men. This fruit has grown within a cen tury how much? The contrast from a wilderness bears witness. The exposition to be held at Portland two years hence will show that contrast. It will portray how- many states de scended from the heroism of Lewis and Clark; how Industry and learning and opportunity and hope have opened -with the progress of 100 years. This exposi tion will reveal the -winning of a -territorial empire. It -will signalize a move ment which has brought the Nation to the margin of an ocean where "West and East join forces. It will be a monument to the everlasting fame of Lewis and Clark, and the patriotism of American citizenship. No event Is fraught with more signifi cance In American history than this of Lewis and Clark. From none has come a more important chain of circumstances, The flimsy fable of romance envelled this land before these pioneers arrived. Oregon -was remote from the centers of the world farther than any part of America except perhaps the central -wilds of Alaska- An unknown region stretched "beneath primeval shadows 1000 miles "westward from the headwaters of the aiissouri and nearlv an mual rtisten ! from British explorations in the north I son' vrho ln 1813 17 years later- "wrote to, Spanish discoveries on the south. Be- 05 follows of hIs luckless endeavors: tween the sources and the mouth of "While I resided in Paris,. John Ledyard, of the Missouri the land was almost as a Connecticut, arrived there, -well known In the wlldprnrw nrfm r-ri,vio j united States for energy of body and mind, -wilderness untraced. The .Columbia and He had accompanied Captain Cook on his voy Allssourl flowed as if from darkness, age to the Pacific Ocean, and distinguished The little known of this great area himself on that voyage by his Intrepidity. Be had come from fur traders. Lewis and I ns a "nilng disposition, he was now pant rinrlr -k-ot-p thn fi,cf mnti ' lnfr t0T 60tne new enterprise. His Immediate liark were the first Governmental ex- object at Paris was to engage a mercantile ONE HUNDRED YEARS (1805-1905) (Continued from Fourth Page.) r road to the California line. Citizens of the Willamette Valley responded gladly to his plans. The Legislature of 1S67 offered a subsidy of 5250,000 to the com pany ttiat would build the first 100 miles of road. The Oregon Central Railroad Company organized. . A dispute arose over the policy of construction, the com pany divided into two rival factions, each claiming the name "Oregon Central," and each determined to win the $250,000 subsidy and the voted land grants. Con struction was begun In 1S58 by one fac tion on the east side of the Willamette, and by the other on the west side. Bit ter animosity Taged between the two until Ben Holladay bought up both roads and harmonized them. In 1S72 the east side road reached Eugene. But financial diffi culties developed In 1S76, after the road had got to Roseburg, and Henry Villard assumed management. Villard has an enduring piee ln tho industrial history of Oregon. He removed the Insulation with which Oregon was en cased. Though he ruined himself finan cially, he gave more Impetus than any other man to the prosperity of today. By. nlm, Oregon was brought Intotouch with the East by the Oregon Railway & Navigation Company and the Northern Pacific, and "by extension of the Oregon f California, which was connected ln 1BS7 with the Southern Pacific. All this work made Oregon more com posite, opened Its resources to market and hastened Industrial evolution. As one Im provement engenders others, by setting H-BENTON FOR OREGON CONGRESS rtJOHN FLOYD mix f m la. .... " . FIRST CHAMPIONED OREGON IN CONGRESS plorers of the great West. So successful were they In opening the wilderness that the Government afterward sent out oth er expeditions. Eut Lewis and Clark's achievement stands unpeered In the an nals of the world. The distance that they covered was equal to one-third the circumference of the earth. The wilder ness they traversed was two-thirds the width of the American Continent. Only one member of the company lost his life and the causes of his death were not attributed directly to the journey. In cnltn nf c:iifrHn"- nnA norll fhn lv ' .-. i , - f' A x,t I ers kept journals uncqualed for fidelity. minuteness, comprehensiveness and ac curacy. These journals are a treasury of priceless information for history and science. Their Single PcrKonalltr. No leaders ever developed greater qual ities of vigilance, tact and bravery than did Lewis and Clark. Their discipline was perfect, and their men had unbounded confidence in them. They cared naught for notoriety or ostentation. To them duty and heroism was a matter of course. So closely are the characters of these two associated that they have one personality: they' worked as one and so -will history preserve their memo ries. Picture if you can a land whose water courses led no man knew where; whose mountains lifted up their heads to un known heights; whose wastes had never felt the tread of civilized men; whose present farms and cities were a track less wilderness except as Indians or wild beasts left passing vestiges; whose plains were free and open and whose forests had not once received the ax's stroke: whose only sounds were gurgling and splashing water, or notes of birds or cries of savages or howls of beasts or breathings of forests picture if you can all this and you have a faint Idea of the "great unknown" between the Miss issippi and the Pacific And what eye had pierced the darkness to the Pacific? Jefferson's. He gave the stimulus that resulted In the exploration of the great "West and the winning of Oregon. In April, 1S03, the United States had bought Louisiana. But already Lewis was preparing an expedition under the direction of Presi dent Jefferson. It was to be for the Inno cent yet craftily worded purpose of "ex tending the external commerce of the United States." Jeffernon'ii lionj? Desire. For 20 years Jefferson had desired to send an exploring party to the North west coast of America. Not that he ex pected to establish American claims on the Pacific this idea came to Jiim a long time after but he desired to extend the limits of geographical knowledge. By some authorities he is said to have re ceived his first motive from John Led yard, an American, who had been with Captain Cook off the Oregon coast in 1778. In December, 1783, we find Jefferson writ ing to George Rogers Clark: I find they have subscribed a very large sum of money In England for exploring the country from the Mississippi to California. They pre tend It Is only to promote knowledge. I am afraid they have thoughts of colonizing Into that quarter. Some of us have been talking here In a. feeble way of making the attempt to search that country. But I doubt If we have enough of that kind of spirit to raise the money. How would you like to lead such a party? Though I am afraid our prospect Is not worth asking the question. George Rogers Clark was an illustrious brother of "William Clark. The elder Clark had saved to the United States from England the "Old Northwest." But Jefferson was right. The time was not, yet come -for realization of his wish. Ledyard had become aware of the ex cellent opening on the Pacific for the fur trade. Vainly he endeavored to en gage American capital in the business. Then he ent t0 France and met Jeffer- in motion hitherto latent forces, many activities followed railroads. Water courses opened and these achievements in their turn set up Industrial vibra tions. Since industry received Impetus early REPRESENTATIVES TO CON GRESS FOR OREGON. Samuel R. Thurston, Dcm ..1849-51 Joseph Lane. Dexn 151-JJ'J La Fayette Grover. Dcm ISM Lansing Stout. Dern. 1650-G1 George K. Shlel, Dem 1S61-63 John R. McBrlde, Rep iS63-G5 J. H. D. Henderson, Rep 1SG5-G7 Rufus 'ilallory. Rep 1SC7-03 Joseph S. Smith, Dem 1SG0-71 James II. Slater, Dem 3871-73 . James W. Xesmlth, Dem 1873-75 Lafayette Lane, Dem 1875-77 Richard Williams, Rep 1877-79 John Whlteaker. Dem 1879-81 M. C. George, Rep .........1881-85 Blnger Hermann Rep.. .1885-97 W. R.N Ellin Rep 1893-99 Thomas H. Tongue, Rep ..1897 Malcolm A Moody, Rep 1899-03 J. N. Williamson, Rep 1903 In the '50s It has been moving forward fast. In 1855-6 It suffered a temporary setback from Indian wars, and again In 1S93-6 it languished from . depressing in fluences that hung; over the United States. DR' xJOHN MCLOUGHUi AT WHOSE IMPULSE TMt FIRST GOVERNMENT IN OREGON WAS CREATED N S43 company in the fur trade of the' western coast of America. In which, however,, he failed. 1 then proposed to him to go by land to Kamt schatka. cross Income of the Russian vessels to Nootka Sound, fall down Into the latitude of the Missouri and penetrate to and through that to the United States. He earerly rclzed the Idea, nnd only asked to be assured of the permission of the Russian government. . . . Her (the Empress') per mission was obtained, and an assurance of pro tection while the course of the voyaze should be throt'ch her territories. His finances not permitting him to make unnecessary stay at St. Petersburg, he left it with a passport from one of the Ministers; and at 200 miles from one - " Kamtchatka was obliged to take up his Winter quarters. He was preparing in the Spring to resume his journey, .when he was arrested by an officer of the Empress, who by this time had chanzed her mind and forbidden his pro ceeding. He was put Into a closed carriage and conveyed, day and night wllthout stopping, till they reached Poland, when he was set down and left to himself. . . . Thus failed the first attempt to explore the western part of our northern continent. . This scheme was a most foolhardy one though offered by so large a mind as Jefferson's. One man could not possibly have made his way alone across the continent. Only a few years later Jew ett and Thompson were enslaved by Nootka Indians. When Jefferson returned to America in 17S9 his cherished hope came with Nhlm. Three years later at his suggestion a fund was raised by the American Philo sophical Society to send on explorer to the Pacific. Merriwether Lewis was eag er to make the Journey and was favored by Jefferson, but the society engaged Andre Mlchaux, a French botanist. Michaux, however, was suspected to be a French spy and Jefferson is said to have secured his recall by the French authorities. Jcnlonsy of Spnln. Spain regarded the young Republic forging westerward with jealousy if not alarm. The time was fast approaching when that bigoted monarchy was to lose its possessions In the New "World. It sought by every possible means to re tard the progress of the vigorous Re public to the 'Mississippi frontier. But now, as the eighteenth century closed, thfe young Government was so firmly es tablished that there seemed no probabil ity of Its failure. For nearly a century the three Euro pean monarchies had engaged ln fierce competition over America. The schemes of France had been daring and far-reaching and had excited the enmity of the other nations. Clearly a great struggle was impending. The crisis came. Franco ceded Canada and the territory east of the Mississippi to England and the terri tory west of that river to Spain. The sacrifice was a cruel one to French am bition. The realization of that' ambi tion would have made France the Queen of the New "World. She had intended to colonize the valleys of the St, Law rence and Mississippi and to connect the two regions by a line of forts between the headwaters of the streams. Sho aimed to confine the British to the At lantic slope and the Spanish to the South west. But the dream had been too mag nificent to be realized. Marquette and Joliet in 1573 had floated down the Mississippi Rirer to the Gulf. La Salle, In 1682, had teken formal pos session of the Mississippi at the mouth of the stream, in the nan;? of ii King of France. Up to this time he had ex plored nearly the entire length of the river and to him first had come the conception of a mighty French Empire. A settlement was established on the Bay of Blloxl In 1G99. and at New Orleans, 22 years later. As yet American territory-had not been of great weight In European councils; "but It was destined to be so ln a few years more. Collision between the ex panding colonist frontiers of the three nations was plainly on the way. In the vicissitudes of European politics France and Spain were frequently to gether; yet each regarded the colonial aims of the other with distrust Both advanced their military forces Into the Interior. The French built posts at New Orleans and. on the Red and Arkansas Rivers. Meanwhile the British colonies were growing rapidly on the Atlantic sea board. The contrast exhibited by them from the languishing colonies of Spain Iri the past decade, the Oregon country achieved more In manufacturing than In all the years before- that time. The economic history of Oregon is one of harmony between the factors of prog ress. Capital and labor have worked to gether in peace. Between the two exists perhaps more good will than anywhere In the United States. Many of the pos sessors of capital began poor. No such gap exists as in old communities of the East, between great wealth and severe poverty. There are no extremely wealthy men ln Oregon,, neither are "there any pinched with penury. The products of the land are well distributed. The First Newspaper. Evidence enough that the pioneers had. brought their democratic habits to. Ore gon was the publication of the Spectator, the first newspaper on, the Pacific Coast. The newspaper is a$ inseparably linked with American life as Is the school or church. The first printing press had come to Oregon ln 1839 and had been set up at Lapwal, where It was used In mission work. The Western Star at MI1 waukle and The Oregonlan at Portland followed in 1S50. Several months later the Oregon Statesman appeared at Oregon City. In the pages of these Journals is de tailed tho Industrial, history of Oregon. In their pages is reflected the intellec tual vigor of the pioneers, their common impulses, their common Interests. Tha public mind attained a common, under standing ln the public print. Communi ties were thereby unified. The bonds of ' "FATHER OF OREGON ft h CAPT-ROBERT GRAY mC- M nfvinv ESHKJSSUS CAPT-ROBERT GRAY DSCOVERED COLUMBIA RIVER IN 1792 and France was a striking example of the warped governmental policies of those two countries. The expanding English colonies collided with the French in the Valley of the Ohio. "War resulted in which the French were expelled from the continent. Later the United States came into existence and succeeded to English rights east of the Mississippi. Then in 1S0O France acquired Louisiana west of that river. Pnrchnse of Louisiana. Such was the status of politics when Jefferson was nursing schemes to explore to the Pacific Then came a momentous event the purchase of Louisiana from Napoleon by the United States. The alarm over the acquisition of the terri tory by France from Spain now turned to joy. Preparations for the expedition were under way even before this. In Jan uary, 1S03, three months before the pur chase of Louisiana, Jefferson had recom mended In a confidential message to Con- THE INDIAN'S LAMENT. Speech of a Nez Perces Brave at St. Louis, 1833. I came with an eye partly open for my people who sit In darkness. I go back with both eyes closed. How can I go back blind to my blind people? I made my way to you with strong arms through many enemies. ... I go back with both arms broken and empty. . , . My people- sent me to get the white man's Book of Heaven. You took me where you allow your white women to dance as we do not ours, nnd the Book was not there. You took me to where they worship the Great Spirit with candles, and the Book was not there. You showed me the Images of the good spirits and the picture of the good land beyond, but the Book was not among them to tell us the way.. I am going back the oas and sad trail to my people ln the dark land. You make my feet heavy with gifts and my moccasins will grow old carrying them, yel the Book Is not among them. ... My people will die' ln darkness and they will go a long path to other hunting grounds. Vo white man will go with them, and no white man's Book to make the way plain. I have no more words. gress that a party of explorers be sent and that $2500 be appropriated for their uses. The occasion of the message was the necessity of renewing the law for Government trading posts among North west Indians. But the real purpose of the expedition was to gain geographical knowledge and trade for Americans among the tribes of the Missouri. "Our Nation seems to owe it to its own Inter ests to explore this, the only lino of com munication across the continent," said Jefferson to Congress. The alms of the Government were not as yet political only commercial and "literary." Exploration of Oregon, conT sequent on Gray's discovery of the Co lumbia, did not yet have political sig nificance. But the expedition started a sequence of events whose automatic se quel was the acquisition of Oregon. One of these was the Astor expedition; an other the Florida treaty of 1819, whereby the United States succeeded to Span ish rights on the Pacific; another, the advent of American missionaries, and finally the coming of American frontiers men. That Jefferson's purpose was not politi cal is indicated by his Instructions to Lewis and Clark: The object of your mission Is to explore the Missouri River, and such principal streams of It as by Its course and communication with the waters of the Pacific Ocean may offer the most direct and practicable water communica tion across the continent for theN purposes of commerce. In order to get more "familiarity with the technical language of the natural sciences and readiness In the astronomi cal observations necessary for the geog- IN THE MOMENTOUS social duty were strengthened; social benefits and social happiness were brought consciously to view. Tho print ing press was thus an agent of , cohe sion ln the social body. The pioneers were not so much re- JEFFERSONS PROPHECY. Extract From a Letter Vritten by . Thomas Jefferson to John Jacob Astor in 1813. I learn with great pleasure the prog ress you have made towards an estab lishment' on the Columbia River. I view It as the germ of a great free and Independent empire on that side of our continent, and that liberty and self government spreading from that, as well as this side, will Insure their complete establishment over the whole. It must be still more gratifying to yourself to foresee that your name will be handed down with that of Columbus and Ral eigh as the father of the establishment and founder of such an empire. ligious as they were moral. They did ndt harmonize with missionaries, yet the moral tone of the community admlttedlv was Improved by these zealous people. I, industries and Institutions were rooted In a wholesome element, the character of the pioneers. These men brought to Ore gon tha safeguards of tho communities HL- J PROWIONAL GOVERAtOR Xh , A . :4 feffi W;A FIRST i raphy of his route" Lewis' "placed him self under the tutorage of distinguished professors," wrote Jefferson In a bio graphical sketch of the explorer ln 1S13. "Deeming it necessary that he should have some person with him of known competence to tho direction of the en terprise, In the event of accident to him self, he. proposed "William Clark, who was approved." Lewis was nominally In command of the expedition, but he always, treated Clark as his equal, and the question of authority never was raised between the tactful captains. Jefferson's Instructions to the explorers charged them in part as follows: You will take observations of latitude and longitude at all remarkable points. The va riations of the needle, too, should be noticed. The Interesting points of tho portage between .the heads of the Missouri and of the water ofTerlng the best communication with the Pa cific Ocean should be fixed by observation. Your observations arc to be taken with great pains and accuracy. The explorera were to make them selves familiar with the names of the Indians and their numbers; the extent and limits of their possessions: their language, traditions and monuments: their occupations, diseases and moral and physical circumstances. The explorers were to study, also, the soil and face of the country, fauna, flora, mineral pro ductions and climate. All these duties were performed with painstaking fidelity. Lewis and Clark were not learned men in the sense of letters; but their studies of Nature by observation have probably never been surpassed. . Their knowledge came first hand from Nature, and books were ac cessories. And who were Lewis and Clark? Career of Lewi nnd CInrlr. They camo from noted families of Vir ginia, families in whose veins flowed tho best vigor of American manhood; the tense spirit of American purpose; the love of American freedom; and the fear less, mettlesome reliance of American empire-builders. From their cradles they were nerved to deeds of patriotism. When the echo of the battle of Lexing ton reached Charlottesville, the birth place of the explorers, Lewis was eight months old, arid Clark had seen nearly five Summers. Both grew to men of ac tion. Lewis is thus eulogized by Jeffer son: Of courase undaunted; possessing a firmness and perseverance of purpose which nothing but Impossibilities could divert from Its di rection; careful as a father of those committed to his charge, yet steady In the maintenance of order and discipline: honest, disinterested, liberal, of sound understanding and a fidelity to truth so scrupulous that whatever he should report would be as certain as If seen by our selves 1 could have no hesitation ln confiding the enterprise to him. Meriwether Lewis was born August IS, 1774, near the town of Charlottesville, In the Coun ty of Albemarle, ln Virginia, of one of the distinguished families of that state. Meri wether continued some years under the foster ing care of a tender mother, of the respectable family of Merlwethers, of the same county, and was remarkable, even ln Infancy, for en terprise, boldness and discretion. When only 8 years of age he habitually went out in the dead of night alone with his dogs. Into the forest to hunt the raccoon and opos sum, which, seeking their food ln the night, can then only be taken. In this season, no ovent or circumstance could obstruct .his pur poseplunging through the Winter's snows and frozen streams In pursuit of his object. Lewis was put In a Latin school at the age of 13, and five years later re turned to his mother and entered upon farm life. But he had a passion for more dazzling pursuits and at the ago of 20 volunteered In the service of Wash ington, by whom the "whisky rebellion" of 1734 was put down. At 23 years ho was appointed a captain. Four years later he became private secretary to President Jefferson, who thereby had full opportunity to study his worth. When tie returned from the Pacific in 1S06 he was mado Governor of Missouri Territory. The end of Lewis' life Is envelled ln sad mystery. . He was reported to have killed himself in a fit of despondency, but later Investigations, have revealed that he was very probably murdered. The place was in Tennessee, in what is now called Lewis County. The early death of Lewis has left us without further estimate of his character they had left . And If statistics of to day show growing criminality, the blem ish Is not within the core of Oregon life. American Protestant missionaries ln 1S34 found . good conduct a ruling motive under' British regime. Immorality was punished in whites and savages. Indians were not debauched until Americans came. Catholic missionaries in the serv ice of the British followed after the American. Unseemly competition arose between the two classes of workers, which weakened the influence of tho Protestant missionaries over the. Indians and precipitated the Whitman massacre a'nd other tragedies. However, the ob ject of each sect was the moral better ment of the country. As they could not elevate the Indian they soon turned their energies to the Improvement of the white population. The first public religious services held In Oregon were at St. Paul In 183S. A Catholic church had been erected there In 1S3S. A similar church was built at Champoeg in 1S39. Methodists built a church at Oregon City in 1842 and Con gregationallsts. In 1S44. Conflicts arose between various sects of the population. But - these were but manifestations of social activity. As communities grew, interest of Increased and . centripetal forces strengthened. Schools are-potent forces of Industrial progress. The sons and daughters of pioneers -received stimulus to deeds, of usefulness from Institutions of learning that grew spontaneously on Oregon soli. The earliest school was the "Oregon Insti- JOSEPH LANE TERRITORIAL GOVERNOR OF OREGON than given by Jefferson and revealed In his short work. But Clark's charac ter stands out in bold relief in the his tory of the Great "West for 30 years af ter. In that time he confirmed the gen ius of his earlier work by becoming the greatest factor. In the civilization of the Great "West. The transcendent achieve ments of the Journey to the Pacific are due equally to Lewis and Clark. The personalities of the two are so entwined that they are as one. The individual work of each has added to the fame of both. William Clark was chasing butterflies and baking mud cakes ln the sun when Lewis came Into the . world. William was then 4 years old, having been born August 1, 1770. His father was John Clark, of a family in whom the pioneer ing spirit was strong. William first looked upon the world in Caroline County, not far from Charlottesville. When he was 14 years old his parents moved to the place now known as Louisville, Ky. Amid the severe conditions of pioneer life William received his learning chiefly in the school of life. Here he was founded In two great qualities hardihood of body and fortitude of mind. Experi ence was his teacher and It built up a character of firmness and self-reliance that knew no obstacles. Until his death in 1S3S, Clark was en gaged in Governmental work In the "Great West." Far and wide he was known to the Indians as the "Red Head" and as the "Great Chief." Indians and whites had Implicit faith In his fairness in all dealings. "Probably no officer of the Government," says Dr. Coues, "ever made his personal Influence more , widely and deeply felt. Thousands of Indians had made his personal acquaintance when he traveled among them; and ln later yeaVs there could have been few who did not regard his signature as "medicine of the most salutary sort." The Journey "o Oregon. Space Is not sufficient here to follow details of the journey across the conti nent. The distance traversed was SOOO miles and the time devoted to traveling was nearly "20 months. On May 14, 1S04, the explorers started up' the Aiissouri. Early in November they went Into Win ter quarters among the Mandan Indians in North Dakota. In the following April they continued their journey. The party that reached the Pacific numbered 33 men. Three episodes stand out prominently In the records of the expedition. One was the sighting of the Rocky Moun tains May 26, 1S03, "the object of all our hopes and the reward of all our ambi tion;" another was the discovery of the first watera of the Pacific, August 12, 1S05, and the third was the first view of the- Pacific, November S, "the great Pacific Ocean which we have been .so long anxious to seel Oh, the joy!" The route was up the Missouri and Jef ferson Rivers to their source, where one of the party thanked God he had lived to bestride the Missouri. Thence to Lem hi River, a tributary of Salmon River, which flows into the Snake; down the Lemhi and northward to Bitter Root River; down this stream to Lo Lo Fork; through Lo Lo Pass westward to the Clearwater and down the Clearwater, Snake and Columbia Rivers to the ocean. The return followed closely the same route back to the Bitter Root River, where the party divided. Clark pursued that stream to Its source and thence to the three forks of the Missouri. Up the Gallatin River he proceeded to the Yel lowstone, down which he floated to the Missouri, where ho rejoined Lewis. The other party had followed Bitter Root River northward to Hellgafe River, and thence eastward to tho Great Falls of the Missouri, by Big Blackfoot River, and Lewi3 and Clark Pass. This latter geographical feat of the ex plorers was probably the greatest ever achieved. It proceeded" from the mind of Captain Clark. These streams had never been explored. No man knew the direction of their waters. But the. In- stinct of Lewis and Clark led them where knowledge could not, and led them right ly. This achievement stands as the transcendent triumph of tho geographical genius of American pioneers. When the explorers emerged from the HISTORY OF tute," the germ of Willamette Univer sity. Another was Tualatin Academy, out of which has grown Pacific Unlver- I slty. These and other schools .have helped to mold the character of Oregon. Old Oregon Ix Pnsnlnpr. Early conditions produced customs, ' t ;; SENATORS FROM OREGON. ; Delazon Smith, Dem .......1859 " Joseph Lane, Dem 1859-01 " ' Edward D. Baker, Rep- 1801 ' Benjamin Stark. Dem 1SG1-62 ,, 1 ' .Benjamin F. Harding. Dem 1862-05 " James W. Nesmlth. Dem 1861-67 " George H. Williams, Rep 1805-71 i ' Henry W. Corbett, Rep 1867-73 " James K. Kelly. Dem 1871-77 " John H. Mitchell, Rep 1873-97 ' La Fayette Grover, Dem 1870-S3 ' .i James H. Slater, Dem, 1879-83' ,, " Joseph X. Dolph, Rep., 1883-05 " George W. McBrlde, Rep 1S03-O1 ' , Joseph Simon, Rep 1899 n John. H. Mitchell. Rep 1901 II guided industries, of a character that was unique. Oregon therefore had an in dividuality all Its own. Circumstances of settlement and isolation Interacted to increase the contrast. This peculiarity had good and bad effects. Strong tralta of character grew, but so, too, did -provincialism. Citizenship was of a high degree of rectitude yet pioneers gener MATTL PRF-.IDPfJT rF OREGON CONSTITUTIONAL CONVEN TION SAMUEL R'THURSTON .FIRST DELEGATED JO CONGRESS OREGON ROBERT NEWELL BROUGHT . WAGON' OVERLAND TO OREGON 4 Jllnn V xIOHN JJLL FIRST SCHOOL TEACHER ON THE PACIFIC COAST wilderness in which' they they were be lieved to have perished, the nation re ceived them with delight. Says Jeffer son: Never did a similar event excite more joy through the United States. The humblest of Its citizens have taken a lively Interest ln tha Issue of this Journey, and looked with Impa tience for the Information It would fupirsh. Nothing- short of tho official journals of this extraordinary and interesting Journey will ex hibit the Importance of the service the cour age, devotion, zeal and perseverance under cir cumstances calculated to discourage, which, animated thi3 little band of heroes, throughout tne long, dangerous and tedious travel. Such Is a brief outline of this momen tous expedition. Now, as to consequences of the achievement of Lewis and Clark. Will "Old Oregon" join in spirit and In zeal to honor the memory of these ex plorers? Will Old Oregon unlto to show how many fold its value has increased since It was brought to light? Will Old! Oregon combine to teacfi the world the fame of these two men, which grows as unremittingly as Oregon opens up Its treasures? Lewi nnd Clnrlc Exposition. "Yes," comes back the answer. "Yes," says Washington and Idaho and Oregon, the mother of them both. "Yes," say other states- which did not feel the tread of these explorers but the electric thrill. "Let Oregon the New lead on,' say all, "and we will follow." Whero Initiative belongs is therefore clear. Portland has responded and the state will soon reply. Then other states and finally the Nation will make answer. In 1905 a monument will be built within the bounds of Portland beside "Multno mah's" banks," the river which, except for savages, Captain Clark was first to see. This ttnonument will be the first Centennial Exposition to commemorate the deeds of the two captains and the progress of a century. And what will It portray? Products of soll"ar.d mine and factory will be shown as emblems of the new found wealth. But these will not bo all. The people will display their resources of science and of art. Learning and In vention will be called upon to do their part toward bringing more of wealth from nature's richness. Industry and commerce will receive new opportunities and Occident and Orient will bring their goods unto these portals of a wider trade. Patriotism will be fired in the young and old anew. And the Nation will be made to feel the meaning of the West ward trend. OREGON ally were not plastic to the outside forces! of opinion and action. Oregon now has commerce with tho world, of commodities and Ideas. Its progress hence Is rapid. From inter course at home, life expands to in tercourse abroad. Tho attendant action and reaction are producing new activi ties and evolving character changes. Cu mulative forces are engendered which lift to moral elevation and stimulate tho growth of Intellect. Social agitation Is the life of a community, for motion is liberty Itself, and industry and science. The century begun has opened. Oregon wide unto the world. New particles are gathering round the core of pioneer life. The heart Is almost hidden now, but it Is there, and so 'it will remain yet grow ing smaller in the ratio of the mass. Old Oregon and new is bound unto tho fu ture and must follow in the lead of time. Its aspect will transform again and yet again and many times to front the hour. Life will change its phases from the days that are unto the days that come. Just as It has from the days that were. Ore gon and the world have merged their currents and' together flow to common destiny. The West no longer is tlie West nor East the East, but both are one. Our land has come" to be no broader than a flash of time. Its faces look upon ' two oceans and their outward glances meet. According to the returns of the asses sors, the value of all tho property in- Ore gon has Increased 8 per cent ln the last; 12 months.