Morning Oregonian., January 27, 1902, Page 9, Image 9

THE MOENING OBEGONIAN, MONDAY, JANUARY 27, 1902.
LEASING PUBLIC RANGES
BILLS 'BEPORJS THE LAX D COMMIT
TEE OF THE HOUSE.
Features of the Borrcrsock Measure
Approved Ty the National Live-
Kteck Association.
"WASHINGTON, Jan. 22. It is expected
that the public lands committee of the
House will soon take up for considera
tion the several bills providing for leas
ing the public ranges of the several
"Western States. The two most prominent
bills now before the committee are the
Stephens bill, conveying the Texas Idea
of what a leasing law should be, and the
Bowersock bill, which ia s,ald to have
been drawn and approved by the National
livestock Association, inasmuch as the
committee declined, during the last Con
gress, to consider the former measure,
it Is expected that Interest will center
around the second proposition.
Briefly stated, the Bowersock bill pro
Tides that all vacant public lands west
of the 100th meridian shall be leased for
Btockgrazlng purposes, subject to the
right of homestead and mineral entry.
Leases shall be made at the rate of two
cents per acre per anmxm, payable in ad
vance, and preference for such leases
shall be given to owners of cultivated
agricultural land for leasable lands abut
ting upon their freeholds. In prbportlon
of 10 acres of leasehold to one of
freehold. A like proportion of 10
to 1 shall be given to stockgrow
ers who are also freeholders, but this
preference shall apply only to lands with
in the counties In which their stock hab
itually range. If In ths case of either of
these preferences there shall not be suffi
cient leasable lands in the county to give
each person the maximum proportion of
10 to 1, then the lands shall be prorated
between the persons entitled to such pref
erence. The bill grants a further prefer
ence to lands not leased under the above
conditions to stockgrowers who were In
actual use and occupancy of the lands
during the past calendar year, to be leased
by them In proportion to respective in
terests in and use thereof. Holders of
state lands, under lease, shall be beneficia
ries of the preference given to stock
growers who are also freeholders, pro
vided their leaseholds do not cover more
than 640 acres In one body. "Freehold rights
are not to apply to townslte property,
nor to any lands deriving title from Span
ish or Mexican grants.
Leases under the Bowersock bill are to
run for 10 years, with the privilege of re
newal. The revenue derived from these
leases, after deducting the expense of
administering the law, shall be used as
a reclamation fund In providing such wa
ter storage and Irrigation works in the
arid and semi-arid regions as are neces
sary for preparing the public arid and
semi-arid lands for settlement under the
homestead act. The Secretary of the In
terior Is empowered to cancel leases
when holders become ineligible.
There are indications that there will be
a prolonged fight on this bill, and the
chances are decidedly against any action
in its favor. "While the departments are
more or less In favor of a leasing system,
there Is a general sentiment among "West
ern settlers and small stock-ownero
against the system, and, in the face of
this opposition, members are not anxious
to legislate, even though they believe
such legislation is for the best Interests
of all concerned. The omall owners fear
that under a leasing system the large
stock companies will be able to gain con
trol of the ranges, and thus crowd them
out. Those members who favor a leas
ing system assert very positively that any
bill to meet their approval must properly
safeguard the small owners and settlers,
and undoubtedly any bill they vote for
would contain such a provision. Never
theless, the land laws have been circum
vented so maliy times in the past that
there Is some ground for the fear on the
part of the settlers.
ROOSEVELT THE MAN.
Our New .President Painted for the
Britons by the Thunderer.
The London Times Is determined that,
bo far a& It can do It, President Roose
velt shall be set out clearly .In as lifelike
a manner as Is possible, so that all Brit
ons shall know, and knowing, understand
hm. The Times has done this by means
of elaborate studies of the President, the
last article of the series appearing on
Christmas day and covering nearly three
columns of space in the paper.
This article Is devoted to Roosevelt the
man, for, as the writer observes at the
beginning of his article, "If there be any
body In the United States alive, entirely
and thoroughly alive, entirely a man, it
is this same Theodore Roosevelt. And
when you ahk what kind of a President
he is, or will be, the answer does really
depend on the answer to this other ques
tion: "What manner of man is he? A
complete answer, even if it could be
made complete, would carry us too far,
but it may be possible to give a glimpse
or two of this Interesting personality. He
Is Interesting from many points of view.
Probably 1 shall not be going too far If 1
say that he is the most popular personage
in the United States, and Is regarded by
a majority of the Americans as the most
representative of Americans. Some details
of his career on which I touched In a for
mer letter may account for that partly,
but the very, incidents, which attracted
this kind of a'dmiratlon are only so
many expressions of the character of the
man. So essentially is he a man of action
that, instead of attempting a character
sketch, I will offer you other incidents,
from which the reader may draw his own
inferences and conclusions.
"The President has a vivid conception
of that simplicity of life in a republic
which prevailed far more generally m the
early days of the Republic than it does
now. It is part of his democracy. Yet,
If there bo such a thing as an aristoc
racy of birth here In the United States,
the President belongs to it. The Roose
velts arc an ancient family and of high
position, socially and otherwise. Their
most distinguished son is not unaware or
it, but it has never affected his views or
his relations to the community and to
Afcbllc life. He is a little Impatient, per
haps, of ceremony, and even of the con
ventional. "While he was Governor of
.the State of New York he showed him
self little regardful of such matters, ex
cept at moments when ceremonial was
obligatory."
The correspondent points out that the
methods of the Governor are the meth
ods of the President of today. "With, as
lie puts it, "a little more, necessarily, ot
. state and ceremony and punctilio. The
President cannot be quite so easily acces
sible to 75,000,000 people as was the Gov
ernor to 7,000,000. But now, as then, his
Idea -is that public office is a public trust.
"What else could; it be. do you ask? Don't
ask mo; ask the politicians and bosses;
they won't hesitate to tell you what they
think it. He is the servant of the peo
ple, which does not prevent him from be
4ng master of his business and a mas
terful President altogether. But he has
eald of himself, quite truly, that he is a
"born democrat- Whatever he may be by
birth or in private life, he is in public
JIfe one of the people, and his mind runs
on a level with theirs. His knowledge of
what all these millions want and need Is
0. sympathetic knowledge. 'I am a nat
ural democrat' there Is a profession ot
political raith in few words, pregnant
with meaning.
"I spoke of the President as a man ot
action, and he is that; but there is no
'deriving that he is also a man of words,
and sometimes of a good many words.
Some of his acts have been books. He
has always been writing, and a London
review published this month an article
from" his pen, though it was, in fact,
written by him before he became Presi
dent, pf late .years ,he -has written much
In American magazines. Essentially mod
ern In thought and In his way of looking
at life, he haB never parted company with
the past nor lost his interest in history,
of which. In his own way, he Is a student.
An English writer of distinction who was
here not long ago will not have forgotten
the discourse he heard from the "Vice
President after dinner the night before
the inauguration on episodes of early
Macedonia, and events with which the
names of Antlpater and Anaxagoras are
connected. In his written, as In his spok
en sentences, the llfeblood of the man
runs and flows. Into them, as into his
gestures, he puts a world of nervous en
ergy, of which he .perhaps expends more
than he need. I thougnt as i listened on
Sunday he had learned to husband his
resources a little. The Presidency makes
enormous demands, and soon leaves its
mark on its holder. There are new lines
in his face, as there are new ideas in his
mind. If" the force of conviction be not
less, as It certainly Is not, he takes for
granted a more receptive mood In his au
ditor. "Three times in his career he has found
the work of office a tax even upon his
strength, as Police Commissioner of New
York, City, as Governor of the State or
New York, and now as President. Per
haps the early months, when he has bo
much to learn, are the hardest, but he
never spares himself. It Is not In him
to half do a thing. Sometimes you al
most wish he could. There Is a danger
In this exuberant use ot a personal force.
There have been times when It threw
doubt on his capacity for moderation and
middle courses. As Governor of the
State of New York he was the one man
among her 7,000,000 of citizens who was
under the most stringent civic obligations
not to write the letter he wrote and pub
lished against the first Hay-Paunccfote
treaty. All that class of questions was
withdrawn from his Jurisdiction or com
petence as Governor. They belong to the
Federal Government and to that only.
Any other citizen might freely express
his view's. For him silence was a dutjv
But when the missionary spirit Is upon
him silence becomes Impossible to hlni.
A friend whose position entitled him to
speak wrote: 'Is there no question, The
odore, upon which we may be allowed to
decide without your intervention?'
"If at times his Americanism seemed
to pass by Imperceptible shades into jin
goism, there was, I am sure, a physical
reason for- It. The energy of the heart
was excessive, and this may be taken In
either a muscular or spiritual sense at the
will -of the reader. The school to which
he then belonged has had an Immense In
fluence on the fortunes of the Republic
It has transformed what was, down to
three years ago, an established political
system. It may be for the better. It
may be for the worse. That Is for the
hereafter. Among the Influences which
brought on this revolution for It is noth
ing less Mr. Roosevelt's must be ranked
high. His friend Senator Lodge has been
supposed to influence him. I once sup
posed so, now I doubt. Between them
they have set up a new Monroe Doc
trine, but it is not clear which is the
chief architect. It was supposed also
that Senator Lodge might become, In the
new Administration, a power behind the
throne something between a Warwick
and a Hanna. That also seems unlikely.
Mr. Lodge Is scarce suited to the role;
his great abilities and industries are for
other uses. And this Is a case where
the real power seems likely to be, not
behind, but on the throne. An intimate
friend of the President said to me that,
while he took counsel with many and lis
tened to all, there was but one person to
whose Judgment he really deferred, and
that one person Is Mrs. Roosevelt. That
also is a trait of pure Americanism; per
haps nowhere else does the husband's
loyalty to the wife Include so much.
"A many-sided, much-enduring, much
enjoying kind of a man. Like Ulysses,
he has known men and cities. The coun
try he has now to govern he knows as
few know It. Few Americans have eeen
so much of eo many of the flve-and-forty
states of the great Republic Eastern
by birth and training, he Is Western by
Instinct and by much experience of West
ern life. . . .
"Believing himself, as I said, a demo
crat of democrats, he has the Intuitive
habit of command, and what does that
rest on, if not on a Just sense of su
periority to the commanded. Ask the
police of New York whether they were
ever disciplined by a firmer hand than
Roosevelt's. Ask the Navy whether any
civilian Secretary ever was more evi
dently born to the quarterdeck. Ask the
Legislature of New York State what Gov
ernor ever imposed his will more relent
lessly on the elected representatives of
the people. Ask his regiment of Rough
Riders and they were rough what kind
of discipline ruled that unruly regiment,
and by what stern methods It was en
forced. Ask his friends and political as
sociates whether they have found him a
man easily turned from his purpose or
ever reluctant to assert his own will.
Search the records of the Civil Service,
of which he was commissioner for six
years, for evidence of any feebleness of
purpose in carrying out the measures of
reform which the politicians of both par
ties most fervently detested.
"Chief servant of the Republic, yes;
but Chief Magistrate also, and penetrat
ed to the core with the conviction that
the business of a Government is to gov
ern. In these days, when so many flabby
conceptions of authority prevail, we may
be thankful for a ruler who has a back
bone. It were better to be governed badly
than weakly, and the worst government
is surely better than- none. But now
comes a man who will rule strongly, and
we all now think wisely. If it be true,
as de Tocquevllle long since warned us,
that there Is no tyranny like the tyranny
of a democracy, it is surely better that
this spirit of dominance he concentrated
and incarnated in the Individual we have
chosen to bear sway over us. He has to
do the thinking of 75,000,000 of people, too
much absorbed In the vast enterprises of
a revolutionary civilization to think for
themselves in matters of detail. Now
there never has been a time in RooBe
"velfs life when he had not the true
apostolic Impulse to preach the Gospel
to all mankind. His books, his speeches,
all his writings and sayings are full of
It. He has thought himself Into his be
liefs, and he announces them in the tone
which goes far to make them the beliefs
of ottter people. The Presidency gives
him an unequaled opportunity of stereo
typing them into law."
Something- the Matter With, Phone.
Louisville Courier-Journal.
She tripped Into the corner drug store
with the grace that Is. distinctly Kentuck
ian. The north winds that swept out
Fourth avenue from the chill surface of
the Ohio left their Impress on her cheeks,
a rich red that told full well she was not
on a rouge errand. The raglan she wore
was not ultra enough to disguise a form,
as bewitching? as her face.
She approached the clerk at the foun
tain, and in a voice that made even the
grum proprietor look up In admiration,
sweetly said:
"May I use your phone?"
"Certainly," was the reply.
The man who serves hot chocolates
spoke as if charmed. Ho would have
given her the store for the asking.
With a pretty nod of the head that made
the dark-brown pompadour fall lower on
tho left of her fair brow, she shot a glance
from a pair ot lustrous eyes that could
mean whatever the clerk might wish, and,
stepping over to the showcase, picked- up
the receiver.
There was a flash of Jlght as the Instru
ment went to her dainty car, and a wealth
of brown hair was barely saved an uncom
fortable singeing. She had tried to use
the new nlcked-plated cigar-lighter before
the enchanted fellow at the fountain could
tell her the telephone was at the rear of
the store.
A blush that drove away every vestige
of color made by the wind spread quickly
over the girl's face, but she was game,
and walked back to the real phone. She
didn't tell the person she called, howevsr,
of her narrow escape from reducing her
tresses to ashes.
TELEPHONES ON TRAINS
DEVICE HAS ALREADY BEE3 FCT
INTO SUCCESSFUL OPERATION.
One of the Latent Innovations in the
Equipping- of Trains "With
Telephonic Apparatus.
Even a railway trip will not separate
the Twentieth century business man from
his office. At ease In his flying Pullman,
he will be able to direct his subordinates
as effectually as if he sat at his desk,
says the Philadelphia North American.
A new development of that marvel of
modern marvels the telephone will make
this possible It is now being adapted to
the use of railway cars, so that whether
moving or standing, the train will at all
times be within call of the ret of the
world.
This welcome Innovation Is due to the
Duke of Cornwall and York, who recently
passed through Canada. Anxious to pro
vide the royal train with every conveni
ence, the officials of the Canadian Pacific
Railroad installed a telephone service
from car to car, so that the Duke or
Duchess could spcak to any member of
the suite while the train was moving,
without the necessity of calling the re
tainer from another car.
The same Idea was utilized with success
during the recent tour of the officials of
the Pennsylvania Railroad over the sys
tem of that company: telephone wires
were run from the directors' car to that
occupied by the president, Mr. Cassatt,
enabling the members of the party to
communicate with each other as easily
as though in their offices at the central
station.
Improving still further on this Idea,
the enterprising officials of the Chicago &
Northwestorn Railroad have placed tele
phones on their best trains, so arranging
them that when the train arrived at a
large station It would be possible to con
nect the train with any telephone In that
particular city, or for that mitter with
the entire continent.
Such a vast Improvement In oral long
distance communication opens a field of
possibilities almost as large as that
which came Into view when the telephone
was first Introduced. A traveler forced
to leave home or office at a critical stage
of some occurrence or deal may proceed
to the railroad station with his mind at
ease. Tho simple Insertion of a plug in
the switchboard of tho telephone company
at the first station reached will place
him In Instant telephonic communication
with his family or office force.
The train equipped with the telephone
system, that Lr to be the feature of all
up-to-date train services In the near fu
ture, will become the business man's
office while en route for distant points.
Appointments can be made by telephone
from the train, or Information of the ar
rival of the visitor conveyed by the same
means, so that, during the half hour or
so that the trains wait al Important cen
ters, a mass of business may be transact
ed over the 'phone and the traveler be
enabled to continue his trip without leav
ing the train.
To the man who has reached a city
from which there are few trains, and
alighted, only to find that tho man upon
whom ho calls Is out of town, the ad
vantages of the Improvement In telephon
ic communication will appeal with great
force.
The instrument that will be used on the
train telephone service differs from the
familiar one. The difficulty to be over
come In telephoning from car to car, on
a moving train, Is that the greatness of
the vibration drowns the speaker's voice.
This difficulty has been obviated by the
construction of a combined transmitter
and receiver, which can be hung on the
wall of the car when not in use, and
taken down bodily when required for pur
poses of conversation.
It Is found that when the telephone Is
held in the hand there is little If any
more noise from vibration than In a
building. The engineer In his cab can
call up the conductor in the coach, the
brakeman in the rear of the train Is
brought within talking distance of the
engineer, and the system of signals by
the pulling of a rope is entirely done
away with.
The officials of a trans-Atlantic line of
steamers In New York were the first to
recognize the great convenience It would
be to passengers to be connected by tele
phone with the shore On this line, when
a passenger goes aboard on the night be
fore the ship sails, he Is able to converse
with those whom he leaves behind up to
the actual minute of leaving the dock.
TORRENS LAND LAW.'
The Australian Land Law in Great
Britain and Here.
MARSHLAND, Or., Jan. 23. (To the Ed
itor.) As public attention is being called
again to this Australian land law, we de
sire to present a few facts In relation
thereto, that the people may see whether
or not It Is the legal panacea for the
many ills being justly complained of.
It is claimed that the Torrens law will
reform, simplify, shorten nnd, In various
ways, materially Improve the present sys
tem of records, so as to be of greater
benefit to those Interested in landed es
tates. "When this law was proposed In Great
Britain, the House of Commons consid
ered It of so great importance. In view
of the radical changes proposed thereby,
that they appointed a select committee
to examine into the workings of this law
in the several British colonies, and to re
port the testimony taken by them and
what, if any. steps should be taken to
inaugurate this change.
In the discharge of this duty said com
mittee reported the testimony taken, thus
giving the House of Commons the opin
ions of prominent men, thoroughly In
formed and familiar with the law and Its
workings in the several British colonies.
Being anxious to gather Information,
we sent to London and obtained the laws
of all the British colonies, and the report
of the said select committees to the
House of Commons, and were thus pre
pared to Judge of the merits or demerits,
as well as the reformatory features and
possibilities of this law and its workings
and we will only say that it was not
adopted In Great Britain.
The law is not compulsory anywhere,
and cannot be made compulsory here;
and the evidence reported reveals the fact
that but a very small proportion of the
lands were brought under the act, when
one of the witnesses says that "the an
ticipations which were formed when the
act was passed, as to the benefits likely
to acciue from its general adoption, has
in no sense been realized; that njunlng
through a period of 13 months, that out
of 1500 transfers only seven had been
registered under the act, and that tho
act, therefore, might be considered to
have become, for all practical purposes,
a dead letter."
Those who so desire can bring their land
under the act, through application to the
Registrar-General, who, as an official ab
stractor, examines the records, and as he
finds the title, thus he Issues his certifi
cate therefor.
It is generally believed that this certifi
cate is final, and cannot be disturbed or
removed, but this Is not the case, for it
can and has been often gone behind, and
set aside by the courts.
It is also claimed and believed that, ar
ter you have received a sertlficate of
title, that the government will defend
the same; but this Is not the case. There
Is an assurance fund, which Is for this
purpose, but If there Is a blot upon your
title, that blot Is registered and certified
to. but U not defended. The law says
"that the assurance fund shall not be
liable under any circumstances for loss
by breach of trust, expressed, implied or
constructive, or from the Improper exer
cise of power of sale, or for Joss In con-
sequence of lands being included In the
same .certificate of title with other lands,
through misdescription of boundaries, and
finally for such amount only as the party
falls to recover from the person liable
therefor."
Here you have a. portion of the assur
ance provision that Is strongly urged as
a recommendation for the passage of
the act, but we know that no law can be
so construed as to set aside courts.
The certificate of title Is made transfer
able, the same as certificates of stock or
any kind, and herein. the advocates of the
law claim they will simplify transfers and
thereby reduce the volume of records.
Transfers go on the record, the same as
before the passage of the act, if th land
has not been brought under the system,
and we ask. wherein does It provide for
a positive reduction of the volume ot
records? How will the system materially
lessen, improve or simplify the records?
How does it provide for the security of
purchasers of realty?
Sir Henry Thring, In reply to . these
questions, that "If this, committee of the
House of Commons propose to solve the
problem of how to make, this propo&edact
work, they have a very difficult- problem
to solve; that the only way In which it
could be made to work would be by en
deavoring to popularize it and make it
cheaper."
This, is the opinion of a man who was
familiar with the law and Its workings, as
he had discharged the duties of Registrar
In the British colonies.
We were before the Land Transfer Re
form Association In New York City some
time since, with reference to taking cteps
to reform the system of transfers, and 1
learned then that they had made strenu
ous efforts to pass this act. In order that
they might handle real estate In the same
manner as they handled railroad and oth
er stocks In Wall street.
We visited Ontario district, In Canada,
to examine the Torrens system, supposing
that, ns they had the law on their 'stat
utes, that they had It In successful and
general use, but we Were told that not a
single county In the entire district had
or could adopt It. We interviewed the
committee sent from Welland County to
Toronto, to examine the books there, with
the view of Introducing them in Welland
County, and were Informed by them that
the books at Toronto were in a deplorable
condition, and the county officers told
me that it was utterly impossible to
adapt them to old records, and thatonly
In Manitoba district, where they had
adopted the United States system of sur
veys, had the system gone Into opera
tion, but the settlements were small ana
the transfers few. and that there the Registrar-General
used a tract book to exam
ine and to certify titles. There the law Is
not compulsory, and but very few titles
are brought under tho Torrens system.
We think we have said enough to show
the fallacy of attempting to adopt the
system here, notwithstanding we have it
upon our statutes. We have the dona
tion claims, covering parts of sections,
and in other states they have the Spanish
and French grants, surveyed in like man
ner, but the Government has provided for
all of these, so they are as easily han
dled as the scctlonlzed land, or lots and
blocks.
When this law Is put In practical op
eration, as a reformatory measure. It will
be found a very difficult task. They will
have the distribution of estates, the par
tition of co-partnership, and other mixed
property; the Issuing of certificates ,of
purchase to small tracts out of larger
ones, held by the original certificate Is
sued therefor, and very many other mat
ters which will arise in landed estates;
and It will then be seen that It Is not the
pillar of light that we should blindly fol
low. Some think the first thing wanted Is a
set of large maps, but we would ask
them what they propose to put on these
maps, before they have a set of tract
Indices, or something equivalent thereto,
for a reference to the records, all written
up to date.
There are others who think a set or
tract indices for Multnomah County
would cost nearly- $50,000, If made from
rccorfls; -ana hero we buld say thai they
should never be made In any other man
ner. With all due deference to those who
pretend to know about such matters, I
will say that I would like the contract for
furnishing the books and maps, and do
all the work up to the time I turned them
over to the County Commissioners, at
$20,000.
I have made hundreds of abstract books
and know what It will cost to do all parts
of the work.
Theoretical ideas without some practical
methods to carry them Into execution
will avail nothing. Abstract companies
will continue to be established until the
public records will be practically the
property of corporations, and the juibiic
Is keeping them up for them. There could
be much done in the volume of records
by having short forma prescribed, and
cease preserving those Insults to common
sense by repetition, tautology and cir
cumlocution, and stating things in tho
past and present tense, and many more
useless things.
One page of records would then hold
two or more conveyances, where one con
veyance now covers from one to three or
more pages.
There will be no reform In the public
records until there Is less stupidity and
parslmoniou3ness In our county officials.
JAMES THORNR
QUAINT HEBREW RITE.
The Burial of Fragments of Old
Copies of the Lavr.
Jewish Comment
In April the Jewish population of Roust
chouk celebrated a most picturesque re
ligious ceremony, repeated every 10 years,
the burial of Genlzah that Is to say, of
the fragments of old copies of the law. A
large tent Is erected In the cemetery, and
several rows of chairs are placed In front
of It. A holy ark Is built, on which will be
placed the remains of the sacred writings.
Near this spot, in a sort of mortuary
chamber, are placed about 200 bags hold
ing the above-named papers. The public,
comes In crowds. In the front row are
seated the religious functionaries.
The chief rabbi delivered an address, in
which he recalled the aim, the origin of
the ceremony,. The moment a book, he ex
plained, Is out of uee, we ought to pay it
the last respects. The-Shuluchan Aruch
commands this. Do we 'not owe to- these
divine texts the honors that we pay to our
dead parents? Is not the sacred literature
a mother who has rocked us, raised us as
her children These texts are the word of
God pronounced on Mount SInal, for the
performance of which ?o many Illustrious
men In ancient times gladly sacrificed
their lives. Burled In the cemetery, these
venerable remains will watch over the
dead, will come to life again with them.
The burial of tho Genlzah has another
more Important aim to draw the Jews to'
the graveyard, there to suggest to them,
salutary reflections on the vanity of hu
man things.
The discourse done, the bags are carried
Into the ark by those called upon to do
so. A chazan rises and puts up at auc
tion tho opening of the Perocheth. Then
comes the sale of the bags. Their price
varies from 10 to 20 francs. Twenty, ?0
or 50 of them may be sold at once; 'it de
pends on who procures this "mltsavh,"
At last they leave the ark. All those car
rying sacks march to a pit previously hol
lowed out for the purpose. Then tho pit
is filled up. Some weeks afterward a
stone will be placed there with the words.
"Genlzah -of the Year 190L Roustchouk,"
The ceremony Is completed by a banquet
given to the rabbi and all the religious
officers. Will these sacred leaves, In
scribed with the divine name, 'coma, to
life with the dead? The problem is too
full of mystery for me to attempt & so
lution. Fallen From HIsh Estate. -
Washington Star.
There Is a magazine story of a raon
who was a poor newspaper worker two
years ago, but who is now the; executive
head of a $3,000,000 oil company. Poof
newspaper men are usually driven out of
tho business into something of this sort..
Downing, Hopkins & Co.
Established 1893.
WHEAT AND STOCK BROKERS
Room 4, Ground Floor
THE FRIGATES OF 1794
SniPS THAT MARrtED BIRTH OF
AMERICA NAVY.
Victories In 1812 Led to Increase In
Flshtlnpr Vessels Beanty of
, Old-Style Craft.
Tho American Navy dates from the
year 1794. when six frigates were built,
writes John M. Deponal. In the Baltimore
American. Three of them the United
States, the Constitution and the Presi
dent had 44 guns, and the others the
Congress, the Chesapeake and the Con
stellationhad S3 guns. Other frigates
and smaller vessels were built down to
the year 1S01, when a streak of economy
crossed the Government, and all but 13
frigates -were sold. Among the 13 were
the six named above. A few smaller ves
sels were built, but the United States had
a naval force of only 20 in all when the
War of 1S12 broke out.
The most famous of the old frigates
was the Constitution, familiarly known
as "Old Ironsides." Her capture of the
Guerrlere, one of the best frigates In the
British Navy, on August 19, 1812, was the
first surrender of an English vessel to the
Americans since the Revolutionary War.
None of the fresh-water vessels used on
the Great Lakes and Lake Champlaln
survived more than 10 years after the war.
In 1799 the frigate Constellation, after
capturing several French vessels, disap
peared and was never heard of again.
But the navy of a generation later had a
frigate Constellation In place of the orig
inal one. The Saratoga, 16 guns, was lost
In the same manner In 1S07, but there has
been at least one other Saratoga since
that date. In 1S14 the sloop-of-war Wasp
left Portsmouth, N. H captured several
British vessels, and also disappeared. The
most remarkable instance of lore since
the War of 1S12 was that of the Hornet,
a Well-known factor In that war, which
Is supposed to have foundered In the
Gulf of Mexico about the year 1830. It
Is no uncommon thing for .vessels In all
navies to disappear, leaving no trace or
"sign of their -fate, and when they had
attractive or appropriate names the prac
tice Is to give their names to newly built
vessels.
A Navy to Be Proud Of.
The victories of the American Navy In
the War of 1S12 led to a great Increase
In Its number of sail, so that for many
years the United States had a Navy to
be proud of. This development In our
naval resources may be classed under
three heads: First, the building of larger
sailing vessels; second, the building of
small steam gunboats, and, third, the
building of steam frigates, which last
brings us down to the opening of the
Civil War. in 1S61.
Of the original six frigates built In 1794.
the fate of the Constitution and the
'Constellation has already been noted. The
President was captured and destroyed by
the British In the War of 1S12. The
United States, the Chesapeake and the
Congress lasted for a time, but after
ward were laid up in ordinary at one
of the navy-yards. In calling the roll of
the Navy, however, they were mentioned
out of courtesy for what they had done.
All of these frigates were two-deckers
that Is; they had a row of guns upon
the upper or spar deck, and another row
upon the lower or berth deck. Not marty
three-deckers were built, but the chief of
them were the Pennsylvania, the North
Carolina, the Delaware, the Hancock and
the Vermont.
Just after the Mexican War, from 1S4S
to 1S55, .a small fleet of little armed gun
boats came In for a share of the public
attention. Some of these were the Co
lumbia, the Michigan, the Mississippi, the
Susquehanna and the Powhattan. A full
roll of all the United States Navy at
that time Included 51 vessels. The third
step In the development of tho Navy be
fore the war commenced was the build,
lng of six steam frigates In the several
navy-yards of the United States. The
first to bo launched was the Merrlmac,
from the Charlestown Navy-Yard, in
June, 1S55. The Hne-of-battle ships Ohio
and Vermont were present. The latter
was a sailing monster of 4000 tons that
had been launched only a few years
before.
Advantage Over Other Xatlonn.
The Merrimac was built under the su
perintendence of Commodore Gregory. In
June, 1856, the old three-decker Pennsyl
vania was present at the Gosport Navy
Yard, Norfolk, Va., to welcome the launch
of the new frigate Colorado, also one of
the six new steam frigates. The first five
steam frigates did not differ much In their
Hoes from the old three-deck frigates, ex
cept that they were a trifle narrower in
the beam. Like all vessels In the Navy,
they depended upon their sails for near
" ly all of their progress. The frigate Niag
ara was built In 1857 at the Brooklyn
Navy-Yard, and her designer was George
Steers. The Niagara was a full-rigged
ship, and was provided also with steam.
Tho main feature of the vessel was the
beauty of her Hne3, it being said that dur
ing her time she was the handsomest ves
sel afloat, and was also very fast.
The completion of these six steam frig
ates put the United States Navy well up
to the front among the navies of the
world. When the English ships, known
as the Baltic fleet, left Splthead In April,
1S55, there were 17 large vessels, mdunt
lng about 1000 guns. Within two years of
that time the United States could have
named 17 vessels with an equal number of
guns. In 1S53 the London Illustrated
News described and Illustrated the launch
of three iron-screw ships at Jarrow, of 400,
COO and 1000 tons, respectively. The larg
est of these was only 210 feet In the keel,
and all of them were to be used for trans
port service. At the some time the United
States Navy contained a number of trans
ports and small gunboats which had a
larger tonnage than these; so that, at the
breaking out of the Civil War In the
United States, the American Navy, wholly
constructcd of wood, like the navies of
all the rest of the world, was In fair
shape to give a good account of Itself.
The total number of guns was nearly 3000,
and all were smooth bores, like those In
use everywhere else. The United States
had an advantage over other nations In
building material. Live oak was the
wood used, while the staple wood of
England was white oak: that of Russia
yellow pine. Every visitor who stepped
on boacd one of the frigates or Hne-of-battle
ships In those days could not fall
to be struck with the beauty of the crnft,
and the neatness, system and quiet that
prevailed on board.
The Civil War.
No other nation except the British could
show any comparison with this Nation In
guns or equipment. For two or three
years before the breaking out of the Civil
War the Navy of the United States had
been allowed to run down. In April, 1661,
the serviceable Navy consisted of two
sailing frigates, two sailing sloops, one
screw frigate, five screw sloops of the
first class, eight screw sloops of the sec
ond class, five screw sloops of the third
class and three sldewheel steamers. There
were also available, with some repairs,
18 sailing vessels, five screw frigates, one
screw sloop and four sldewheel steamers.
A few days after Fort Sumter was fired
upon the Federal Government became un
easy as to the fate of the navy-yard at
Norfolk. Va., which was really within the
Confederate lines. Although thero had
been several chances to move away the
Chamber of Commerce
shlp3 or protect the yard, yet It was de
stroyed, with all the shlps-of-war gath
ered there, except the sloop-of-war Cum
berland, which was taken out of the yard
to a place of safety. It was a great ca
lamity to the United States, this destruc
tion of old historical vessels.
When the navy-yard tras destroyed, the
Confederates rushed in and saved what
they could. Among the salvage were 1000
cannon, which the Confedcrtaes used with
great destruction against the United
States for more than a year afterward.
This tided them over their then present
need, and gave them a chance to eend to
foreign countries for further armament.
But the most Important salvage was the
Merrlmac Itself, which had been launched
so proudly at Charlestown only six years
before. The hull was found to be In such
good shape that the vessel was raised and
a year was spent in reconstructing her
nnd arming her with four Inches of Iron
plating. The appearance of the Merrimac
when completed was a surprise to the
frigate Congress and the sloop-of-war
Cumberland In Hampton Roads, oft Fort
ress Monroe, March 8, 1882.
Advent of Ironclads.
If the Monitor had not appeared upon
the following day. every vessel In the
United States Navy might have been de
stroyed In turn; Washington nnd the
great cities of the North laid under trlb
uate to tho Confederate cause, and the
story of the war would have been quite
different from what It Is. Thus the glor
ies of the old wooden Navy, that was In
its prime between the years 1E50 and 1&5S,
was closed by the destruction of the Nor
folk Navy-Yard in April. 1861. and by the
crash of the Merrlmac Into the Cumber
land and the blowing up ot the frigate
Congress In March, 1S62. Slnco that day
there has not been, and there never will
be. an opportunity for such deeds of In
dividual heroism ast, took place on the
decks or the old Hne-of-battle ships. The
opportunity for heroism of that sort has
passed forever, and from the time
of the Merrlmac and the Monitor dates
the contest between the different nations
of the world to see which would come out
ahead In the more scientific contest of
the Ironclads.
ROYALTY'S CHRISTMAS GIFTS
What Klnjr Edvrard Given to the
Poor and Ills Tenants".
London Express.
His Majesty, King Edward VII gives
every Christmas some useful present to
tho poor nnd needy on his various es
tates, and to those who have been- at one
time ' connected with his estates. Several
weeks before Christmas the King has
sent to him at Sandrlngham a hugo par
cel. In which are scores of useful articles,
such as woolen vests, mufflers, socks,
gloves, etc Theso articles have been
purchased by His Majesty from a well
known North of England firm, and are
of tne best quality. The gifts are judi
ciously distributed about a week before
Christmas day.
Where Statesmen Are Grown.
Baltimore American.
Bill Jones has gone to Congress he's packed
his carpet sack;
Hla plus hat's at an angle, hla coat lapels
turned back.
His shoes Is shlned Jest scrumptious I tell you.
Bill looks grand.
And he will ahorely tell them the way to run
this land. ,
Tho whole endurln Hammer he's argled o'er
and o'er
The way to sve the country, down bera In
Griggs' store.
Bill Jones has gona to Congress he'll build
that there canal.
If we must buy the water at 00 cents per gal.
We've talked on Nlcarague, and sized up Pan
ama, Till Bill ts tilled with reasons he'll glvo It to
'sm raw!
Because he's got the learnln', and he's got
omethln' more
He's leafed the whole blamed Summer down
here la Griggs store.
Bill Jones has gone to Congress Til bet when
BUI begins
To orate on the matter he'll show them trusts
their sins!
I'll bet that BUI will shortly stir up an awful
mu3s
When oncet he starts his talker on tbis here
octypus!
Of course, he'll get tho credit, but, at I said
before,
He loafed all thia whole Summer down here In
Griggs' store.
Bill Jones has gone to Congress Jest watch
the papers now.
For Bill Is primed and ready to tell the Got-
ment how
To wrastle with each question from Maine to
Phlllpylnes.
From tariff down to taxes, from, weather up to
mines;
He'll settle all the squabble about the open
door
But, then. h's had all Summer down here In
Griggs' store.
There appears to be nothing objection
able In the method of raising a check
adopted by a Washington lady, who, upon
receiving a check for $10 from President
Roosevelt for tho bazaar of the Newsboys'
and Children's Aid Society, framed the
document and sold It for $50.
OF
Regulates the menstrual flow, cures ku-
rhoea, failing of tne -womb and all the
other ailments peculiar to women Buy
$J bottle from your druggist to-day.
MEN
No euro
No Pay
THE MODERN APPLIANCE. A positive
way to perfect manhood. The VACUUM
TREATMENT cures you without medicine ot
all nervous or diseases of the generative or
gans, such as lost manhood, exhaustive drains,
varicocele, impotency, etc Men are quickly re
stored to perfect health and strength. Writs
tor circulars. Correspondence confidential.
THE HEALTH APPLIANCE CO.. room 47-4J
5afr Drpnslt butldlnr Sfattle. Wash.
TRAVELERS' GUIDE.
Pacific Coast Steamship Co.
Fir South-Eastern Alaska
LEAVE SEATTLE:
Steamships COTTAGE CITT.
CITT OE SEATTLE or AL
KI, 0 P. M., Jan. 5, 11, 15, 20.
23. SO: Feb. 4, 14, 16, 10, 23.
For Saxi Francisco
Steamers leave Seattle at 0 A. M. every fifth
day. For further Information obtain folder.
Right Is reserved to change steamers or sailing
dates.
AGENTS N. POSTON. 240 Washington st..
Portland; F. W. CARLETON. N. P. Dock, Ta
coma: Ticket Office. G18 First ave.. Seattle. M.
i TALBOT. Comm'l Agt.: C. W. MILLER. Asat.
I Gen'l Agt.. Ocean Dock. Seattle; GOODALL.
J PERKINS & CO.. Gen'l Agts., San Francisco.
Salem, Independence, Albany
Corvallis and McMinnville.
'Steamer POMONA, for Corvallis. leaves 6:43
A. M Tuesday. Thursday and Saturday.
Steamer ALTONA. for MoMlnnvllle, leaves
7 A. M. Monday, Wednesday and Friday.
OREGON CITT TRANSPORTATION CO..
Office and dock, foot Taylor at. Phone 40.
TRAVELERS' GUIDE.
OREGON'
Shoit Line
UNMW DACIHg
AMD
THREE TRAINS DAILY
FOR ALL POINTS EAST
UNION DEPOT.
Leave.
CHICAGO-PORTLAND
SPECIAL.
For the East la Hunt
ington. 0.00 A. M.
Dally.
4:30 P.M.
Dally.
SPOKANE FLYER.
For Eastern Washing
ton. Walla Walla. Lew
uton. Coeur d Aleut and
Ot. Northern Points.
K:15 P. M.
Dally.
7:00 A.M.
Dally.
ATLANTIC EXPRESS.
For the East via Hunt-
&Eton.
S:30 P. M.
Dally.
3:10 A. M.
Dally.
OCEAN AND UlVEIt SCHEDULE.
FOR SAN FRAN
CISCO. SS. Columbia
Jan. 7. IT. 27.
SS. Geo. W. Elder
Jan. 2, 12. 22.
From
AInsworth
Dock.
S:0O P. M.
5:00 P. it
FOR ASTORIA or.il
way points, connecting
with str. for Hwaco and
North Beach, str. Has.
8.H P. M.
5:00 P. M.
Dally.
ex. Sua.
Dallv ex.
.Sunday.
salo. Agb-strtet Dock.
CHIU IV
P. M.
FOR CORVALLIS and
way points, str. RUTH.
Aah-street Dock.
(Water perml;tlng.
0.45 A. M.
Mon..
Wed..
6:00 P.M.
Tues..
Thurs.,
Sat.
FrL
FOR DAYTON. Oregon 7:00 A. M.
City and Yamhill Rlr-lTues..
er points, str. Elmore. jThurs.,
Ash-streetDock. ISat.
( Water permitting.
3.00 P.M.
Mon..
Wed..
FrL.
TICKET OKriCE. Third and Washington.
Telephone. Main 712.
PORTLAND & ASIATIC
STEAMSHIP CO.
For Yokohama and Hong Kong, calling af
Kobe, Nagasaki and Shanghai, taking freight
via connecting steamers tor Manila, Port Ar
thur and VlAdlvostock
1NDRAVELLI SAILS JAN. 23.
For rates and full information call on or ad
dress officials or agents of O. R. & N. Co.
EAST via
SOUTH
Leave
Depot Fifth and
I Streets.
Arrive
OVERLAND EX
PRESS TRAINS,
for Salem. Rose
burg, Ashland, Sac
ra m n to. Ogden.
San Francisco, Mo
lave, Loa Angeles,
El Paso. New Or
leans and the East.
At W o o d b urn
(dally except Sun
day), morning train
connects with train
for Mt. Angel. 811
verton, Browns
ville. Springfield,
and Natron, and
Albany Local for
Mt. Angel and SU
verton. Albany passenger ...
8:30 P. M.
8:80 A. M.
T:43 A. M.
7:0O P. M.
4:00 P.M.
10:10 A.M.
5:50 P. M-
7:30 A.M.
Corvallis passenger
4:80 P. M. iSherldan passenger. H3:25 A M.
Dally. UDally except Sunday.
Rebate tickets on sale between Portland, Sac
ramento and San Francisco. Net rates $17.50
flm class and $14 second class. Second class'
Includes sleeper; first class does not.
Rates and tickets to Eastern points and Eu
rope. Also JAPAN, CHINA. HONOLULU and
AUSTRALIA. Can be obtained at Ticket Of
fice, No. 254, cor. Washington and Third.
YAMHILL DIVISION.
Passenger Depot, foot of Jefferson street.
Leave Portland daily 7:20 A. M., 12:30, 1:53,
3.25, 4:40, 0:25. 8:30 P. M. Dally except Sun
day, 5:30, 0:40 A. M., 5:05, 11:30 P. M. Sun
day only, 0 A. M.
Arrive Portland dally, 8:30. 10:50 A. M.,
1:85. 3:10, 4:30. 0:15, 7:40. 10 P. M. Dally ex
cept Sunday, 0:35. 0:30, 10:50 A M.: except
Monday, 12:40 A. M.: Sunday only, 10:05 A M.
Leave for Dallas dally except Sunday, 5:05
P. M. Arrive Portland 9:30 A. M. Passenger
train leaves Dallas for Alrlie Mondays, Wednes
days and Fridays at 3:50 P. M. Re turns Tues
days and Saturdays.
Except Sunday.
V. A SCHILLING, K. B. MILLER.
City Tkt. Agt. Gen. Frt. & Pass. Agt.
i imc uku
91 nr Tnttur
UT IKAIN3
PORTLAND
Leaves. Arrive.
Overland Express 2:00 P.M. 7:00 A. it,
Twin City. St. Louis St
Kan. City Special 11:S0P. M. T:4SP.M.
Puget Sound Limited, for
South Bend, Gray's '-
Harbor, Olympta, Ta- ' -
coma and Seattle 8:33 A.M. Br3oy.lt,
Two trains dally to Spokane, Butte, Helesi.
Minneapolis, St. Paul and the East. I
A. D. CHARLTON.
Asst. General Pass. Art..
253 Morrison street. Portland. Or.
TREATNORTHERi
Ticket Office 122 Third St. Phone 630
LEAVE
No. 4
6:00 P. M.
The Flyer, dally to and
from St. Paul. Minne
apolis, Duluth. Chicago
nd all points East.
ARRTVa
No. 3
7:00 AMT
Through Palace and Tourist Sleepers, Slalag
and Buffet Smoklng-Llbrary Cars.
JAPAN - AMERICAN LINE
STEAMSHIP RIOJUN MARU
For Japan. China and all Astatlo points will
leave Seattle
About January 28th.
Astoria & Columbia
River Railroad Co.
Depot Fifth and
Z Street.
LEAVES
ARRIVES
For Maygers. Rainier.
Clatskanie. Westpor:,
Clifton. Astoria. War-
renton. Flavei, Ham
8:00 A M.
mond. Fort Stevens,
Gearhart Pic. Seaside.
Astoria and Seashore
Express.
Dally.
Astoria. Express.
Dally.
11:10 A.M.
7:00 P. M.
0:40 P. M.
Ticket office 255 Morrison st. and Union Depot.
J a MATO. Gen. Pass. Agt. Astoria. Or.
WHITE COLLAR LINE
STx.. 'lAtiuilA.
DALLES ROUTE. -
Winter schedule Leaves foot Alder street
every Monday." Wednesday and Friday morn
ing. 7 AM. Leaves The Dalles every Tuesday
Thursday and Saturday morning, 7 A. M
Stops at all way landings for both freight
and passengers.
ASTORIA ROUTE.
STRr BAILEY GATZERT (Alder-at. Dock.)
Leaves Portland daily every morning at 7
o'clock, except Sunday. "Returning. leaves As
toria every night at 7 o'clock, except Sunday.
Oregon phone Mala 351. Columbia phone 351,
f( SUNSET -Tll
Un flutes ypl
JTH
oTS
VXslvr1.
H!X