SRT
THE MORNING ORRGOKIAN. MONDAY, JANUARY 20, 1902.
KINDERGARTEN APPEAL
SLEEKING CONNECTION' "WITH PUB
LIC SCHOOL SYSTEM.
Members' of the Free Kindergarten
Association Present a Statement
to the Public.
PORTLAND, Jan. 18. (To the Editor.)
Tne past work of. the association In sup
porting kindergartens in this city for
isome 17 years Is already well known.
About a year ago the association decided
that the time had come when the kinder
garten ought to be adopted as part of the
jpublic school system of this city, support
ed by public funds. This decision was
brought about by the plea of previous
subscribers that kindergartens ought and
should be made part of the pubjlc school
system pf this city, and the question
"which was met on every side, "Why do
we not have public school kindergartens
Jn Portland?" To further this movement
much active work was done by the asso
ciation in gathering together and pub
lishing information and statistics regard
ing the adoption of kindergartens In other
Cities as part of the public school system.
One thousand pamphlets were published
fey the association,, and some 400 or SOU
personal requests were written and sent
out to prominent taxpayers, requesting
them to be present at the annual meeting
of taxpayers, at which the question of
the adoption of kindergartens as part of
the public school system was to be con
sidered. At this meeting a report was presented
Ijy the School Board, stating the amount
of money that would he needed for the
year's work if kindergartens were adopt
ed. It was voted by a large majority of
the taxpayers present to adopt kinder
gartens as part of the public school sys
tem and to Increase the tax levy one
fifth of a mill, thereby increasing the
school fund to the extent of 55000, which
&um was to be used for the support of
public kindergartens. The section of the
statute which authorized this action Is
as follows:
"The District Board of any School Dis
trict of the state of the first or second
class may, when authorized thereunto by
the qualified electors of such district, pro
vide for the establishment and mainten
ance therein, as a part of the common
school system thereof, of schools com
monly known as kindergartens, and such
schools shall be free to children over 4
years of age." This statute was passed
by the State Legislature some years agoj
It was prepared by Joseph Teal, of this
city, and by him presented to that body,-
through the earnest efforts of Sirs. Rosa
Burrell and ilrs. Pratt. It is the opinion
of prominent lawyers and Judges who
have been consulted that the action of the
taxpayers' meeting last January was in
direct compliance with this statute.
The association, feeling that now they
were to be relieved of the work which
they had carried on for so many years,
and that at last kindergartens had ob
tained their rightful place in the public
school system, offered to turn over to the
School Board the entire work, with all Its
equipments. But as it was the opinion of
some members of the School Board that
an association which had carried on the
work for so long knew better the needs
of the work, and how to meet them, the
board requested the association to con
tinue the control of tba work for a year.
In trust for them, while they would sup
ply the money for its support.
Furthermore, the School Board, In reg
ular session on April 8, passed a resolu
tion agreeing to pay over to the Kinder
garten Association the $5000 proportionate
ly as It was received from the Tax Collec
tor, provided that the teachers of the
Kindergarten Association obtained such
certificates as the board should require.
Acting upon this promise, the associa
tion agreed to continue the conlrol of tho
work and to carry out the request of
the School Board, though there was not
one member of that association, composed
of busy men and women, who would not
have been much relieved had the School
Board taken complete control of the work
themselves.
In good faith that the 'promise made to
the association by their resolution of
April 8 would be kept, the money for the
immediate use of the work was advanced
by friends, and the work progressed.
At the suggestion of Superintendent
Higler a supervisor was elected, whose
duty It should be to give direct personal
supervision to the work, and to see to it
that the work was placed on the best
possible basis as a preparation for. future
primary work. In this the supervisor has
throughout the year received the hearty
co-operation and advice of Superintendent
Bigler.
The kindergartens already In operation
were better equipped, two new kindergart
ens were opened, ana anoiner aireaay
started by a mothers' club In the south
part of the city was adopted, making in
oil six under the direction of the associa
tion and representing nearly 400 children.
In compliance with the law which regu
lates such matters, each klndergartner In
the department took steps to obtain the
necessary certificates which should entitle
her to teach In the public schools and to
draw public money; and to each klnder
gartner was granted such certificate by
the regular Board of Examiners.
Thus In every instance the association
endeavored to comply with the law and
to carry out the requests of the School
Board. At the end of the school year
they had six well-equipped Kindergartens,
each in charge of a director and an as
sistant, and all doing" 'goodnwork. A full
record of all business transacted, and of
every dollar of money expended, has been
kept by the secretary, and at the meet
ing of the School Board September 9 a
complete detailed report of all work ac
complished was presented to them, ac
companied by a file of the bills Incurred,
and a request made that the bills be
paid.
At that meeting the following resolution
was adopted by the School Board; 'Re
solved, that It Is the sense of the board
that It Is the duty of the School Clerk,
H. H. Allen, to turn over to the Port
land Free Kindergarten Association i 4-9
per centum of whatever portion of dis
trict tar for the current year has been
collected, and Is now In his possession."
But as there seemed to be a doubt In
the minds of some members of the School
Board as to whether they had the right
to do what the taxpayers had instructed
them to do, and what they had already
resolved and agreed to do, the money was
not turned over, and the kindergartens
were not opened at the beginning of the
present school year. The question was
taken Into court and was there pending
for three months, during which time tho
six kindergartens remained closed.
On December 13, 1901, a decision was
rendered by Judge George, of the Circuit
jCourt, which implicitly stated that a spe
cial fundV which was raised by tar for
the maintenance of kindergartens, must
be used for that purpose and that purposo
alqne. After this decision the $5000 was
at once paid over to the Kindergarten As
sociation by the School Clerk, H. S.
Allen.
On December 1G four of tho kindergart
ens were opened in time to give the
children a week's work upon the Christ
mas thought and a Christmas celebration.
On January 45 the six schools re-opened
and all are now in operation and well
attended.
Many changes among the teachers were
necessary, due to the three months' en
forced discontinuance of the schools. As
a portion of the $5000 was used to main
tain the schools from January to July,
the remainder will barely suffice to con
tinue them to the end of the present
school year, and another $5000 will be
needed "for the work of next year.
The association regrets that It 1b obliged
to come before the people and ask them
to repeat the action of last January. On
every "hand is met the assertion from
taxpayers, "We thought we settled this
matter for you a year ago and made the
kindergartens a part of the public school
system at that tlmt" The taxpayers
voted that the kindergartens should be
made a part of 'the public Bchool system:
but the School Board has not ?o ac
knowledged them, and the association Is
again compelled to ask the people to
give expression to their desire In o em
phatic a manner that there cin remain
no doubt In. the mind of any one as to
what the public wish is regarding this
matter.
What the Kindergarten Association ask
of this city is not a unique request, but
it Is the history of the development of
klndergirten work In this country that In
city after city they have first been main
tained by an association of Interested
persons, who were .working for the best
good of their city, and then later have
been adopted by the School Board as a
regular part of the school system.
There seems to be a lamentable lack
of knowledge regarding the extent to
which this work has spread and the as
sociation wishes at this time to state
a few facts. Four years" ago the United
States Bureau of Educatlongave the fol
lowing statistics regarding the cltle3
which had adopted kindergartens as a
regular part of their public school sys
tem. The number of public school kinder
gartens In
Los Angeles, Cal , SS
Manchester. .Conn 13
Denver, Colo ,
Chicago, 111 63
South Bend, Ind If
Des Moines, la 15
New Orleans, La 12
Boston. Ma6s t9
Newton, ilaes .,.... 22
Grand Rapids, Mich 7
Duluth. Minn 14
St. Paul, Minn 28
St. Louis, Mo , 102
Omaha. Neb ..,..... ,...,.... 36
Albany, N. Y 19
Newark, N. J 14
New i'ork City 61
Rochester, N. Y XI
Utica. N. Y 11
Cleveland, 0 12
Philadelphia, Pa 158
Providence, R. 1 15
Milwaukee, Wis 42
These are only a few of the 200 cities
and towns then reported, and reliable sta
tistics now give nearly double that num
ber, making some 400 cities and towns
which have anywhere from 100 to 150,
the number now existing in St. Louis.
And some 40 states have state law regu
lating public school kindergartens.
Many foreign countries have adopted
them, either partially or wholly, into
their public school system: including On
tario, Brazil, Argentine Republic, Aus
tria, Italy, France. Germany, England,
Switzerland, Belgium, Hungary. Spain
and Mexico.
James L. Hughes, Inspector of Public
Schools, Toronto, Canada, says: "I do
not know any educator of standing, either
In Europe or America, who does not now
recognize the absolute need of the
kindergarten as a true basis for an edu
cational system."
William H. Maxwell, Superintendent of
Schools, New York City: "The kinder
garten has long since passed the experi
mental stage. It has demonstrated its
usefulness."
Dr. William T. Harris, United States
Commissioner of Educations "In my
opinion the kindergarten should be a part
of the public school system of every city
in the United States."
Henry' Sabln, ex-Superintendent of
Schools, of Iowa: -"There is no longer
any question as to the advisability of in
troducing the kindergarten as a part of
the public school system." And expres
sions of the same kind could be quoted
from School Superintendents and educat
ors all over the country.
The cost Is not great. Tho cost of
equipment is about the same as in th
first grade of the primary school for the
same number of pupils. In St. Louis the
average cost per pupil per year. Is $13 60;
New York City, $13 00; Cleveland, O.,
$14.
An editorial in The Oregonlan this week
commented upon the great expense of the
penitentiary of this state, and another
referred to the epidemic of crime among
the young boys and youths of this city.
What the Kindergarten Association seeks
to-do for this city is -to establish a means
of prevention, not Teform. Kindergar
tens, not prisons.
This is true philanthropy, and common
sense: "If the child Is saved to a good
life there will be no grown man to pun
ish." Every case of vagabondage has
Its root In some neglected child. Is It not
cheaper to establish kindergartens than
to maintain courts, and build jails, work
houses, and prisons? If we could get
hold of the children early enough the need
for these latter Institutions would disap
pear. "The prevention of crime Is the
duty of society." But has society the
right to punish crime at one end, If it
does nothing to prevent it at the other
end?
If the people of this city had even a
faint conception of the depth of poverty,
degradation and crime which exists In
the North Third street district, and the
Alblna district, where are located two of
the present kindergartens, they would
have a better realization of the need of
these schools for little children and what
they stand for; and we have no fear but
that these schools would be so firmly es
tablished throughout this city that noth
ing would ever be allowed to interfere
with their existence again.
We again ajsk the people of this city to
interest themselves in this cause at this
time and to say whether we shall have
public kindergartens in this city or not.
ROSA F. BURRELL,
President.
MILTON W. SMITH,
"Vice-President.
CHARLES E. LADD,
Treasurer.
WILLIAM R. MACKENZIE,
Secretary.
WINSLOW N. AYER.
H. C. CAMPBELL.
JOSEPH R. WILSON.
HELEN LADD CORBETT.
CAROLINE A. LADD.
MARGARET M. J. LEVENSON.
FANNIE A. McKEE.
VALENTINE PRICHARD.
GUSSIE A. SICHEL.
Officers and Board of Managers of the
Portland Free Kindergarten Association.
Recognition of Cantata Clarlc.
Chicago Chronicle.
The President's selection of Captain
Charles Edgar Clark to represent the
United States Navy at the coronation of
King Edward VII is but the first step in
the tardy bestowal of honors to which the
brave commander of the Oregon is en
titled. Will Mr. Roosevelt complete the
work by according this officer the rank
and emoluments that have long been due
him, and to which others who served In
the same episode of 1S2S have since suc
ceeded? That Is, all save Captain Clark
and his brother officer. Captain Cook, who
commanded the foremost ship of the San
tiago conflict.
Social distinction and the pageantry of
royal functions do not compensate men
like Clark for the heroic, unselfish service
rendered to his country in the hour of
need. The Nation has other rewards
which more befit the recipient and for
which he labors with zeal and untiring de
votion. To be chosen as one of the select
few to manifest the country's respect for
a foreign ruler Is an empty honor com
pared with the substantial reward of ad
vanced rank and pay, to which every such
hero of the Nation Is entitled. .
Mr. Roosevelt has taken one step in the
right direction by conceding the right of
this officer to represent the American
people in an historic event, but before that
date he should complete the honor by the
bestowal of the rank of Rear-Admiral
upon Captain Clark, and in Justice also,
the same rank vpon Captain Cook, the
two men of the fleet which Commodore
Schley led who fought Cervera to the
finish on that memorable July 3.
Without this substantial recognition of
the services of these two officers already
too long delayed the President's latest
sop to Captain Clark Is without the slight
est element of Justice or reward for hon
ors bravely won.
Is Mr. Roosevelt blc Aoouzh to accord
1 these men this JustkeT
SUBSIDIES INEFFECTIVE
"WORKINGS OF
EUROPEAN
THE POLICY
COUNTRIES.
IN
Growth of the Merchant Mnrlne
Earope In Dnc to Other
Causes.
In
Any candid man must admit that many
causes tended to the commercial su
premacy of England In the middle of the
last century, and that this commercial
supremacy Involved the supremacy of her
merchant marine. When steam first
came in to draw the ends of the earth
nearer together, England at once took
advantage of the quickened mode of tran
sit. She made mall contracts with the
Cunard line to Halifax and Boston; with
the Peninsular & Oriental Company, first
to Gibraltar, and later to Egypt, India,
yum
OREGON TOT WINS
KBBaBBSBJBB3iBBBFsBBxBHHteBl&2r j9BBBBBBflBBi i
BBTsSSSHBBHBHBKKP&ilHBBBBBTsSBBl '
fBSBBBBBBBSBBBBB99BS ;J59VflBBnESSnHH ' '
yBBBBKSBBBBBSSSsPyMBJv1 ' 7WitfiiMyBBfflBBMiBBMBw
BBBHSnSBSflBSW " 'y - k .CmBbsbbsbbbbbI
HIVbH lXi $ ihhHbbbbbI '
BSBnrofflHHssSf oloiilclf -SwSlBSssBBBBi ' '
IBBsJBJBBwBws'rT s9BBk9BvJ tP& 9BB93BvJBBBBBa "
IsHKfeS'iSBBBh-' 'SWHBbVt'mI'; HkbbbB "
IBBBBmI flffBBBBMfc i gliBBBBBBBBP' 3&-- tBfiwMBBBBBBBBJ ' '
BBflBBparaBIBBBbSssBBBBflHI n -i IBBSflBBBBBBI '
HHBBBHntPBBW W'HBbBHH "
BSBfiJsil&TCSSBBHMBfefc. '' JmBBBkl4 "''St -SBBBBBBBBBBBi "
inpmMvi8aBBHSKEg& gEmmF'' Im BSflBBBvBBvBBJ
MBMlaiMBBBBMBjjBtrf fflMqWKT Vt laN nBBBflBBBBS "
WSMsBIBBm IM'vS'SBbbIbbbbb ::
lBBBBKZBBB32GBBBBSWMBBBa2nira3XBM Bjfcfi uJBJMBJ jT !,v3i?''v r- BvAEArBaBBBBBBBBpBBBBBpBBBl
IBBBBBOBWiHBBBBBlReBBBaHBBBK TjKSmfrjfStew. i WKMKm
BaBBBBaH5BBBHBiKB9BBBBBBBBBBBl "
BBBBBBBBBaBSEBBaBHPSBBrvflBlr BBBBBBBBBBBBl "
BBjhBbBBBbBSBbBBBT aBBB&BSl JBfiBBBBBBBBBBl
WWwMlBMIIwwiratll i'M1'! Wm 'IB ' lyiWHlBBBBBM '
bbbShRb 'IISbbbbI ::
HHmlprSBBBBBl ::
bbbbbSbbbbhbbbubb? ttfil&; bbbSbbbbIHbbbbI ::
bbTbbSeH'S-' SbbbbbbI
TbbbShHHHSSP aC HHbbbbbbbbbb!
bbbHbHbbbbbbHbIsbbbbbbIR ::
BBBBMBBJJbjrBBJBJBBJBjMSI ' '
BBBBBBBBBBBBfPJmlBBIrBBBlBWPH "
BBBBBBBBMalSBMMiKJgBWBlB
BBBBBBBBSHB9HBaQB&aHKiSMU&': -i'HHHBKX'
BBBBBBBBBBBBBKBS0EBfBrPSBBc9?iw''3!!'BBBrV0aRB
BBBBBBBBBBIE52EJSMW?Sri5 '
I
KDM DE IiASERVE IMHAUS, OF BAKER CITT.
BAKER CITY. Jan. 10. A Baker City baby. NenI de Laserve Imhaus, is the
winner of the ?100 prize ottered by a New York paper last week. She is aged 4
years, and Is the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Edward Imhaus, of this city. The
Uttle tot was born In Baker City. With blue eyea, golden hair, rosy cheeks and a
eunny disposition, she Is certainly a beautiful child. On receipt of the notice that
his baby had won the prize, Mr. Imhaus sent a telegram to the New York paper
saying his daughter desired that half of the prize money be distributed anions
the poor children of New York City.
China and Australia; and with the Royal
Mail Packet Company to Spain, the Ma
deiras, the West Indies and Colon, con
necting at the latter place (via Panama)
with the Pacific Steam Navigation Com
pany to Valparaiso. But England did not
acquire ships for the mere purpose of hav
ing them, nor. Indeed, for the primary
purpose of fostering shipbuilding. With
England it was, in those early days, a
case of paying for steam communication
and mall service or going without it.
Ocean steam navigation was then an ex
periment, and Great Britain's colonial re
latloos made it a political necessity for
her to try the experiment first. Her
statesmen were forced to take the burden
of risks which no private Individual could
prudently bear. Her supplies of coal and
Iron, her growing manufacturing inter
ests, her imports of food and raw ma
terials and export of finished products, all
contributed to the development of her mer
chant marine. The Interests of the mer
chants of India, the manufacturers of
Manchester, the colonists of Canada, as
well as of the bankers of London, required
that tho British merchant marine should
continue with the new motlvo power,
steam, to be as aowerful as it bad been
with sail.
What England's policy was earlier in
the century, that has been the policy of amount, ace0rdlng to the published state
Germany during the last 20 years. Ger- ment of the director-general of the lm.
many has been every bit as envious as Mr. Albert Ballln. left no profit, owing to
America of England's supremacy, ana. Uhe numerous requirements of tho contract
like America, Germany has succeeded In as to the high class of vessels, speed, It
obtalnlng a large share of the world's . Jncrary. etc. Among other successful un
commerce. She has steadily followed in , subsidized lines may bo mentioned the
England s footsteps, has acquired colo- I AtJantlc Transport line (controlled by
noles. built up her commerce, and devel- I American capital, sailed under the British
oped her Industries. But, In the matter flag), the Lcyland line, lately acquired
of shipping, Germany has been wiser' by American capital reprcntped by Mr.
than America. Her motto has been that J. Plerpont Morgan, and ihe Holland
half a loaf is better than no bread; and I America line. The last of these, accord
If. at first, she could not build her own I Ing to the report of the Commissioner of
ships, she was willing to let England j Navigation, paid a dividend of 10 per cent
build them and hnlf hrr nwn flni nvny I In (hi flennl imii- 1QG-1kV
them. Thus, the Normannla, which npt
so long ago held the record for speed
across the Atlantic, and made the German
flag known all over the United States, was
built on tho Clyde. Many other German
Ships have been and still are built in Brit
ish yards. By pursuing this liberal pol
icy uermany nas, after all, attained the
very object for which America Is striving
that Is, the building up of her own
yards: for the last two ocean greyhounds,
the Kaiser Wllhelm dcr Grosse and tho
Deutschland. were both built on the Bal
tic, In the yards of the Vulcan Shipbuild
ing Company, at Stettin. The result of all
this Is that German's steam merchant ma
rine today Is second only to that of Eng
land. The flourishing condition of the merchant
marines of England and Germany Is at
tributed by many people to the payments
made by those countries for the transpor
tation of malls, or as direct subsidies.
United States. France.
' th ' "o in S
p o
TEAR, 3 3 .
Eg Stj
Sg - 2g
p p? ? ??
1893 6CO.&6 $ 64C.031 S55.T9S
1S91 SS7.7C6 711.442 E91.720
1S35 920.672 633,035 903,105
195 , 1.O0G.459 1,027.735 930.7S5 Average
1S37 .'. 1,105.423 1.2S0.063 SS4.916 57,500.000
19S L175.762 1,038,141 S72.617 annually.
1899 .-. 1,220,30!) 93,111 997.235
1890 .,..., ..,.,. .,j 1.454.9CC 1,269,660 1,052,193
1901 ." LTO4.156 1,250,000 L0SS.O3S
These payments, in the case of England,
amount to about $5,000,000 yearly, and are,
with the exception of about $325,000 ad
miralty subventions, for actual service
rendered by the steamship companies as
mall-carriers. The amounts paid, for in
stance, to the Cunard and White Star
lines for the British fiscal year 1001, ac
cording to official figures, were: For Brit
ish malls to New York, $550,553; for ad
miralty subventions, $142,4031. e for a
semlweekly service, a total of $693,936, and
an average for 104 voyages of $6720 73 per
voyage. The actual operating expenses of
one of the large flrst-dass steamers of
these companies, for the round trip, are
about $75,000. This leaves a balance of more
than $6S.000 to be earned in passage
money (for the large trans-Atlantic liners.
It must be remembered, carry very Jlttle
freight). Moreover, the traveling season,
when the companies can count on every
berth being sold out, is very short, and
even them a steamer has a full passenger
list only In one direction, for the tide of
travel In the Spring and Summer is most
ly eastward, and in the Autumn west
ward. But the liner under mall contract
rniist, nevertheless, maintain dates
throughout the year, even In the dullest
A $100 BABY PRIZE
Winter season, when passengers are few
and rates are low. Thus these enforced
Winter trips consume a good deal of the
profits of the Summer, which would
otherwise go to the credit of the steam
er's account. On the other hand, a line
not under a mall contract Is free to can
cel a date which does not promise to -be
lucrative, and take advantage of the
dullness of trade to give steamers the
necessary annual overhauling, or put
them on a more lucrative route. A mall
contract, then, is not an unmitigated
blessing.
Sncccmi of Unaulisidlzed Line.
If subsidies were as bneficlal aa many
assert they are. it would seem that sub
sidized lines should be more successful
than unsubBidizcd ones; but In England
the progress of the latter compares fa
vorably with the progress of the former.
The Blbby line, unsubsldlzed, to Farther
India, has successfully competed with the
Peninsular & Oriental Company. In
Germany, too, the Hamburg-American
line successfully competed with the North
German Lloyd for the flrst 0 years of lt!
existence, without a cent of subsidy, and
only recently entered Into a mall contract
jointly with the North German Lloyd to
East Asia. The Hamburg-American line's
share of this contract, for the last busi
ness year, amounted to only JS5.000. This
The countries mentioned, England and
1 Germany, are these usually- cited by the
' American advocates of subsidies. But tht
J country in which subsidies have been paid
most freely is France. Mr. Bates, in his
"American Marine," says: "The shipping
protection given by the Republic of
France, being general. Is the very best
foreign example. If we need one,'' What
is the example of France? Commencing
In 1E61 with subsidies of 9,3O).000 francs, or
Jl.860,000, the has Increased these pay
ments frcm time to time until the total,
according to the French budget for 1S0L
Is 59.CW.000, for the current year (includ
ing bounties on construction .and naviga
tion and mall payments). For this vast
sum of money France has now a steam
merchant marine of only 1.065,025 tons not
as large ns that of America.
Experience of France.
By the law of 181, which lasted for 10
years. France Initiated a policy of boun-
Germany.
cr"
2.tJ P 3
1.125.9521 Average Jl.
i,zi.,thuvu.vw ior n"-
1.343.C57
tal services:
1.436.S39
1.549.961
L644.337
1.946.732
2,159.919
2,417i410
also special
tariff ana rail-!
road rates on
building ma
terial for ships,
notcompotable
Downing, Hopkins & Cos
ESTABLISHED IS 03.
WHEAT AND STOCK BROKERS
Room 4, Ground Floor
ties updn shipbuilding, and also upon nav
igation in native and in foreign bottoms,
In addition t6 the regular subventions for
postal serviced, The Immediate effect of
this law was an Increase In the number
of ahJps sailing under the French flag,
and r corresponding increase in the con
struction and navigation bounties paid
out by the Government. In 1SS9 the total
had reached 17.000,000 annually, and has
remained at that figure, or higher, ever
since. This increase In tonnage, how
ever, did not mean a corresponding in
crease in French shipbuilding, for the
French shipowners seem to have been able
to buy foreign ships to better advantage,
despite the bounty the native shipbuilder
received, and despite the fact that the
navigation bounty for native-built ships
was twice as much as that for foreign
onea Another noteworthy point is that,
as the term of expiration of this law ap
proached, the shipowners, uncertain
whether the bounty would be continued,
ceased increasing their fleet. They
seemed, then, to regard the continued
payment of the bounty as a sine qua non
of the life of the French mercnant ma
rine. The most ardent advocates of sub
sidies in America always avowed that the
payments proposed were only a temporary
measure.
By the law of 1893 France abolished the
bounty on -boats of foreign build, but at
the same time Increased the payments for
construction and navigation of native bot
toms, and also renewed the liberal postal
contracts. Her steam tonnage then was
S55.T9S; In 1901 It was 1.06S.O2S. During
these nine "years the payments made un
der the law mentioned averaged J7.WO.000
yearly. Almost coincident with the pas
sage of this law was tho American act of
1S92 establishing the American line. The
subjoined table of figures since that date
may be Interesting. It is compiled from
the annual report of the "United States
Commissioner of Navigation, 1901, and
Lloyd's Register. The tonnage given is
gross, and includes -steamers exceeding
100 tons. The tonnage for the United
States Includes lake and ocean steamers
of the same capacity. Tho mall pay
ments for the United States are for ths
carriage of mail by United States steam
ers to foreign countries only. (The steam
tonnage of the United States registered for
the foreign trade on June 30, 1901, was
429,722 tons.)
. In the- table below, the most interesting
column Is that referring to Sweden and
Norway. This monarchy has a marine
greater than that of France, but It pays
only about $175,000 per annum for suD
Bldles -and mall contracts, and part of this
amount goes to foreign vessels not Includ
ed In the tonnage given. Sweden and
Norway have neither the colonies of Eng
land, France or Germany, nor tho outly
ing territory of the United States; their
commerce, compared, with that of those
countries Is small, but of the ships which
entered Swedish and Norwegian ports In
1900 in the foreign trade, two-thirds were
native bottoms.
To sum up. In the two examples, most
frequently cited by the advocates of sub
sidles England and Germany other
causes, more effective than subsidies, were
at work to build up the marines of those
countries, viz.. great natural advantage),
native industry, foreign commerce and
liberal navigation laws. Moreover, the
lines subsidized by those countries have
not prospered to any greater extent, for
reasons shown, than lines which were un
subsldlzed. In France, where heavy sub
sidles have been paid for 40 years past,
the merchant marine has for a long time
practically stood still. The monarchy of
Sweden and Norway, which grants sub
sidies and mall contracts of only a trifling
amount, owns a steam tonnage greater
than that of France. In view of these
facts, It does not seem that the examples
of European countries may be taken as
arguments in favor of a general subsidized
merchant marine.
"UNITED STATES IS, NOT ARE."
Hosse Committee on Revision of
Law So Decides.
WASHINGTON. Jan. 14. (Chicago In
ter Ocean.) The House committee on the
revision of the laws, in the course of
some tinkering with the statutes today,
ran up against the time-worn proposition
whether a singular or plural verb goes
with the United States. There was much
discussion among the members of the com
mittee. The worshipers of the Constitution quot
ing from that Instrument, had much the
better of the argument, when It was sug
gested that the committee consult any
authority on the subject that could be
found. Accordingly tho librarian of Con
gress, the Supreme Court officials, and
others were asked to throw light on the
matter.
The result showed that, while the Con
stitution and nearly all the laws, docu
ments and messages In the early days of
the republic used the plural verb, the
tendency had been steadily toward the
singular form, while the last 15 or 20
years the latter had obtained almost ex
clusively. The question was practically
settled, however, as far as the commit
tee was concerned, by the discovery of
a pamphlet written by ex-Secretary of
State John W. Foster, with the title "Are
or Is?" In this pamphlet Mr. Foster traces
the course of changing use of the words,
and quotes from Hamilton. Webster. Ben
ton, Motley, C. F. Adams, Jefferson,
Marcy, Seward, Fish, Evarts, Blaine,
Frellnghuysen. Bayard, Gresham and 01
ncy, who used It In the singular.
Among the earlier Presidents only Jack
son used the singular form, but in later
years Lincoln and since the Civil Wat
particularly Grant, Cleveland, Harrison
nnd McKlnley had used It exclusively.
Mr. Foster also quotes from decisions ot
the Supreme Court, those of recent years
Invariably using the singular verb In con
nectlon with the United States.
In no class of documents Is greater at
tention paid to the language employed
th.an Jn dIrat,nS treaties, and up to 130
the plural form was used. Since then,
however, the singular had been adopted.
I and Mr-. ?tcF. pol,t3 , tn5 ,"r8eaJ
treaty of 1S32, the arbitration of 1S97, and
the Hay-Pauncefote canal treaty as con
spicuous examples of the usage.
After reading the arguments and au
thorities of Mr. Foster, the committee de
cided that, legally at least, the United
States "is."
Babcoclc Felleirlnsr McKlnley.
Kansas City Star.
The significance of the Babcock Iron
and steel bill Is not affected by the fact
that there Is little chance for It becoming
a law at this scfislen of Congress. The
bill, coming as H does from a protection
ist, Is the entering wedge of free trade.
It marks the beginning of the end of the
high tariff system. When Mr. Babcock
at the last session proposed a measure to
Great Britain and
colonies.
Sweden and Norway.
SB.
i3
o n
Z2.
5.D
o ST
9.544
(.334)
593.9361
m
9.S3S.353
10.23S.001
10.508.443
630.5S2( Average 5175.-
579.32310W annually,
Average
S5.O0O.O0O
773.667)
Including some
10.7S9.446f
657,133
947,172
L117.384
payments to
foreign vessels
for postal ser
vices, annually.
11.719.247
12,149,050
12,739,1591
1.183.233;
J ijiQljOdU
J,
Chamber of Commerce
put some trust-made steel products on the
free list and to reduce duties on others
he encountered bitter opposition from all
the protected Interests. Their whole
house of cards was jeopardized and
threatened to come tumbling about their
ears. In spite of this enormous pressure
Mr. Babcock has now introduced a new
bill similar to the old one. It Is carefully
planned to give- the smallest possible of
fense to the protected Interests. Never
theless, it is a Republican recognition of
the fact that the people are tiring of tax
ing themselves to put money Into the
pockets of ilr. Carnegie and Mr. J. P.
Morgan. Mr. McKlnley recognized the
drift of public opinion in his last speech
in Buffalo the day before his assassina
tion. The Babcock bill Is in line with the
policy suggested In that address. Pro
tection is stabbed in the house of its
friend.
SCHWAB'S IMPORTED GEMS
Duty Not Paid and lie Had to Settle
Bill.
New York Times.
Charles M. Schwab, president of the
United States Steel Corporation, had at
breakfast several months ago a guest who
cost him 51250. The guest was H. C.
Stuart, the secretary ot Collector of Cus
toms BJdwell, who had called on Mr,
Schwab to ask him about a little matter
of $12,500 worth of diamonds that Mr.
Schwab had purchased from a Pittsburg
Importing house.
It was learned through a special Treas
ury Agent In Paris that the stones, which
were three In number, had been purchased
for "Mr. Schwab, and a3 no- record of their
arrival In this country was noticed, the
matter was looked up. It was learned
from reliable sources that the stones had
been brought in and delivered to Mr.
Schwab. The matter was put In tne
hands of Mr. Stuart, who had some dif
ficulty In finding Mr. Schwab at home,
and after several days' search located
him while he was eating breakfast. Mr.
Stuart was Invited In and made a guest.
Mr. Schwab admitted he had the gems,
but said tha't he had not Imported them
himself, and had no idea that they had
been smuggled In.
The gems were taken before Collector
Bldwell, who made a report on the inci
dent, and returned the diamonds to Mr.
Schwab on the payment of the 10 per cent
ad valorem duty. The Treasury Depart
ment filed tho report, and every one
thought the master closed until some one
told about It recently. Mr. Schwab could
not be found to give hs version of the
Incident.
Reflections of a? Bachelor.
Life 'Is a Joke as long as you are the joker.
The Lord made good women to show us how
different men are.
Host men can stand success better than suc
cess can stand them.
The way a man parts his hair has a ftreat
deal to do with whether a woman thinks he
is a Kentleman or not.
Most women's Idea of an Interesting man Is
one who will Hatter them Into Insensibility or
that they wouldn't like to have their daughters
know. New York Press.
WIHE CARDUi
Regu&tes the menstrual flow cures leu
corrhoca, falling of the womb and all the
other ailments peculiar to women Buy
a. 1 bottle from your druggist to-day.
ME-N
No Cure
No Pay
THE MODERN APPLIANCE. A poltl
way to perfect manhood. Tb VACUUM
TREATMENT cures ou without medicine ot
all nervous or diseases of the senerativ or
cans, such as lost manhood, exhaustive drains.
xarlcocele, Impotency, etc. Men are quickly re
stored to perfect health and strength. Writs
'or circulars. Correspondence confidential.
THE HEALTH APPLIANCE CO.. room 47-4J
Jaff Deposit bulldlnc. Kattle. Wash.
TRAVELERS' GUIDE.
O STRINGS
TO OUR BOW
"Yes, Blr! We have three routes
East, and they're all good.
1. "Via Billings and the Burling
ton Route.
2. Via St. Paul and the Burling
ton Route.
3. Via Denver and the Burlington
Route. "
Which Is best? That depends.
Take Xo. 1 If you want to save
time; No. 2 if you want to ride on
the "swellest" train on earth; No.
3 If you want to see the most mag
nificent scenery on the globe.
Call or write.
TICKET OfflCEi Cor. Tf&ri and Stark Sta.
ft. W. Festtr. Tiaktt Af tnt
P. S. Did you hear that we had
cut 35 minutes off, the time of the
St. Paul-Chicago Limited? Leaves
St. Paul 8:25 P. M.; arrives Chicago
9:20 A. M.
Pacific Coast Steamship Co.
Fr South-Eastern Alaska
LEAVE SEATTLE:
Steamships COTTAGE CITY.
CITY OF SEATTLE or AL
KI. 0 P. M., Jan. 5. 11. 13. 20.
2J, UO; Feb. 4. 14, 10, 19, 28.
For San Francisco
Steamers leave Seattle at 0 A. M. every fifth
day. For 'further Information obtain folder.
Right Is reserved to change steamers or sailing
dates.
AGENTSN. POSTON. 240 Washington St..
Portland: F. W. CARLETON, N. P. Dock. Ta
coma; Ticket Office, 018 First ave.. Seattle, M.
TALBOT. Comm'l Agt.; C. W. MILLER. Asst.
Gen'l Agt., Ocean Dock, Seattle; GOODALL.
PERKINS & CO., Gen'l Agts.. San Francisco.
Salem, Independence, Atay
torvallis and McMinnville.
Steamer POMONA, for CorvaUls, leaves 6:45
A. M, Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday,
Steamer .VLTONA, for McMinnville. leavea
T A. M. Monday, Wednesday and Friday,
OREGON CITY TRANSPORTATION CO..
OQce and dock; foot Taylor sf. Phone 40.
WSSm
TRAVELERS' GUIDE.
OUFGtW
JHoi$r Line
AMD
THREE TRAINS DAILY
FOR ALL POINTS EAST
tTNIOJf DEPOT.
Leave.
Arrive.
CHICAGO-PORTLAND
SPECIAL.
For the Eut via Hunt-
Uston.
a.oo A. M.
Dally.
1:30 P.M.
Daily.
SPOKANE FLYXB.
For JS?1" Washing.
ton. TV alia. Valla, Lew
istca. Coeur j'Alent and
Gu Northers Points.
I OilS P. M.
7.00 A. iL
Daily.
Daily.
ATLANTIC EXPRESS.
For the Etvl Haau
tnrtoi.
8:00 P.M.
Dally.
8:10 A. 2C
Dally.
OCEAX AD RIVER SCHEDULE.
FOR BXS FKAJi
CISCO. SS. Columbia
Jan. 7. IT, T7.
SS. Geo. W. Elder
Jan. 2. 12. 22.
eruu. '
Alnsworth
Dock.
S:0O P. 21.
fcOOP. 2s
FOR ASTORIA and
ay points, connecting
8:00 P. M.
5:00 P.M.
Dally ex.
Sunday.
Sat. 10
P. M.
Daily,
ex. Hun,
with str. for Ilwaco and
ortn ueacn. str. Has.
alo. Ash-street Dock.
FOR CORVALLI3 and
6:45 A. U.
Mon.,
Wed..
Fri.
6:Q0 P.M.
Tuea.,
Thurs..
Bat.
way points, str. RUTH,
Asn-street Dock.
(Water permitting-.)
FOR DAYTON. Orernn
7.00 A.M.
Tues.,
Thurs.,
3:00 p.JC.
Mon.,
Wed,.
FrU
City and Yamhill Riv,
er points, str. Elmore,
Asn-mreeiUQClc
(Water permitting.)
sat.
TICKET OFFICE. Third and Washlnrton.
Telephone. Main 712.
PORTLAND & ASIATIC
STEAMSHIP CO.
For Yokohama and Hone Konjr. calling- at
Kobe, Nagasaki and Shanghai, taking frelsbt
via connecting steamers for Manila, Port Ar
thur and Vladlvostock.
INDRAVELU SAILS JAN. 28.
For'ratea and full Information call on or ad
dress officials or agents of O. R. & N. Co,
PAQT
LiiUl VIA to
PATTTTTto)
uuin
Depot Fifth and I
Leave
Arrive
I Street.
OVERLAND EX
PRESS TRAINS,
for Salem. Rose
burs'. Ashland, Sac
8:30 P. M.
7:43 A. M.
8:30 A. M
ra m e n to. Ugden,
San Francisco. Mo
kr:oo p. m.
Jave. Los Angeles,
El Paso. New Or
leans and the East.
At Woodb urn
(dally except Sun
day), morning train
connects with train
(or Mt. Ansel. Sll
verton, Browns
ville. Springfield,
and Natron, and
Albany Local for
Mt. Ansel and Sll
verton. Mbany passenger ...
CorvaUls passenger.
Sheridan passenger.
10:10 A. M.
5.50 P.M.
4:00 P. M.
7:30 A. M.
4:BOP. M.
118:25 A. M.
Dally. 13ally except Sunday.
Rebate tickets on aale between Portland, Sac
ramento and San Francisco. Net rates $17 30
first class and $14 second class. Second class
Includes sleeper: llrst class does not.
Rates and tickets to Eastern points and Eu
rope. Also JAPAN. CHINA. HONOLULU and
AUSTRALIA. Can be obtained ,at Ticket Of
fice. No. 234. cor. Washington and Third.
YAMHILL DIVISION.
Passenger Depot, foot of Jefferson street.
Leave Portland dally 7:20 A. M.. 12:30, 1:55,
3:25, 4:40. G.25, 8:30 P. M. Dally except Sun
day. 5-30. 0:40 A. M., 5:03. 11:30 P. M. Sun
day only. 0 A. M.
Arrive Portland dally, S:30, 10:50 A. M.,
1:33, 3:10, 4:30. 0.15. 7:40. 10 P. M. Dally ex
cept Sunday. 0:35. 0:30. 10:50 A. M.; except
Monday. 12:40 A. M.: Sunday only, 10:05 A. M.
Leae for Dallas dally except Sunday, 5:02
P. M. Arrive Portland 0:30 A. M. Passenger
train leaves Dalian for Alrlle Mondays. Wednes
days and Fridays at 3:50 P. M. Returns Tues
days and Saturdays.
Except Sunday.
V. A. SCHILLING,
City Tkt. Agt-
R. B. MILLER.
Gen. Frt. & Pass. Agt.
TIME CARD
OHRAINS
PORTLAND
Leaves. Arrlrea.
Overland Express 2:00 P.M. 7:00 A. M,
Twin City. St. Louis & .
Kan. City Special 11:30 P.M. 7:43 P. at,
Puget Sound Limited, for
South Berd. Gray'a T "
Harbor. Olympla. Ta- 1 ?
coma and Seattle 8:35 A.M. 5:20 P.M.
Two trains dally to Spokane, Butte, Helena,
Minneapolis. St. Paul and the East.
A. D. CHARLTON.
Asit- General Pass. Agt..
253 Morrison street. Portland. Or.
Ticket Office 122 Third St Phone 6
LEAVE
The Flyer, dally to andAT.Trvpi
from Rt. Paul. Minna- lAVT V
COO P. M. noolls. Duluth. Chicago T:00
No. 4
uu au wii- 1 1", fr i
Through Palace and Tourist Sleepers; Dining
and Buffet Smoklng-Ubrary Cars.
JAPAN - AMERICAN LINE
STEAMSHIP RIOJUN MARU
For Japan. China and all Asiatic points will
leave Seattle
About January 28th.
Astoria & Columbia
River Railroad Co.
Depot Fifth and
I Street.
LEAVES
ARRIVE3
For Maygers, Rainier.
Clatskanle. Westport.
Clifton. Astoria, War
renton, Flavel, Ham
mond. Fort Stevens.
Gearhart Pk.. Seaside.
Astoria and Seashore
Express.
Dally.
Astoria Express.
Dally.
8:O0A. M.
11:10 A. M.
7:00 P. M.
0:40 P. M.
Ticket office 255 Morrison st. and Union Depot.
J C. MAYO. Gen. Pass. Agt.. Astoria. Or.
WHITE COLLAR LINE
STlt. TAJtioMA.
DALLES ROUTE.
Winter schedule Leaves foot Alder street
every Monday. Wednesday and Friday morn
ing. 7 A. M. Leaves The Dallea every Tuesday.
Thursday and Saturday morning. 7 A. M.
Stona at all way landings for both .freight
and passengers.
ASTORIA ROUTE.
STR. BAILEY GATZERT (Alder-at. Dock.)
Leaves Portland dally every mornlngr at 7
o'clock, except Sunday. Returning, leaves As
iorla every night at 7 q'ejock, except Sunday.
Oregon phono Main 351. Columbia phone SSL
0Mj&
VCvWiXVi
f AUNWT il
08CEH& SHASTA) !-
z
jgBgggrNORTHERwj