Morning Oregonian., January 01, 1902, FIRST SECTION, Page 4, Image 4

THE MORNING OREGONIAN, WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 1, 1002.
face of the map, to describe briefly -with
historical accuracy the area In question,
the following words: "Oregon Territory
discovered and settled; British claim ex
tinguished 1S4S."
Texas No Part of Louisiana.
The contention over Texas has waged
.as warm, though not so long, as tho dis
pute about the boundaries of the Oregon
Country. It has recently been reopened
by the publication by Henry Adams,
grandson of flohn Qulncy Adams, of the
secret Instructions given' by Napoleon to
General Victor when the latter was pre
paring to take possession of Louisiana
in the name of France, under the treaty
of 1E00. Mr. Adams has proved that
France, under the treaty of St. Ildefonso,
intended to claim Texas as a part of
Louisiana. He has not proved that
France's claim was valid, or that Spain
so regarded It.
The ablest contribution to the Texas
question is a paper by Ficklen to the
"Publications of the Southern History As
sociation" for September, 190L Professor
Ficklen shows that the claim of France
to Texas rested upon the fact that In
16S3, La Salle, who three years before
had taken possession In grandiloquent
terms of the Valley of the Mississippi and
of the coast as far as the River of Pa'ms
in Mexico, landed by accident at Mata
gorda Bay, on the coast of Texas, and
there planted a colony. This colony by
the next year had dwindled from 1S5 to
45 persons, and In the following year
only about 20 of these were left. La
Salle had not proposed to Fettle on that
coast, and It was his Intention to re
move his colony as soon as practicable
to the banks of the Mississippi. Before
this lntent'on could be carried out, he was
killed, and his settlement was destroyed
by the Indians. As soon as the Spaniards
learned of what they regarded as an In
vasion of their rights, they pent a strong
force Into Texas and carried off all the
members of La Salle's colony that they
could And among the Indians an act for
which they were never called to account
by France. They then proceeded to plant
missions and a presidio in Texas (1690).
After three years these -were abandoned;
but 23 years later, when the French once
'more threatened occupation, the Spaniards
took permanent possession of Texas, and
with missionaries and colonists they held
it against the French until all contention
was quieted by the transfer of Louisiana
to Spain by the treaty of 17C2. Spain had
also as to Texas a claim of prior dis
icovery, weak until reinforced by occupa
tion; but she based her strongest claim
on the exclusion of the French from the
soil of Texas. La Salle's settlement had
no significance In the history of Texas. In
the nomenclature of town and river, in the
government and life of tho people, no In
fluence with one slight exception, save
that of Spain, can be detected until the
American settlers crowded, into the prov
ince In the 19th century.
CHAMPIONS OF OREGON.
Linn Bejjnn the "Work in the Senate
and Benton Cnrrlcd It Through.
Foremost among the champions- of Amer
ican occupation of Oregon was Dr. Lewis
Fields Linn, who was Benton's colleague
In the United States Senate. -He was a
statesman of large caliber, ono to whom
the subject of migration was an open
book. Senator Linn, was a sturdy West
erner, a product of environment. Ho
was born when both banks of tho Ohio
River were fastnesses of murderous In
dians. He moved to Missouri when It was a
storm center on the slavery issue, and
when Oregon was the storm center of
International politics. Missouri was his
first love, but nothing In the West escaped
his attention. Like Jefferson, he saw be
yond the Rockies. In 1S3S he Introduced
a bill to establish the Territory of Ore
gon in the region north of the 42d parallel
and west of the Rocky Mountains. He
pointed out to the Senate that American
occupation of Oregon would secure sources
of vast wealth in. the fur trade, in the
fisheries, and in California, Hawaii and
the Orient. He met the opposition of Mc
Dufile and Calhoun with a speech that
gained friends for Oregon In the Senate.
He shattered McDuffle's position, by
showing the Inconsistencies of the asser
tion that Oregon was worthless, yet
Great Britain was willing to go to war
for It. "Insure them (the people of Ore
gon) the shelter of your laws," he said,
"and they will congregate there In force
enough to secure your rights and their
own."
Governmental blunders made uphill
work of Senator Linn's effort for Oregon.
The first mistake was the concession of
Joint occupancy In 1S18, and the second was
the renewal of It In 182S. Government
blindness, opposition from men like Mc
Duffie and indifference on the part of some
delayed settlement of the boundary ques
tion, hut Linn and Benton were firm and
unyielding. Linn started the work and
kept it going until his- premature death In
1843. Benton began where Linn lert off
and carried the fight to final triumph In
1S48. In. a speech made In 1843 Benton said
of Linn: "The bill for the settlement and
occupation of Oregon was his and he car
Tied It through the Senate when his col
league who now addresses you could not
nave done it" In his eulogy of Linn in
the Senate in December, 1843, Benton said:
"In the life and character of such a man
. . . It is difficult to pick out any one
quality or circumstance which could claim
pre-eminence over all others. If I should
attempt It I should point, among his
measures for the benefit of the wholo
Union, to the Oregon bill."
AMERICAN OCCUPATION.
prominent Part Taken ny Dr. John
Floyd, of Virginia,
Though Linn and Benton wero Oregon's
greatest champions In Congress they were
not its first friends. Early In the session
of 1820 December 19 Dr. John Floyd, a
"Representative from Virginia, moved tho
appointment of a committee to consider
the question of occupying Oregon. This
was Oregon's first appearance in Na
tional legislation. Dr. Floyd and his as
sociates on the committee Thomas Met
calfe, of "Kentucky, and Thomas V.
Swearlngen, of Virginia, submitted an
exhaustive report on January 25, 1821, to
gether with a hill for the occupation of
the Columbia River. Though few took
the report or bill seriously, there Is no
doubt that the work of Dr. Floyd's com
mittee formed the connecting link be
tween the Lewis and Clark expedition and
the efforts of later champions, and that
about it crystallized the sentiment In fav
or of holding Oregon for the American
Bettlor.
The committee reported that they had
carefully examined the subject, and,
"from every consideration which they
have been able to bestow upon it, be
lieve, from the usage of all nations pre
vious and subsequent to the discovery of
America, the title of the United States
to a very large portion of the Pacific
Coast to be well-founded." It was held
that In addition to the treaty settlement
and Captain Gray's discovery, the right
of the United States to "whole country
north of the Columbia River," was as
sured by an establishment made vby a
Mr. Hendricks at the mouth of the Co
lumbia In 17S5-6. "the full and entire
benefit of whose courage, enterprise and
success results to this Union; and at a
later day. In 1S05, Messrs. Lewis and Clark
In executing the desires of this Govern
ment, again visited the Columbia and the
Western Ocean, 12 miles from "which they
built Fort Clatsop yet to be seen." Con
tinuing, the report says:
From every reflection which the committee
have been able to bestow upon the facts con
nected with this subject, they are Inclined to
believe the Columbia. In a commercial point
of view, a position of the utmost Importance,
the fisheries on that coast. Its open sea, and Its
position in regard to China, which offers the
best market for the vast quantity of far
taken In those regions, and. our lnerealnc
trade throughout that ocean, seems to demand
Immediate attention The committee, from
carefully examining all facta connected with
the subject referred to them, are well per
suaded that the situation of the United States
is such as to enable It to possess all the bene
fits derived from this trade, which, in the
hands of others, amounts to millions, many of
whose trading establishments east of the Rocky
Mountains are within the acknowledged limits
of the Republic, as fixed by the Convention or
London. October 20. 181S; and It is believed
that no power, with the exception of Spain,
has any Jutt. claim to territory west of them,
or on tho Pacific ... To succeed In pro
curing to the people of the United States all
the wealth flowing from this source. It Is only
necessary to occupy with a small trading
guard the most northeastern point upon the
Missouri RIer, and confine the foreigners to
their own territory: at the same time occupy
ing with a similar guard the mouth of the
Columbia.
The resources of the Oregon country
are discussed with much minuteness and
the following plan of settlement Is pro
posed: "Were an establishment made at the mouth of
the Columbia, which should be allowed to take
with them their women and children, there
can be no doubt of success, as so many years
of experience of the English fur companies
have amply shown this method has the most
powerful effect in separating the minds of tho
men from, pursuits which often In frontier
countries lead to strife, as It gives them a
local Interest and feeling, and makes them
even more vigilant and prudent In the dis
charge of all their duties. It is believed that
population could easily bo acquired from Chi
na, by which the arts of peace would at once
acquire strength and Influence, and mako visi
ble to the aborigines tho manner la which
their wants could be supplied. Tho coast of
the Pacific Is in its climate more mild than
any part of the continent in the same parallel,
and many vegetables on that shore grow In
great abundance In the native forests which
are likewise natives of China.
It is known that when the Spanish Govern
ment. In 1789, sent their ships of war up the
coast to capture the British vessels which were
Intruding, they found 70 Chinese whom the
English had procured to emigrate, that they
might be emplojed in the mechanic arts; and
though the people of that country evince no
dlHpoUIon to emigrate to the territory-of ad
Joining Princes. It is believed they would wil
lingly, nay, gladly, embrace the opportunity
of a home in America, where they have no
prejudices, no fears, no restraint in opinion,
labor or religion.
Floyd's committee, says Benton, "was
granted by the House more through
courtesy to a respected member than
with any view to business results." Tho
report was read twice and "committed
to a committee of the whole House, most
of the members not considering it a
serious proceeding." Over 27 years
elapsed before a bill organizing Oregon
as a territory passed both Houses of
Congress. In the meantime the Amer
icans occupied Oregon and formed a
Government of their own which exist
ed for nearly six years.
SETTLEMENT OP OREGON
IeopIeWho Came in Early Dnyx
Would Abiv Be Called Sooner.
Oregon was settled by the pioneer men
and women, - "sooners," as they would
bo termed in theso later days of rush
for lands thrown open for settlement by
the Government, who gathered on the
frontier of civilization in Western Mis
souri in the Fall and Winter of 1842 and
rushed to tho Pacific Coast with the
opening of the Spring of 1813. From the
time the Aryan race began to leave Its
cradle In Asia, the migration of its sturdi
est stock has been towards the West.
It swarmed over Europe and built em
pires and republics. Next It appeared In
the New World, hugging the coast line
and regarding- tho vest Interior with
dread mixed with superstitious awe. For
over a century arter the founding or
Jamestown the beautiful Shenandoah Val
ley was unknown to the Virginians. "It
was still part of the unmeasured wilder
ness," to quote the historian Flske, "that
stretched away to tho remote shores
which Drake had once called by the name
of New Albion." Spotswood, who was
Governor of Virginia, crossed the Blue
Ridge at Swift Run Gap. about SO miles
southeast of Harper's Ferry, In 171C, and
opened the way for the Scotch-Irish, who
Hocked Into the Shenandoah Valley, be
ginning In 1730. Spotswood's merry
Knights of the Golden Horseshoe proved
the western country to be habitable.
From the Shenandoah Valley It was bui
a step to the valley of the Ohio, then to
the Mississippi, and then over the Rocky
Mountains to the Pacific seaboard.
The settlement of Oregon was but a
part of tho great Western movement of
the Aryan race, a movement that still
continue though the boundless Pacific
separates it from Its ancient home. Floyd,
of Virginia, who was tireless In his ef
fort In Dehalf of American occupation
of the Columbia River, said of the immi
gration which it was proposed to direct
this way: "At most. It Is only acting
upon precisely the eame principle which
has directed tho progress of population
from the moment the English first landed
In Virginia." He might with equal trutn
have said that It was acting upon pre
cisely tho same principle which has di
rected tho progress of the Aryan since he
bogan to migrate. Hon. Francis Baylies,
of Massachusetts, eald In Congress In the
early stages of the Oregon question:
As we reach the Rocky Mountains we wccld
bo unwise did wo not pass the narrow space
which separates the mountains front tho ocean,
to secure advantages far greater than the ex
isting adantages of all the country bstween
the Mississippi and tho mountains. Sir, our
National boundary Is the Pacific Ocean. The
swelling .tide of our population must and will
roll on until that mighty ocean limits our ter
ritorial empire. Then, with, two oceans wash
ing our shores, the commercial wealth of tho
world Is ours, and Imagination can hardly con
ceive the greatness, tho grandeur and the
power that await us.
Few migrations in tho history of- man
may Justly be compared to the coming
of the pioneers of 1S43. John Mlnto said,
in his address at tho Oregon pioneer re
union of 1876, that the men, women and
children of 1843 "crossed an unsettled
counjry covering 28 degrees of longitude,
ever; part of the way liable to attacks
from savage foes." Of all the movements
of man, Mr. Mlnto thought the Journey
of the Israelites from Egypt to Canaan
offers tho closest parallel to the immi
gration of 1M3, the Israelites "being en
cumbered with their families, but there
the distance was hundreds of miles, while
tills was thousands." Spotswood was the
pathfinder of the Alleghanles, and Lewis
and Clark were the pathfinders of the
Rockies and tho Cascades. The Irish -Scotch
pioneers who filled the Shenan
doah Valley wero the predecessors and,
to a certain degree, the ancestors of the
"sooners" who came to Oregon In 1843.
CENSUS OP IS50.
A Few Interesting Facts From the
First Fedcrnl Enumeration.
The census of 1850, the first taken for
Oregon, and also for the territory ceded
as a result of the Mexican War, estimated
that Oregon Ivxd added 30S.052 square miles
to the area of the United States. The
enumeration showed 2374 dwellings and
an average"of 5.C persons to the dwelling.
In the next 10 years the number of dwell
ings rose to 12.277, and the average per
dwelling fell to 4.29. In 1S50 real estate
values in Oregon were placed nt 53,937,332;
personal estate, 51.05C.142; total valuation,
55,003.474. The population of the territory
was 0.0S per cent of that of the United
States.
While in 1900 therewere in the- old Ore
gon country many towns of 1000 popula
tion and over, tfcare were In ISO but six
having more than 125, and all these were
within the present state of Oregon. Sa
lem led with 1000, Portland was second,
with S21, and then followed the other
towns In the order of their rank: Oregon
City. 07; Milton. 092; Astoria, 252; Linn
City. 12i.
Farming was the main pursuit of the
INDIAN WOMAN WHO REMEMBERS LEWIS AND CLARK.
"3- '"'",. i $3 " . - y '-jp Mf'fr If'lE'J l& -rft' L.f Pfo aOS " ' . ' ' j
SE-eno-WA
Old Sc-cho-wa is listed on the books at the Umatilla Reservation at the age of 110
years. Mrs. De, or Oregon City, who Is writing the story of Lewis and Clark, went up to'
Pendleton, to see the old woman. She Is very old and was creeping on the ground UKo
a baby. Se-cho-wa says when she was "so high" (Indicating very young), the first white
men came Into the country. "What did they do?" asked Mrs. Dye, through an interpret
er. SJowly tho old woman turned upon the questioner as to one who had awakened strange
memories, and began rubbing her knee, rubbing and rubbing and moaning, "Waklma!
waklma! Long time ago! Long time ago. Walla Walla chief. My own father. White men
cooked brush (herb tea). Made him well. After that his name was Tamatapo." Mrs. Djo
is not certain what Tamatapo means, but has been told it means "brush-eater." TIw
published Journal says: "Captain Clark splinted the broken arm of one, and gave some
relief to another, whoso knee was contracted by rheumatism." Old Se-cho-wa wvnt on:
people, for it was Indeed the business
that brouglvt them to the country. Ore
gon raised 0.21 of the total wheat crop of
the country in 1850, and produced 0.05 per
cent of the total wool clip. The single
county of Umatilla, In Eastern Oregon,
has In recent years produced 1 per cent
of the country's wheat. There were In
Oregon what the Superintendent of the
Census was pleased to term 11C4 "farm
plantations," comprising 132,857 acres of
improved lands and 299.951 acres of unim
proved lands. The cash value of the
farms was placed at 52,849,170. Each, farm
averaged 372 acres, and was valued, with
its Implements and machinery, at 52605.
Statistics of production and value of live
stock holdings follow:
Wheat, bushels 211,943
Oats, bushels 61,214
Potatoes, bushels v 91.326
Corn, bushels 2.918
Rye, bushels 106
Hay, tons 373
Hops, pounds 8
Butter, pounds -. 211,464
Cheese, pounds C6.9EO
Flax, pounds 640
Wool, pounds 29.6S6
Horses, number 8,046
Asses and mules 420
Cows , 9,427
Oxen . 8.114
Sheep 15.3S2
Swine 30,235
Value of livestock 51,876,159
Value of animals slaughtered 164,530
Value of orchard products 1,271
While Industrial development had only
begun, and manufacture was principally
to supply local needs In a limited mar
ket, Oregon produced more finished ma
terial per Inhabitant In 1S50 than It did in
1900. For every inhabitant 516S was turned
out In goods In 1S50, and 5111 In 1900. Item
ized, the. industrial enumeration of 1850
follows:
Establishments ., 52
Hands employed ' 317
Capital .. 5 843,600
Annual wages .' 3SS.620
Raw material used 809,560
Value of product 2,236,640
Males, 2S5; females, 32.
By counties the output was:
Benton 5 43,200
Clackamas 631,500
Clark :. 251.500
Clatsop 2C0.000
Lewis 71,200
Linn 189,440
Marion V 285,000
Polk 118.800
Washington 202,900
Yamhill 133,100
Total 52,236.640
WELL-KNOWN MILLINERS.
Although it is late in the season for
millinery goods, you cannot find a bet
ter place for a Winter hat than at Mrs.
H. B. Blake's. 123 Grand avenue. Be
fore purchasing a Spring hat call and
see the fine assortment carried at this
store, at reasonable prices.
. For cheap prices and fair dealing In
tinware, granlteware, hardware and agri
cultural goods call on the East Side Hard
wale Company, at 115 Grand avenue. W.
B. Hall, the manager, was formerly with
Hall Bros.
BRITISH COLUMBIA AND THE FAIR
Credit and Results of the Lewis and Clark Expedition
Will Be Shared Irrespective of International Boundaries
IT IS not unnatural apart from the
pecuniary advantages that may be de
rived, that British Columbia should be
desirous of being represented at the expo
sition of 1905, which is to celebrate the
anniversary of the arrival of the Lewis
nnd Clark expedition at the mouth of the
Columbia River 100 years previously. That
event of vast though widely different im
port to the two countries mainly con
cerned, in itself does not, and by Its very
nature could not, appeal to our sympa
thies; yet there are considerations of mu
tuality and commonality more than suffi
cient to offset any historic grudge we
may bear the good people of the other side
of the line on that account.
Viewed - in a strictly historical light,
there does appear to be the finger of Irony
In the proposal to ask the co-operation
of British Columbia, an Integral part of
tho Dominion of Canada, which in its
turn Is the "keystone" of the British Em
pire, In celebrating an episode mainly In
strumental in the loss of Oregon to tho
British Government. To tnose most famil
iar with the history of the Northwest
Coast of America it is abundantly evident
that the Lewis and Clark expedition was
the strongest factor In determining the
sovereignty of the country In possession
of the United States west of the Rocky
Mountains. Tho discovery of the Colum
bia River by Captain Gray, It is true, was
the first link In the chain of evidence to
a title, but formed after all only a small
portion of the right to title. Under the
modern tenets of International law, dis
covery Is entitled to Its due of Importance,
but exploration, use and occupation are
tho "far more necessary complements.
By the farsightedness and wisdom of
Thomas Jefferson, as whom as great has
not sat In the Presidential chair, Lewis
and Clark became the forerunners of that
Invasion of Yankee settlement and enter
prise that won for the United States the
rich prize of that portion of Oregon Ter
ritory lying south of the 49th parallel of
latitude. To ask us to glory in the ac
complishment of what was our own diplo
matic defeat might appear to a large num
ber of patriotic persons. If they properly
understood It, as adding lnsu.t to grave
Injury on a par with the proposal which
was made to the Canadian Government
some time ago to erect a monument on
the "plains of Abraham in memory of
United States General Montgomery, who
fought and fell In an engagement made
during an Invasion of Canada in 1775. An
exact paradigm would have been furnished
If In 1S75 the City of Quebec had proposed
to hold an international exhibition In
honor of the victory over Montgomery's
troops nnd Invited the neighboring States
of Maine and Vermont to participate
therein. Would they have responded fa
"My father, Walla Walla chief. Four wives. Lots of children. Iiots of horses. I ery
little girl. I follow them." "What else did the white men do?" "Gave many presents."
said old Se-cho-wa: "then," motioning 'up the Columbia, "they went away Into the buffalo
country." Se-cho-wa reirombers Ycllept, the Walla Walla chief who entertained Lewis and
Clark. He gave the explorers a fine white horse. Clark, having nothing else, gave him
his sword In return. "What became of Yellept?" "He went down Into the grave alive
with his Eon," said old Se-cho-wa. "Why did, he do this?" "On account of his great
sorrow." The early missionaries heard the same traJitlon. that Yellept lost one son after
another. AYhen tho last died, the old mnn In despair commanded his people to cover them
In one grave together, stepped In upon the corpse and was covered by the clods. "Good
bye." said the old woman, taking her visitor's hand In her withered claw. "Good-bo;
you go home. I sdbn go Into the ground." Major Lee Moorchouse. an Interested spectator,
took a snapshot with his camera. The Interpreter stands la the door of the tepee.
vorably and In haste? I cannot say
"nay." but I can at least think my own
thoughts on the subject.
It Is well, however, that our animosities
are not as deep as our memories are long.
History, like politics, makes strange bed
fellows; and with all the misunderstand
ings of the past, diplomatic disputes and
the bloodshed of many battlefields, there
was never a time when the people of Can
ada, or the Empire, and those of the
United States were more inclined to live
In harmony and good will than, at the pres
ent: or when all those latent bonds of un
itylanguage, race, common traditions,
mutual interest were more eager to as
sert themselves in defiance of. the preju
dices and heart burning3 that hwc arisen
out of the fapilly feuds of the past.
Anglo-Snion Frlcndnhlp.
If we look at the status of nations 100
years ago, when Napoleon's vaunting am
bition was threatening the very existence
of all governments but his own. we find
that the alliances of that day have been
many times reversed, and the attitude of
nations towards each other today verify
In a remarkable manner how time artd cir
cumstances determine our bed-fellows, and
how easy It is for bed-fellows to fall and
kick each other out. At the same time,
the relations which have now continued
for so long a time as friendly, even at
times estranged and suspicious, between
the two great branches of the Anglo-Saxon
race are favorable to hopes of a perma
nent alliance being formed, demonstrating
that in the long run blood will assert
Itself and finally heal all breaches; and
that It Is possible to live even more peace
fully in two households than one and to
the mutual benefit of both.
The rapid trend of events Is In the di
rection of Continental combination against
both Great Britain and the United States,
for somewhat different reasons, it may be,
the reasons that are sufficient and rea
sons, too, which point the way to closer
alliance between the powers thus aimed
nt. In the case of Great Britain there Is
that singularity and Insolation, associated
at the same time a ubiquity and self
asscrtlveness which unconsciously raise
up enemies, after the manner of the ag
gressive and successful business man, who
is cordially hated by his rivals even when
they respect him most. In the case of
the United States there are two Import
ant factors which have developed In the
past few years and taken cognizance or
and are fully recognized by the other na
tions of the world. One Is the legitimate
fruit of a policy of protection, which,
owing to the expansion of Internal re
sources, has enabled the United States
to build up an lnterstatal trade and com
merce and an industrial system, strong
and vast enough to be self-sustaining In
themselves, and at the same time to form
an Invulnerable basis of attack in com
peting for the trade of the .world. No
other nation In the world has such a va-
I rlety of natural products within Its own
borders and such a favorable combination
of conditions to supply cheaply what the
world requires, and recent demonstra
tions of the ability and energy of Amer
ican financiers have given alarm to na
tions equally ambitious, but not so rich
ly endowed. The other factor referred to
Is the stepping out of the United States
Into the arena of the world's politics by
the acquirement of possessions in the
Orient and elsewhere. No longer Is she
a nation whose isolation precludes the
possibility of international complications,
Sho must henceforth be rcckooned with
at every court of the continents east and
west of her. As a world power she is
strong and as aggressive, now that she
has tasted of the sweets of expansion, as
she is from an industrial point of view,
and equally to be feared. More than
that, the language of her people Is the
language of Great Britain, and In their
loins are the seed of the same dominant
race.
Brltlih Columbia Will Not Be Lake-
I wnrm.
I Destiny has, therefore, bound these two
nations together, and their missions, if
nations have missions, must converge to
a common goal. In the effacements of
tlmf and In the altered conditions and
1 circumstances of the twentieth century,
before which the dead past has burled Its
dead, we are, therefore, willing to forr
get the Oregon question and the other
issues dividing us in the years gone Jty;
we are willing to submit our present out
standing differences, which came before
the Quebec Conference for review, to the
friendly and civilized methods of arbitra
tion, and abide loyally by the result; and
we are willing under such circumstances
to join in this part of His Majesty's do
mains 4n celebrating with the people of
Oregon the notable feats of LevIs and
Clark, not as a weak and spiritless sub
mission to our loss of Oregon and an ac
knowledgment of the unjustness f our
cause, but as a tribute of brave men to
the brave men and heroes who contribut
ed. In common with the pioneers of the
West, both In the United States and In
Canada, to the opening of the way and to
leading the army of homc3eekers that
( have peopled and" developed a territory
1 on the Pacific Slope great enough and rich
. enough to be an empire of itself.
1 If we are to reflect In our public policy
I the greatest triumphs of modern progress
at the beginning of the" twentieth ccn-
j tury, we should cease to boast of diplo
matic triumphs, or to make the alms of
conventions the securing of a prize. Ir
respective of the rights involved; and
rather ty cement by offices of good-will
and mutual forbearance the feelings
which should maintain between two na
tions, whose Independent and friendly ex
istence are alike necessary to the great
est success and prosperity of both.
There is every reason why there should
I be a perfect entente cordlale between, the
people of British Columbia and the people
of Oregon and Washington in respect to
the forthcoming exhibition, and In many
other respects as well. The origin of their
history Is common. Prior to 1S16 it was
all Oregon Territory from California to
1 Alaska, with absolutely no dividing lines.
I Their physical characteristics are almost
identical In every respect climate, topog
raphy, natural resources, flora and fauna
and their people are all or nearly all
drawn from the same, good old stock,
whose descendants whether In the Brit
ish Isles, Irf Eastejn Canada, in the At
lantic States, In the great Interior plain .
or on Jhe Pacific Slope are cousins an.
Moreover, the political, social and eco
nomic problems that have been created by
the special environments of the coast are
similar and must be solved in the same
way. By the homogeneity of products
the interests of three divisions are to a
large extent the same, and although they
must for that reason be competitors, the
markets of the world to which they be
come tributary are large enough for ah
three to enjoy and profit by; and afy
conditions or set of conditions, which in
fluence or control the trade or Industry
of one part must affect the whole. It Is.
therefore, of the greatest Importance that
so far as possible under existing political
circumstances there should be co-operation.
Much to LeRrn 'From the United
Stntea.
It Is also Important to understand that
Une3 of development in agriculture, min
ing, fishing, etc., must of necessity be
parallel. Owing to the advanced state of
the Pacific Coast States over British Co
lumbia, wo have much to learn from them
as to the best methods to adopt for the
most successful results. In fruitgrowing
we have found that what has succeeded
best In Oregon, and California' will, on
account of similar conditions, succeed
here In British Columbia. We are now
taking a leaf from California in regard
to the propagation and preservation of
our fisheries, and have engaged one of
Its best experts for the purpose. In min
ing, British Columbia owes a great deal
to the Americans, who wera the pioneers
of the Kootenay mines, and we can cer
tainly learn a great deal from the expert
ence of men who have exploited th
mines of California, Colorado, Nevada J
Montana, Idaho and Oregon. In the lum
bering Industry, we must adopt what thfal
Pacific Coast of America has done, and I
supply its own lumber fleet, to carry lum-
bee In its own bottoms to the variouai
ports of the Pacific. In addition to all
this, we must to a large extent look to .
the capitalists of the United States fori
the capital In developing our Industries
on a large scale. It Is true we have Eng
land, and It still leads In control of purse
strings of the world, but without any dis
respect to our own land or her instltu
tlons, we recognize that the system bj
which our American cousins Invest Is "bet
ter adapted to the conditions of this eoun,
try; In other words, more direct, mort
practical, and more economical In man
agement; and results, after all, are the
deciding test.
Of course in Eastern Canada strong
financial circles are being formed, and
we find In Toronto and Montreal, al
though the population Is not comparable
with the larger cities of the United States,
proportionately their financial institutions
are on a much large scale: and we hope
some day that we shall be able to finance
our own Industries with our own capital,
but the Canadian financiers have yet In a
great many cases to acquire the experi
ence and confidence which such resourcea
as our mines afford before making the
plunge. Many of the millionaires of the
United States have made their money in.
mines and other industries of a new coun
try, and are better qualified to Invest
their capital as new conditions arise.
The advantages of a display of oui
products at Portland over say one atl
Toronto or Buffalo, even. Is that more
attention will be attracted to them ant.
be much more closely criticised and bet- 1
ter appreciated by the great majority of
'visitors who are familiar with similar
products from the other side of the line,
and the practical results would be greater.
It will also help to bring the two parts
of the country. In many ways closely al
lied. In closer touch with each other. At
the present time there Is very little com
munication among them and they know
comparatively little about each other. It
should not be. more especially as the
pioneers of both countries were In some j
others, relatives, friends and countrymtn
Xot u Matter or nouminrr JJncu t
As Canadians we rejoice In the pros
perity of the United States. We envy
them not the least that phenomenal de
velopment which has lilted the youngest
nation on earth to the foremost place.
Personally we admire and like the Ameri
can people, and are always pleased to wel
come them as visitors and friends, and we
would hall the day when both people
would throw away the foolish prejudices,
often imbibed In school as a patriotic duty,
and regard each other as cousins whose
duty and best Interests It would b to live
on the best of terms with each other
nations both of whom have equal right to
live under whichever flag they choose.
The misunderstandings, heart-burnings
and blood-shedding of the past have arisen
out of conditions now non-existent, and
like most disagreements were worthy of
neither party to the dispute In which
passion, prejudice and desire to overreach
were considerations rather than settlement
of the merits of the dispute. The great
trouble has been that' the two peoples
have not understood each other. Feuds
are foolish and are simply the quarrels
of children grown old. Because Great
Britain 150 years aso did not, by reason
of the spirit of the age, duly appreciate
the temper and genius of her own chil
dren, developed under new conditions in a
new world, it is no reason why Great
Britain of today should be regarded as
her great and llrst-born enemy: or, be
cause at the same time the United States
did not temper their triumph with me'rey,
and cruelly and mercilessly persecuted
and drove out those brave men and wo
men, who regarded loyalty to their sov
ereign as their first duty to their country, '
that Canada, to whose arms they fled,
should forever wear a grudge on her
sleeve. Take the boundary questions nine-
tenths of the people of Canada honestly
believe that the whole of Oregon and,
Washington and a large part of Michigan
and Maine should belong to Canada. On
the other hand, I have no doubt It Is an"
equally conscientious Impression In your
country that all of British Columbia, If
not the greater part of Canada, should
have gone to the United States. These
matters are done and ended, and cannot
In the ordinary course of events be al
tered. Why should they stand In the way
of a perfect understanding? Why should
the educational systems of either country
still continue to foster these old feuds by ,j
exaggerations favorable to their own sides
of the case? It Is not only absurd, but a
crime against the rising generation. As a-
matter of fact, when they come to know
and understand each other, we" are very
much alike In every way in Ideas, char
acter, ability, Intelligence and ambitions.
Either of us without altering a whit of
our natures could beoome a subject of the
other country. Our political system,
which constitutes the greatest difference.
Involves the same mindple of popular
control, only worked out In a different
way. We believe we have the- best sys
tem because the results of development In
conformance with conditions -as they
arise are consequently less rigid and at
all times more directly reflect the pop
ular will; but that Is matter of opinion.
Perhaps both are the best, as being best
adapted to the conditions of the country
to which thay belong.
Speaking as an Individual, fcom such
considerations as these, I would like t3
s-oc the Portland Exposition of 1905 a
great success, and would like, furtn.r-
more, to see the people of British Co
lumbia join heartily In It to make It so.
It Is ojte of those movements which help
to obliterate old scores and create a statuj
of reciprocal good will that should cer
tainly exist between the communities so
contiguous, so alike In all respe-ts, and
so blessed with the riches that are con
tributing In a marked degree to the pros
perity and greatness of their respective
countries. Moreover, in doing honor to
men like Lewis and Clark and the Immor
tal Jefferson, we are doing honor to men
representative of the genius of Americans,
In the larger sense of that term, the credit
and results of which are shared Irrespec
tive of boundary lines.
R. E. GOSNELL.
Commissioner for British Columbia,
Victoria.