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THE MORNING OREOOXIAN, WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 9, 1901.
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TODAY'S WEATHER. Generally fair and
continued cold, northerly winds.
rORTLAXD, WEDNESDAY, JAX. O.
If The Oregonlan should give notice
that, oeglnnlng with tomorrow. It
would make careful inquiry to ascer
tain the names of all persons who visit
gambling-houses and play therein, and
that It would publish from day to day
a list of suoh names as it could col
lect, there could be no method for sup
pression of gambling half so effective.
The Oregcnian ventures the opinion
that this -would put a stop to three
fourths of the open gambling in the
City, within one week. Do the people
of P-rtland want this remedy applied?
Do parents, who are not doing their
duty, never have done it, want to see
the names of sons in this list? Do
young men who play wish their em
ployers to see their names in it? At a
ministers' conference a day or two ago,
where this subject of gambling was
under consideration, one of the minis
ters said that In making the round of
places where gambling was going on
he had seen at the gaming table a son
of a brother minister one of those
there present. The name of this son
could be published with the rest. Most
cf the e lis of gambling are due to the
laxity or inefficiency of parental in
struction and control. The Oregonlan
believes there are too many persons
who look to government for physical
surport, and too many who look to It
for moral health. For itself, it is not
able wholly to gat away from the old
doctrine of personal, individual and
parental responsibility. The best way
It can think of for enforcement of such'
responsibility in the present case would
be to collect and publish the names of
the frequenters and players at the gam-bLng-houses.
Do the people of Port
land tant it done? Some might think
It harsh. And yet The Oregonlan hasn't
much patience or sympathy with those
who expect government to save them
frcm temptation, or who depend on po
lice regulations for protection of their
private meals.
General Joseph "Wheeler, In an article
in the Independent, on "Tranqullizlng
the Philippines," expresses the opin
ion that the work that remains for the
Army of the United States is not very
serious or operose. He doubts whether
there are more than three or four thou
sand hostile? now In the field against
us, and says that these are largely of
the handittL that have been ravaging
In the Philippines for a hundred yearsx
Spain, so far as he could learn during
his own stay in the islands, had not
made any serious attempt to suppress
these robber bands. The Spaniards
never had sufficient force to penetrate
the Interior, and at the outbreak of the
Aguinaldo rebellion In 1S9G there were
but 1500 Spanish soldiers In the entire
Philippine Archipelago. There were,
indeed, 5000 or W0 native troops, but
these were chiefly In the larger cities.
General "Wheeler believes that we have
only to show that we mean well to the
people of the islands, and that our oc
cupation Is going to be permanent, in
order to cause all resistance, except
en the part of the mere robbers, to
cease. These we ,shall be compelled to
crush. Aguinaldo and his followers,
General "Wheeler repeats, represent
substartially only one tribe, and it is
doubtful whether the other tribes or
peoples cf the Archipelago would agree
ta Tagal domination. In this article
General "Wheeler confirms the Judgmont
of everj other person who has studied
the situation in the Philippines, namely,
that the great purpose In the mind, of
Aguinaldo and his followers was mere
ambition to rule and an eager desire
tt f roe, largely for their own benefit,
the confiscation of the great property
belonging to the religious orders. These
w ro the mainsprings of the outbreak
against the United States. General An
d rson, General Otis and civilians who
hae rurned from the Islands have
al made substantially the same state
ment. It is f-Tty years since General Grant
f ught his first battle, that of Belmont,
and this distance of time probably ex
plains the difference between General
Grant's recollections of the battle as
set forth in his "Memoirs" and the rec
ede tions of F. D. Jodon, published In
The Oregonlan of Sunday, for the mere
fact that Mr. Jodon was a Confederate
w..i n t explain the difference between
his figures and those of General Grant.
Mr Jodon recollects that Grant at
tacked the enemy with 669 men against
4jv0 General Grant says that his force
c rsict d of the Twenty-second, Twen
ty -s nth. Thirtieth and Thirty-first 11-
Un .s Regiments, the Seventh Iowa Vol
urfeers. Battery B. First Illinois Artil
lery, and two companies of the Fif
teenth Illinois Cavalry. Genoral Hor
ace Porter, of General Grant's staff.
writes that after leaving a proper
i-uard at the landing, General Grant
moved forward to the attack -with but
2500 men, or 4000 men less than the es
timate of Mr. Jodon. General Grant
was a man of veracity, and, o course,
knew how many men he had at Bel
mont, while Mr. Jodon evidently only
estimated Grant's forces with his eye,
and hla figures are therefore about as
untrustworthy as General McClellan's
estimate of Lee's army before Rich
mond at 150.000 men, when it did not
exceed 85,000. Farstaff is not the only
fighting man who has been put to flight
by "men in buckram." Mr. Jodon's
statement that "the rotary force of the
air disrupted" by the bursting of a
large Confederate cannon "peeled oft
the Captain's outer coat" we will not
dispute; it is even more remarkable
than the statement we heard a soldier
once make when he said that while he
never was wounded, a minle ball once
passed so close to his head that "the
blood spurted out of both his ears,"
which prompted one of his comrades to
remark that he "had always heard that
he had the longest ears In the whole
Army of the Potomac."
"SLAV OR SAXON V
Poulteney Blgelow, in the Independ
ent, expresses the opinion that as In
telligence increases among the people of
Russia the vast empire will tend to
disintegration. Yet It may not be so.
"With Increase of Intelligence an aggres
sive national spirit may take the place
of a blind and infatuate devotion to
authority. At present the general level
of Intelligence In Russia Is perhaps
lower than that of any other country
that the world classes with civilized
nations. Religious authority with the
Russian peasant is well-nigh absolute,
and church and state constitute a sin
gle system. This will not be so always.
Yet historical analogies do not favor
the prophecy of disintegration, as a
consequence of Increasing enlighten
ment. "While It Is true that the Rus
sian Empire embraces many peoples,
yet among the most powerful of them
thire are common racial affinities, and
thelav prevails over all. The forces
of modern national life seem to us to
be more likely to weld these together
thait the opposite forces to produce
their dissolution.
In the series of volumes entitled
"Questions of the Day," published by
the Putnams, there is a book by "Will
iam D. Foulke, entitled "Slav or
Saxon?" This writer's thesis is that a
struggle is coming which is to deter
mine -whether the civilization of the
Slav orthat of the Saxon is to be the
civilization of the world. France, It is
held, has seen its best days; Germany
has not yet shown any ability to leap
across ethnological barriers; Spain is
moribund, and Italy has not Indicated
that its vitality will extend much be
yond the peninsula It occupies. The
only three great peoples that remain
are the A'merlcans, the English and
the Russians. It is contrary to our dis
position to ' participate in any world
wide struggle, nor are we likely to be
led Into it even by our recent expan
sive movement But Great Britain and
Russia cannot avoid competition for
empire In Asia.
Russia is aggressive. That is a con
sequence of the militarism by which
she is dominated. Even when she Is
forced to stop, as she was not long
since in the Balkan Peninsula, it is
only for a limited period. She yields
for the time to the dictates of prudence,
only to move on when the pressure is
removed. Such forces, under a despotic
master, must and will be used for pur
poses of conquest. It Is easy to say
'that the social conditions of Russia
cannot remain as they are now; that
the great mass of the people cannot be
kept In Ignorance Indefinitely; that the
evils of despotism will find their rem
edy, and that the motive which impels
Russia to cqnquest will gradually dis
appear. Doubtless there is an element
of truth herein; but the process of
uplifting the people will require a very
long period, during which there will
be ample time for conquests; and after
the people arrive at a basis of rational
liberty, then national pride and patri
otic spirit will Induce them to hold
what they won In their days of seml
clvlllzed aggression and conquest.
Great Britain will be compelled to see
to It that Russia shall not obtain over
whelming preponderance in the East
ern hemisphere. This necessity, It
seems probable, will force a conflict,
which In short terms may be called a
struggle between Slav and Saxon. The
struggle may come sooner than it
would sepm, If we compare It with the
slow development of nations and races
in the past. It may, indeed, not come
soon; It may be generations ahead of
us, but the rapidity of movements of
this character today Is as much greater
than that of like movements In past
ages as the speed of the locomotive Is
greater than that of the coacti or cara
van. DECLINE OF THE TRUST.
The financial and industrial record
of the year Just closed has dispelled an
other dream of the theorists who "view
with alarm" the alleged encroachments
of capital on those who have none. The
consolidation craze wa3 .it Its height in
the early months of 1S99, and the al
most countless millions involved (on
paper) in the capitalization of new com
panies coming Into existence and ex
panding from the foundations of the
older Institutions, caused much con
cern. It was feared that this growing
tendency toward industrial monopoly
foreshadowed the doom of the small In
vestor, dealer and manufacturer. Had
this consolidation movement been an
qualified financial success, the fig
ures for 1900 would have been
largely in excess of those of 1899.
Money was more plentiful, the
general prosperity of the coun
try was greater, and all conditions were
much more favorable for handling gi
gantic financial schemes than In 1899.
In spite of these facts, the aggregate
capitalization of the new consolidations
of 1900 were but 5945,000,000, compared
with over 52.SOO.000.000 in 1S99.
These figures indicate that there is a
limit to consolidation of big Interests;
that there Is a point at which they
may become so unwieldy that they
prove more profitable when segregated.
They also show that the fictitious cap
italization of insignificant schemes has
been abandoned to a considerable ex
tent. The records for the past year
present a large and Imposing array of
new competitive companies coming into
existence to contest for business with
the consolidations commonly termed
the "trusts." The Steel & "Wire Trust,
which was practically alone In Its glory"
at the beginning of 1899, found at the
close of the year six portentous rivals
with a capital of 510.000,000, which, it is
reported, will be increased to 520,000,000
within the current -year. The tin-plate
trust has witnessed the advent of tour
rivals with a capital of nearly 57.000,000i
So on xiown the list it goes. In.
matches, .baking powder, ice, oil, tubes
and a large number of other commodi
ties outside capital has found a field for
investment, and will contest for a share
of the trade. In a country of vast
wealth, where natural opportunities
enable capitalists to come up rapidly
from the ranks of laborers, and small
tradesmen, there will always be thou
sands and tens of thousands to con
test the right of any man or score of
men to monopolize any special branch
of Industry. A dozen or two men
formed the steel trust, and the profits
straightway became so alluring that
some of the many thousand "outsiders"
rushed into the business and are mak
ing money out of It. There are too
many people and too much money in
this -country to admit of any excessive
monopoly arising from the consolida
tion of any Industry, providing we are
careful in the distribution of legislative
assistance, better known as "protec
tion." Railroad consolidation- in nearly
every case is beneficial to the coun
tries through which the roads in
terested are passing. This is especially
true In the West, where a sparsely
settled country has forced the roads to
exact higher rates than would be need
ed in more thickly settled sections.
"Wherever two forces of officials and
operatives are employed where but one
Is actually needed, the producer of the
section pays the needless expense, and
the benefits of competition are swal
lowed up by Its cost. In railroad com
petition, as in industrial competition,
the profits of the enterprise act as a
protection to the producer against ex
tortion, whenever a road is overtax
ing the traffic, it is Inviting a competi
tion which will surely come so long as
there is such a vast amount of idle
capital as is now awaiting profitable
Investment in this country.
THE CRUSADE AGAINST TAMMANY.
The campaign whose purpose is to
upset the present government of New
York City by Tammany Hall, execut
ing the will of Richard Croker, has al
ready begun, although the election will
not take place until next November.
Before Croker departed for England he
showed that he appreciated the fearful
Dlunder committed by his Chief of Po
lice in suffering his subordinates to
treat with insolence and contempt the
appeals of the missionaries of the Epis
copal Church in the "bad lands" of the
city for legal aid and protection in
their work of purification. Croker's
last orders were peremptory that Tam
many Hall should clear Itself of all
responsibility for political or police
blackmail levied upon the votaries of
criminal pursuits and paid by tf&m as
the price of impunity. Croker was
quick to see that "the moral wave"
set in motion by the righteous Indigna
tion of Bishop Potter would be sure to
be supplemented by "the economic
wave" which had been started by
Controller Coler. Between the moral
wave and the economic wave Tam
many Hall is in great danger of being
overthrown next November. The Tam
many Chief of Police is likely to be at
once forced upon the retired list, for
Croker Is reported to have abandoned
him to "save his face," just as the Em
press of China would throw over one of
her confederates in the Boxer war
against the foreigners in ord3r to
smooth her way back to power at Pe
kln. i
Moral and economical Insurgents
against the further rule of Tammany
Hall have already organized under
leaders of great ability, and are mak
ing investigations into the existing
abuses of municipal government and
preparing to furnish the public with an
array of facts that will force Tammany
Hall to stand on the defensive and
make the hardest fight of Its life
against impending defeat. The new
Republican Governor of the state, in
his message, calls the attention of Leg
islature and people to extravagance
and waste In the state government, and
excessive taxation consequent thereon,
and the New York Evening Post, al
ways a very able and unrelenting foe
of Tammany Hall, has made Its publi
cation a text for a powerful exposure
and denunciation of a worse condition
on a still larger scale In the city gov
ernment. No such tremendous newspa
per assault has been made on Tam
many Hall since 1870-71, when the New
York Times published Its famous ex
posure of the Tweed ring. The Post
sees clearly that Tweed was over-
thrown not by moral denunciation so
much as by the publication of cold fig
ures and facts setting forth exactly the
enormous robbery that had been per
petrated upon the taxpayers of New
York by the Tammany ring, so the
Post has published an analysis of city
expenditures which shows that the
real estate market during the past two
years has been greatly depressed owing
to the fact that the amount taken from
the income of real estate for the pur
poses of government has increased In
that time 30 per cent. The net reve
nue has diminished in that ratio, while
the loss to the taxpayer has been ac
companied by a deterioration and not
an improvement of the government it
self. Real estate has been made to
carry a new mortgage of 30 per cent In
shape of Increased taxes. There Is an
Increase of expenses for the last three
years In the departments of police, fire,
schools, health and building of 523,000,
000, or nearly 35 per cent over the re
form administration which preceded
Tammany.
This exposure to the taxpayers of
what an expensive luxury Tammany
Hall has become will be most effect
ive to upset Tammany, for the average
taxpayer does not like to have his
pocket picked by extravagant taxa
tion. Of course, Richard Croker does
not support Tammany as Tweed did,4monument to the dead soldiers of the
by bald theft. He supports his gang
by finding places and salaries for new
men, and swells the pay-rolls every year
with 'an Increasing number of persons,
which compels new additions to the
enormous tax bills. The money that
keeps the Tammany Hall machine run
ning comes out of the taxpayers. Rich
ard Croker is not a thief in the sense
that Tweed and his gang were thieves,
embezzlers and forgers. He has be
come rich because the political power
that his Tammany machine represents
clothes him with such, enormous influ
ence over legislation, municipal and
state, that every corporation that
needs legislation at Albany has to pay
directly or Indirectly for the aid of Cro
ker's machine. Croker Is let In on the
ground floor. Stock is carried fori Cro
ker on easy terras, and of course Croker
can easily get rich without playlrg the
part of Tweed or running the slightest
risk of prosecution or punishment. He
is a powerful politician, whose! Influ
ence Is regularly bargained and paid
for by "promoters'
or all sorts. The
Btlpendaries, Jarge and small, of the
Tammany Hall government, are as
sessed whenever money Is wanted for
political purposes, and the tnxpayers
support this Increasing army of Cro
ker's tribe of office-holders. Then there
are great offices, like that of the Sheriff
of New York City, .who gets in salary
and fees 580,000 a year. The fees should
be abolished and a fixed salary alone
paid.
The spirit of radical economic reform
in the government of the state ha3
been Invoked "by the Governor; the
press of New York City supports the
Governor, but points out that economic
reform is bitterly needed in the gov
ernment of the city itself. The chances
are that Tammany Hall will be ex
pelled from the government of Greater
New York at the next election, for eco
nomic reform has given the hand to
moral reform and between the two
Tammany will be upset.
The "Wells, Fargo & Co. libraries and
the numerous railway pension schemes
going into operation are gratifying in a
business way, for It is business solely
that inspires them. Not philanthropy,
btit an eye to the main chance, dic
tates these enterprises. The corpora
tions are learning enough to know that
money spent to make employes con
tented is the best kind of Investment,
and that as a cold-blooded business
proposition It pays to keep men cheer
ful. It Is a most lmnresslve demonstra
tion in the harmony- between natural
and spiritual law, and it is an effect
ive rebuke to the old-school superin
tendents and foremen- whose idea of ef
ficient management was to stand over
men with a "Winchester. Corporations
as a means of grace have this advan
tage over individuals, that their diverse
ownership Is not so willing to stand
loss through cranky management as is
the pigheaded single owner. Corpora
tions have no souls, therefore they have
no passions of revenge and malice.
They want simply to make money, and
they can't afford to hire officials who
are alwayB plunging them Into costly
strikes. There is very little sweetness
and light about a corporation, but there
is also no devilish Inhumanity. There
are some 'things about human nature
that it is just as well to get rid of.
The burning of the orphan asylum at
Rochester yesterday morning repre
sents a horror for which there Is no
fitting name. The utter helplessness of
the victims who perished from suffo
cation or from fire appeals to the best
that Is in the human heart, and meets
prompt response in pity that finds Its
only solace In the fact that the end
came quickly. The heavy responsible
ity that rests upon persons who gather
little children into Institutions and as
sume their care and guardianship, Is
well illustrated in an event of this kind.
In this case the anguish, of the nurses
was not the less pitiable than the ''ter
ror of the children, they being .quite
as helpless as their charges, an1 op-
pressea Besides with the awful respon
sibility of the situation. Although
nearly one-fourth of the inmates of the
asylum. perished, it Is remarkable, all
thtngs considered, that the percentage
of deaths was not, greater. It Is suffi
cient to say that Jbut for tbe courage
and heroism of the firemen, to whom
each wail for help was a signal for
superhuman effort at rescue, the cas
ualty list would doubtless -have equaled
the number on the roll-call of the insti
tution. '
Though the time when Olympla, the
capital of Washington, was also its
chief city is far distant, there are those
whose memories turn fondly back to
the old days and who resent with be
coming fervor theproposition to remove
the seat of government to Tacoma, or
elsewhere. Business reasons are urged
in favor of such removal, but senti
ment combats them hotly, and persist
ently, refusing to entertain the idea.
Had the Capitol fbulldlng that was be
gun early in the last decade reached
even partial completion, sentiment
would have found in economy a valu
able ally In Its championship of the
old town; but, unfortunately, the "hard
times" which bore down with tremen
dous pressure upon the State of Wash
ington prevented work upon this build
ing from .progressing beyond excava
tion for the foundation. The removal
of the capita from Olympla is therefore
an open question, argued by business
interests on the one hand and senti
ment on the other. If the capital must
be removed, by all means let it be to
Tacoma. It is unconstitutional to have
a state capital In a real city.
The Native Sons and Daughters of
Oregon, representing their respective
organizations, do well to memorialize
the President and Congress in behalf
of pensions for the veterans of the early
Indian wars of the Pacific Northwest.
These men are but a remnant of the
sturdy band that nearly or quite half a
century ago went out? to protect the
cruelly exposed frontier of this vast re
gion fipm devastation by a savage foe.
Theyiand their silent comrades made it
possible for the homes and missions
then fn existence in Oregon and Wash
ington to exist at that time, and by
thefr valor prevented the Oregon coun
try from returning to the dominion of
the wilderness of fifty years before.
Aged men, with hair and beard white
with the "frost rime of years, these In
dian war veterans ask such recognition
as the Nation is wont to accord to those
Who have borne arms in the defense of
a"fay portion of its domalm They have
asked long, but so far without avail. It
Is proper that the echo of their plea be
taken up and borne to the seat of
"Government by younger and more ring
ing voices.
The fund collected for erection of a
Second Oregon now amounts to $12,
419 45. ' Until the sum of 520.000 shall
be at command, the monument should
not be undertaken. It is the intention
of The Oregonlan, in behalf of the dead
of the .regiment, 'and in the name of
the people of Oregon, to ask the Legis
lature for an appropriation of a sum
sufficient to raise this fund to 520,000.
The" monument should be erected this
year. It Is due to thedealvas a recog
nition of their patriotic devotion, and
to the living as an object-lesson in
duty and service to country.
We expect that Astoria will do up the
job thoroughly when at it, and will
boycott the O. R. & N. completely, even
on the common-point concessions to
and from the East over the Union Pa
cific, which are. now in force. The way
for the, 4oughty Astorians" to show the
stuff they are made of is not to permit
the O R. & N. to transport any goods
whatever, between Astoria and Port
land but to pay the extra charges, even
1 If it will cost a. Uttle money, -When
principle is at hazard, penny Is not
at stake either with the Boston tea
party or -with Astoria merchants.
Itis fitting that the obsequies of the
late. Philip D. Armour be held at the
Armour Mission, in the city of his la
bors, his successes, his home and his
charities. Thousands will in death pay
tribute to his memory who in life hon
ored him as an employer, and, through,
this relation, as a friend. The man
who opens the door of opportunity to
the laboring man Is the practical bene
factor of his race.
Russell Sage thinks Cudahy could
have made a better investment of J25,
000 than in a son. Russell Is somewhat
of a financier himself, and perhaps
is of the opinion that Cudahy could
have afforded to spend 525,000 to get rid
of a son. ,
Bryan said at Omaha Monday: "I
would rather continue to lose than to
surrender any of the principles for
which we have fought." Of course,
since Bryan will he the first principle
surrendered.
It Is less trouble for China to agree
to the peace terms than for the powers.
The old rule about barbarians being
unable to combine against civilization
is reversed.
The Legislature of Oregon should not
omit, at the approaching session, to ad
dress a memorlal,ln strong terms, to
Congress, in behalf of The Dalles-Celllo
Canal. ,'
Fond parents who contemplate send
ing their darling sons tc West Point
would better make prizefighters of
them than milksops.
Cleveland is not so handy with his
English since he discharged the under
secretary he used to have in the White
House.
China will accept the joint note of the
powers for a large sum.
EXCHANGE OF COURTESIES.
"The; Harlots of Babylon in Oregon
t Politics."
The sub-head, printed above, is in the
words of tha editor of the Salem Journal,
in reply to political criticism of a per
sonal character. We append somo of
them:
;Bv Hofer, the ardent free-slWer luminary of
the Salem Capital Journal, 1N vigorously sup
porting Oregon's stanch old gold-standard ad
vocate, Hon. H. W. Corbett, for United States
Senator. Verily, politics make strange bed
fellows. Roscbnrg Plalndealer.
When the people of Washington County re
member what kind of a speech Mr. Hofer, edi
tor of the Journal, made here when he was
stumping under the guidance of ths Demo-Populist
County Central Committee, but now sup
ports Mr. Corbett for United States Senator,
there Is another fumy Incident. Evidently Mr.
Hofer is a fiopper, and that is funny. Hills
boro Independent.
Following Is Editor Hofer's reply:
Mr. Gault conducts Congressman
Tongue's personal organ and was at Sa
lem with Mr. Tongue in the Winter of
1895 helping defeat Senator Dolph because
he had "the temerity to disregard" the
free-silver platforms of the Republican
party of Oregon.
But Tongue and Gault were only tem
porarily affected with silver convictions,
for as soon as the gold elements con
trolled, they had the gold variety of mone
tary Tblsmus. They fought and de
nounced the Pops, Democrats, Silverbugs
and others whose favor they curried so
vehemently a few years before. They
were skillful politicians as politics goes.
The editor of the Journal thought the
Republicans sincere and honest in advo
cating blmetallsm, free coinage of silver
and international bimetalism, in 1S30,
1S92, 1S94 and 1S96. He Gould not turn a
somersault so rapidly, or accept made-to-order
opinions so. quickly as the Mltcnell-McBrlde-Tongue-Gault
contingent. He
was not so swift to "crook the pregnant
hinges of the knee that thrift might
follow fawning," but followed his own
convictions Into the Bryan camp In pref
erence to associating with a miscellane
ous agglomeration of yellow-pup any-thlng-to-get-there
statesmanship. But the
public don't care a d n about any man's
personal reasons for leaving or staying
in a political party. If it make a true
Republican to swear that white is black,
to affirm one year what you deny next
year, we are, thank God, not one of that
stripe. But we will give the Tongue-Gault-Mitchell-McBride
stripe credit with
this mean of grace that 10 or 12 years
ago everybody was a blmetallist, with a
few rare exceptions. They were JUBt a
little more radical and more sudden in
their change of front.
Because another would not jump
through the golden hoop with the agility
of a trained monkey and learned to Jump
as rapidly as they did does not make him
the less a good citizen or even the les?
a Republican. There is no evidence that
they would not Jump as quickly at a rag
baby or "the copper or diamond standard
as at the gold standard if the flesh
pots of Egypt smelled savory in that di
rection. The harlots of Babylon in Ore
gon politics are not In position to Issue
certificates of character to any Republi
can who left to follow his convictions
until the money standard was determined
by the people. Their diplomas have not
yet been approved by the evidences of
good works following from those who
practice under them.
The Wrong Commission.
In the article, "Who Lewis and Clark
Were," In The Oregcnian yesterday, the
text of the commission of William Clark
as Brigadier-General of Ldulstana Terri
tory, was through Inadvertence substi
tuted for Clark's commission as Governor
of Missouri Territory, which it was in
tended to print. Clark was named Brigadier-General
by President Jefferson, and
afterwards Governor of Missouri Terlrtory
by President Madison.
The full text of Clark's first commis
sion as Governor of Missouri follow:
James Madison, President of the United
States of America To all who shall see these
presents, greeting: Know ye that, reposing
special trust and confidence In the ability of
Will lam Clark, of St. Louis. I do appoint him
Governor in and near the Missouri Territory,
and do authorize and empower him to execute
and fulfill the duties of that office according
to law: and to have and to hold the said of
flce, with all the powers, privileges and emol
uments to the same of rght appertaining,
until the end of the next session of the Senate
of the United States, and no longer, unless
the President of the "United States for the
tlmo being should be pleased sooner to revoke
and determine this commission.
In testimony whereof I have caused these
letters to be mada patent and the seal of the
United States to be hereunto affixed. Given
under my hand at the City of "Washington the
1st day of July, A. D. 1813; and of the Inde
pendence of the United States the thirty-seventh.
(Seal) JAMES MADISON.
By the President:
JAMES MONROE, Secretary of State.
The Presidential Term,
Boston Herald.
Mr. Hanna's suggestion, that the term
of the President of the United States be
extended to six years, and the President
then be limited to one term in the office,
is not new. but it impresses us as sen
sible. It is what might have been ex
pected from a clear-headed man looking
at the subject from a business aspect.
The man who can succeed In having this
-carried out will attain a reputation for
statesmanship. But the difficulties in the
'way of its success are enormous. The
inertia of the American people where
changes in the Constitution as it was
originally constructed are concerned Is
something that it is next to Impossible to
overcome.
GREATEST FACT 0? THE CENTURY
New York Times.
The, world of science has been more
profoundly affected and learning helped
on further In the true path by the pro
pounding of the theory of organic evolu
tion than by any other philosophical' dis
covery since man appeared on earth.
Fiercely combatted by men of science and
theologians' when Charles Darwin gave
to the world the? first detailed exposition
of the theory in his "Origin of Species,"
published in 1SS9, it has come to such
universal acceptance that it is now im
possible to maintain a discussion of bi
ology, morphology, anthropology, geology,
sociology, astronomy, or any other science
that concerns Itself with natural phe
nomena save in terms of evolution and
natural selection. The honor popularly
accorded to Darwin by reason of his cele
brated formulation of the theory must in
some measure be shared with Wallace,
who bad independently constructed a the
ory of natural selection; and Lamarck,
Buffon, Erasmus Darwin, and Goethe had
more or less distinct perceptions of this
explanation of life long before Darwin
and Wallace in 1858 read their famous
papers before the Linnaean Society. Evo
lution explains everything that we now
see in nature as the product, not of spe
cial creative impulses, but of natural
forces. The law of natural selection, or
as Herbert Spencer defines It, the survival
of the fittest, has guided the course of
organic evolution, producing the types and
conditions that we now see out or tne
types and conditions of preceding ages
The thorns that protect briers from brows
ing cattle, the inconspicuous colors or tne
ruffed grouse that elude the eye of the
hawk, and the quills that make tbe porcu
pine impregnable are the product of "suc
cessive selections of favorable varia
tions"; that is, individuals- that -through
some accident of food or environment ap
proached these protected types were most
likely to escape their enemies and live to
reproduce their kind, and so a tendency
was set up along the line of evolution
that has produced the existing character
istics. Tbe visible forms of nature are
accounted for by the action of forces still
at work. Geology has been revolution
ized. The old cataclysmic theory, which
held that the earth had been wrought
upon by annihilating and upheaving catas
trophies, gave place to the uniformatar
lan theory expounded by Lyell, which
accounts for change by the action of slow
and patient forces. The theory of the
formation of the solar system out of a
nebulous or meteoric mass through the
action of the attraction of matter suc
ceeded to the dogma of special crea
tion. The great space that lies 'between
the lowest organisms and the highest, be
tween monera and man. Is theoretically
traversable by this explanation. In the
great philosophical system of Herbert
Spencer the growth of political insti
tutions, the development of ethics, and
the habits of the human mind Itself are
traced up the evolutionary line to remote
origins. The Irresistible advance of the
theory of natural selection is due to the
circumstance that is satisfactorily ex
plains the observed facts always a
strong point in favor of a theory.
Darwin and Spencer, and even Huxley,
who was a frank expounder of the things
he believed, have shown a conservative
prudence In refraining from pushing the
development theory beyond the limits
where it could find reasonable support
from observation. Not so with the dar
ing Ernest Haeckel. Inasmuch as the
ancestry of man has naturally been the
matter of which popular curiosity has
most impatiently demanded an explana
tion from science, we may here present
in briefest outline, as a record of how far
the theory of evolution was carried In the
19th century, the line ascendant of man as
conjecturally traced by Haeckel in his
"The Last Link." We start with the
monera, each being "a simple granule of
protoplasm, a structureless mass of al
buminous matter," the first monera
"owing their existence to spontaneous
creation out of so-called anorganic com
binations, consisting of carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, and nitrogen." That Is the com
mon parent of us all, and It arose early
in the Laurentian period. In successive
stages descending from the monera we
have the simple single cell of protoplasm
with a nucleus, which divides by fission,
until a group of cells packed together like
a mulberry forms the morula, which be
comes a blastula, a ball with walls made
up of a 3ingle layer of cells, and filled
with fluid that nourishes them; the ball
by doubling in upon Itself forms the gas
trula. a cup with double walls, the cav
ity of which forms the primitive Intestin
al system. So far biology and the cell
theory have guided the speculation. Now,
by hypothesis, a sort of flat worm is pro
duced, a thing with a few organs and a
primitive nervous system; then higher
worm-forms, up to the very important
stage of the proohordonia, where a spinal
cord and organs of respiration first ap
pear. The amphioxus cornea next, still
without a head or ribs or limbs; the
cyclostomata of the lower Slluran epoch
at length has a cranium: then we have
the first fishes In the Devonian and Car
boniferous epochs; the amphibia; the pro
reptilla; a low group of reptiles; the pro
tomammalla, warm-blooded and with fur,
of which the duck-billed ornithorhyncus
is the type; marsuplalia of the Jurassic
epoch, widely distributed in Europe and
America, represented by 150 living spe
cies; early placentalia of the Cretaceous
epoch; lemurs, or proslmlans; Simla, rep
resented collaterally by American long
tailed monkeys; catarrhine monkeys, with
nostrils in the position familiar to us;
the large apes, represented by the gorilla,
the orangoutang, and the chimpanzee; the
Pithecanthropus erectus, of which we have
the celebrated fossil from the Upper Plio
cene or Java; ana last, Man, "Known
with certainty to have existed as an implement-using
creature in the last gla
cial epoch." It will be observed that
Haeckel is not afraid to bridge the chasm
between the inorganic and organic, be
tween "blind matter and the seeing eye."
The sun of a hot geological epoch "shin
ing on a blank of miry clay," Is enough
to start off his entropy of creation. It is
also necessary to observe that he Is much
too venturesome to be followed or fully
accepted by careful scientists.
Xlnfflanlam at West Point.
Washington Post.
What Colonel Hein. calls a "foul blot
upon the academy" can be erased and
West Point be made to breed gentlemen
alone to purge Itself of ruffians and bul
lies Instead of harboring them. And we
believe there are officers by the score at
the Government's disposal fully capable of
performing this task, and anxious, for
the honor of the service, to perform It.
There is Colonel Hein himself, for in
stance. Give him authority to make the
standards of honor at the academy; guar
antee him against molestation and inter
ference through merely political agencies,
and we feel confident that in a little
while ho will make West Point unin
habitable for hoodlums the home of va
lor, grace and chivalry.
Century's Greatest Material Fact.
New Tork Mail and Express.
The rise of the United States during
the century frcm a seaboard state, with a
population somewhat less than that of
modern Holland, to a continental and then
a world power, with a population more
nearly homogeneous than any state of
Europe and more numerous than that of
any state of Christendom, save Russia, is
significant, not only as the greatest spe
cific fact in the political history of the
century, but for what it has already meant
to the world, and, most of all, for what
it must mean, to the world henceforth.
General Miles and Others.
Philadelphia North American.
General Miles has an untarnished mili
tary record covering nearly 40 years. He
never was accused- of leaving his post
without permission on the eve of battle;
his superior officers never recommended
that he be dismissed for cowardice; he
never pretended to be hurt to avoid dan
ger on the field, and he never has been
charged with using bis official power to
.enable his friends and family to mako
oney at the expense of the health and
Iive3 of American soldiers.
NOTE AKD COMMENT.
Aguinaldo has not had time to revlva
yet.
If Alger had kept still, he might havo
had the luck to be forgotten.
f
Andrew Carnegie will die a poor man If
ever Seattle gets a hold on him.
Queen "Victoria will be quite an old lady
by the beginning of the next century.
Harrison thinks we should cut oft the
heads of our ex-Presidents. How would
tongues do?
Bryan has an opportunity, to advertise
his paper by letting a newspaper man get
out an issue of It some day.
Chief Devery ha3 disappeared from, New
York, and there is a strong suspicion that
Pat Crowe is in the vicinity.
The British need more troops in Africa.
The Boers have Generals, and therefore
get -along with what soldiers they have.
Kitchener is going to India when he has
whipped the Boers. The Viceroy Is not
yet making preparations for his reception.
The recovery of the Czar of Russia will
enable Emperor William to resume his
old role of Attracter of Public Attention.
Wonder if Shakespeare admitted to Don
nelly that he didn't write his own. plays
when they met on the other side of tho
Styx?
Andrew Carnegie gave away over $4,000,
000 in the 19th century, and bis opportu
nities for the same kind of business aro.
still large.
The way Pat Crowe keeps any real news
about him from getting printed indicates
that ha Is employing a pross censor who
knows his business.
The amount of new railway track laid
In the United States during the past year
Is placed by the Railroad Gazette of New
Tork at 4S04 miles, against 4569 miles in
1S99; and by the Railway Age of Chicago
at 4322 miles. Texas leads among tha
states with 213 "miles (the Gazette's fig
ures): Iowa comes next with 279 miles,
Minnesota next with 255, and Pennsyl
vania fourth with 235. Massachusetts la
credited with four miles of new track,
and all New England with only 44 miles.
Tho present amount of new construction
Is nearly double what it was annually
during the recent depression, but far be
low the high record reached In 1SS7, when
over 12,000 miles of new steam track were
constructed.
The Galveston News of January 1 con
tains a synopsis of the commerce of
the port for the year 1900, and shows, in
spite of the unprecented hurricane of last
September, that business is being con
ducted on a greater scale than ever be
fore. The months of October, November
and December, 1900, show an increase in
valuation of exports over the correspond
ing months of 1S99. The resumption of
business on such a sca3e would havo been
Impossible if Galveston had not been a
most accessible and economical port for
an enormous traffic. Galveston is the nat
ural outlet for more than one-fourth tho
area of the United States. As a port
for all the country tributary to it. Gal
veston represents an economy in time and
rates which cannot be substituted.
"It is a curious thing that no matter
how far from the confines of the ex-Confederate
states one may travel, whenever
the strains of 'Dixie aro heard he is sure
to hear some one applaud it," remarked
a prominent Pacific Coast man the other
day. "I have heard the old Southern
war tune cheered in every town on tho
Pacific Coast, and in the rough mining
camps of Alaska and British America
with as much enthusiasm as would have
been manifested in Charleston or Savan
nah. A year or so ago I was in the
principal hotel of Yokohama and was talk
ing to a veteran of the Lost Cause from
Richmond, when a band struck up tho
familiar air dear to the followers of Lee
and Jackson. Heard In that fax-off spot.
It electrified us, but the old Colonel, re
gardless of his surroundings, couldn't
keep down his emotion, and gave vent to
several piercing rebel yells. I suppose
most of the people In our vicinity thought
him crazy, but just at that moment he
was utterly Indifferent to Oriental crit
icism." "PLEASANTRIES OP PAItAGRAPnERS
Antiquated. "More new gowns!" he cried.
"Why, yes," she answered sweetly. "All of
mine are last-century styles." Philadelphia
North American.
Mrs. Mann That young Mr. Chllders is dead.
It was awfully sudden. Isn't It too bad? Mr.
Mann And he was getting along so famously
at coloring his meerschaum. The Transcript.
Impervious. She There Isn't one man in a
million who would be as mean to his wife and
children as you are! He Now. that's what I
admire In you. dear; you have such a head
for figures! Life.
Little Boy How soon are you and Sis goto
to be married? Accepted Suitor She has not
named the day yet. I hepe she does not be
lieve in ions engagements Little Boy She
doesn't, I know, 'cause all her engagements
have been short. Tit-Bits.
Invention Not Needed. Lady WTiy don't tha
railroads have mecahnical applicances for load
ing and unloading trunks? Depot Master
-Well, you see, madam, lifting the trunks Into
the cars doesn't hurt anything but the men,
and throwing them out doesn't hurt anything
but the trunks. New Tork Weekly.
Elesry Written in a Country Golf
Links.
S. E. KUer (In Golf.
Beneath these rugged elms, that maple's
shade.
Where heaves the turf In many a mouldering
heap.
Each in his last, eternal bunker laid.
The rude forefathers of the hamlet sleep.
Oft to the harvest did their sickle yield.
Their furrow oft the stubborn glebe has
broke
Ah. bBt they had no mashles then to, wield.
They never learned to use the Vardon stroke.
The poor old souls, they only lived to toll.
To sew and reap and die, at last, obscure;
They never with their niblicks tore the soil
How sad the golfiess annals of the poor!
The pomp of power may once have thrilled the
souls
Of UHenllghtened men today It sinks
Beneath the saving grace of eighteen holes!
The paths of glory lead but to the links.
Perhaps In this neglected spot Is laid
Some heart that would have quickened to the
game; ,
Hands that the lovely baffy might have
swayed.
To Colonel Bogey's everlasting shame.
Full many a hole was passed by them unseen.
Because no fluttering flag was hoisted there;
Full many a smooth and sacred putting green
They tore up with the plow and didn't care.
Some village Taylor who, with dauntless
breast.
Could wane the flail or swing the heavy
maul;
Some mute. Inglorious Travis here may rest.
Some Harrlman who never lost a. ball.
Far from, the eager foursome's noble strife
They leveled bunkers and they plied the hay.
Content to go uncaddled all through life.
And never were two up with one to playl
No further seek their hardships to disclose.
Nor stand in wonder at their lack of worth;
Here in these bunkers let their dust repoie--Thy
didn't know St, Andrews was on earth!-
Aj.T li II