Morning Oregonian., September 21, 1900, Page 10, Image 10

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THE- MORNING OREGONIAN, FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 21, 1900.
A CENTURY OF SOCIAL
s (Copyrlghti 1000, by
Trjfc OREGON! AN HOME STUDY CIRCLE:
COMPARATIVE STUDIES
OF TWO CENTURIES
(Concluded.)
XI.
In 1S00 there was in England no system
of covernment education, and as late as
1818 half the children never saw the in
side of a school. The education of the
poor was entirely the work of private
charity. The education of a gentleman
in 1S00 would todaF be considered a very
poor affair a smattering of Latin and
Greek and a full course in dancing and
jgallantry. "With noble ladles the course
was still tnore superficial, ceasing entire
ly at U, when the dissipations of fash
ionable society were entered. In Amer
ica, on the contrary, in New England
especially, the women had better educa
tional opportunities than the men. not so
much in the schools as in the time for
homo study. During Jefferson's admin
istration (1S01-9). colleges and universities
were established in almost every state.
In 180G Ave college students who were
unexpectedly caught in -a storm united in
an impromptu "haystack prayer meeting,"
the outcome of which was the first for
eign missionary society in America. Del
egates to other colleges kindled the same
spirit, and shortly afterwar the American
board of foreign missions was established.
The American Bible Society was also
founded about this time. By the begin
ning of the 19th century Methodists.
Presbyterians, Episcopalians. Roman
Catholics. Friends and Unitarians had In
dependent organlzntlons flourishing un
der the first constitutional amendment,
-which states that "Congress shall make
no law respecting an establishment of re
ligion or prohibiting "free exercise there
of." The remainder of -the amendment
iorblddinsr "the abridgement of the free
dom of speech or of the press," was one
of the foundation stones upon which the
success of our Government was builded.
In France the freedom of the press w.a
alternately permitted and repressed; in
Germany, fired by the French revolution
of IMS. the Teutonic demands for a free
press found expression in street riots.
while in England less than 100 years ago,
newspapers were taxed 4 pence a copy,
ostensibly to assist in the payment of the
expenses of the Napoleonic wars, but in
reality to render them too costly for the
poor, and thus control their anticipated
evil Influence over the masses.
"With the establishment of free press,
free church, free schools and increased
traveling facilities, neighborhood jealousy
and prejudice gradually disappeared, to
gether with that coarseness and brutality
sd painfully common during the 18th cen
tury. It was no longer considered seemly
lor ladles, lawyers, judges and kings to
interlard their conversation with the fash
ionable profanity. Popular opinion grad
ually ceased to sanction the Impressment
of seamen, the maintenance of naval and
military discipline by the lash, the tor
ture of criminals and the dily domestic
heating of wives and children. As the
century wore on, many pitiable laws were
annulled, drunkenness was no longer
viewed as a matter of course, and manj
cruelties consequent to the general intox
ication disappeared.
In America the evolution of society is
especially 'worthy of study, developing
from unusual conditions along the same
general line of progress which has char
acterized the advancing civilization of
other countries. When It became pos
sible for the people of America to ex
cnanse heroism for the homely routine
of dally life society as we now understand
it, practically, did not exist, for it was m
a formative condition. It -was but nat
ural that Independence in political feeling
and the ever-changing conditions of home
life should permeate all social relations
and level forever class "distinction. Al
though owing Its very existence to the
absence of an inherited nobility, social
conditions in the infancy of the Republic
labored under the disadvantage under
which it still suffers, that of having no
permanence, being at the beck and call
of politics, trusts, weathl or culture
sometimes a gregarious mass of all these
controlling forces, or with special traits
predominating, according to local con
ditions. In 1S0O the entire population of the
United States was about equal to the
present population of Pennsylvania.
Thomas Jefferson had just been elected to
the Presidency, and journeyed on horse
back to the capital, which had been re
moved the preceding year from Philadel
phia to the District of Columbia. Our
handsome City of Washington "was then
a strange conglomeration of splendid
buildings, half-finished, and wretched
huts." Washington's death had just
plunged the country into the deepest
grief, which found curious expression in
a deluge of mourning designs, and lauda
tory mottoes printed, embroidered,
stamped upon china pictures of the
patriot's tomb and other funeral em
blems, hanging upon every wall. Not
until the administration of President Mon
roe did the local quarrels rnd varying
politics attain any harmony; then the
'"era of good feeling" set in in earnest.
Aristocratic in birth, Jefferson neverthe
less took groat pride in the assumption
of that democraticsimpllcity which is pro
verbially associated with his name. Ho
abolished the state carriage, liveried ser
vants, and public levees inaugurated by
Wahlngton. His dress was ostenta
tiously plain for those days, when the
attire of men frequently surpassed that
of the women In richness; pantaloons
"Were mibetltuted for breeches, and leather
Strinks "Xor buckles. While manv of the
people followed In the lead of their Chief
Executive, others deplored his ultra-republican
simplicity, averring that "with
small clothes and breeches the high tone
of society departed."
Washington had some difficulty with
this Spartan contempt for conventionali
ties. The never-to-be-forgotten patriot,
Patrick Henry, declined several Govern
ment positions, declaring severely that
Ills plain habits of life rendered him unfit
to associate with those who were aping
the ways of monarchy. As a rule, how-
over, Washington had greater difficulty
in curbing the reactionary love of finery.
wnicn was but the inevitable outcome of
co many years of repression and hard
ship. During his second term the French
revolution was working out its terrible
destiny, and had sent to this country as
its representative Citizen Genet, who was
enthusiastically received by the Ameri
cans. At the risk of his popularity
Washington preserved the strictest inter
national neutrality. He could repress
the wearing of cockades, dancing around
the red-capped liberty-pole and the sing
ing of the carmagnole, but he could not
stem the adoption of French fashions,
which continues down to our own day. In
spite of the disgust of conservative
Americans, empire dresses with low cor
sage and scant skirt were eagerly worn.
The men more slowly relinquished the
picturesque Colonial dress, which so well
set off Washington's manly bearing for
the French mode, but after a 20 years'
struggle they succumbed to the panta
loons. At the time of the Introduction
of these garments they were worn tight
fitting and let into the shoes. A gentle
man of 1600. after describing at length
the miseries which he endured when
wearing the boots of the period albeit
he demeaned himself as though he were
"a carpet knight, capering upon rose
leaves" concludes the description of
his attire with the following: "The pan
taloons (over which I wore the boots)
were of r.onelastlc corduroy. It would
be -unjust to my tailor to say that they
-were fitted like my skin; they sat a great
deal closer. When I took them off my
legs were like fluted pillars, grooved with
the cords of the pantaloons.
Despite the excruciating pangs incident j
LIFE AND INFLUENCE
Seymour Eaton.)
DIRECTED By PROF. SEYM OUR' EATON
to the adoption of fashions from France,
we are Indebted to the people of that
country for many of our most comfortable
customs. To them we owe the establish
ment of public baths and an Increasing
love of personal cleanliness. They also
brought Into vogue mattresses and high
bedsteads, the use of tomatoes, salad oil
nnrl mrniT dnlnrv. nnnotlrfntr 1!ir hnn.
bons, the use of musical Instruments, pi- weightiest discoveries of science to dis
own -irtT-!nr n,i iHrtiin in fha xtinm i nrove a slncle tenet of Christianity found-
of entertainment by orchestra and con-
cerL. Many rich brocades were made
after French patterns for the Inaugural
balls and for the Philadelphia assemblies
instituted In prerevolutionary days and
still an annual social feature in the City
of Brotherly Love.
The fashions wereHransmltted In a curi
ous way. Dolls, or puppets, as they were
called In the 18th century, were at
tired In the prevailing mode and were sent
to the various courts of Europe. After
awhile they were sent to the colonies from
town to town and from house to house.
Quaint advertisements were placed in the
newspapers thating when these fashion
dolls would be on exhibition. At the
stated hour the belles of the place gath
ered at the milliners, drank their tea
from a "cheney""cup, ate the tea leaves
dressed with butter and vivaciously dis
cussed the new fashions. Upon their re
turn many Instantly discarded the high,
towering headdress, or the "Queen's
night cap," familiar to us In the pictures
of Martha Washington, and resolved
forthwith to dre&s their hair In the style
of the Goddess of Liberty, then the rage
in France. When the attire of these dolls
became too antiquated for further cir
culation the "Flanders babies," so called
because the finest were made In Holland,
were graduated from the showroom to
the nursery, where they queened It over
their home-made' brothers and sisters.
These battered fashion dolls were as ea
gerly coaxed for by the little maids of
1S0O as are discarded plates for paper dolls
by the children, of today.
At the beginning of the century gentle
men Invariably wore their faces clean
shaven, after the manner of the Gibson
men of today. The women, however, bore
little resemblance to their more robust
Kinarea or tne jsth century. In our
great-grandmother's day a premium
seemed to have been put upon delicate
health or at least upon the appearance of
It. Young girls then wore cloth or velvet
masks and other paraphernalia to protect
thelr.sensltlve skins, from tan. When we
read that little Mistress Payne, after
ward Dolly Madison, went to school ar
rayed In "a white linen mask to keep
every ray of sunshine from her complex
Ion, a sunbonnet sewed on her head every
morning by her careful mother, and long
gloves covering the hands and arms," we
feel that there are some compensations in
the healthful outdoor life of the" sun
burned golf-playing girl on the threshold
of the 20th century.
Much care was bestowed both by men
and women upon their church attire, the
result In most instances being a meeting
garb that, judged by modern standards,
was slightly eccentric For instance,
aprons were at one time considered fash
ionable adjuncts of dress. Women woro
them proudly to the Arch-Street Presby
terian Church; Puritans added them In
shades of scarlet as an offset to their sad
colored gowns, and even the friends com
placently added this touch of blue or
green to their dove-colored raiment.
Whatever the attire, it was completely
swallowed up by the high-backed, box
shaped pews whose uninviting appearance
is best described by the ejaculation of the
19th-century child who exclaimed when
first taken to service In an old
fashioned church. "What! must I be shut
up In a closet and sit on a shelf?" These
shelf seats were hinged, and could be
turned up against the "pues" or "pits."
Quite the most exciting scenes In the
primitive churches occurred In the "boys'
pue," a high gallery remote from other
worshipers, wherein our great-grandfathers
defied the vigilance of the tithing man
and of the special guardians appointed by
the meeting. As late as 1SI5 these "devil's
plaj-houses" were in existence In Con
necticut; by that time the natural remedy
of returning the miscreants to the family
pews occurred to our distracted fore
fathers, then the wicked ceased from
troubling en masse and individual tur
bulence died out of loneliness.
Naturally custom and fashion swayed
from one extreme to the other during the
unsettled days following the close of the
Revolutionary War, but within 20 yeara
after the founding of the Republic tho
country had entered upon the develop
ment of that career which has become its
most "distinguishing feature. During the
transitional period Inventions, commerce.
education, agriculture, every industry re
ceived a marked impulse and home com
forts became rapidly more numerous. The
use of coal, at first employed for repairing
the highway, came to be more generally
understood. Franklin's stove, called by a
friend "Franklin's little demon," began to
replace the hospitable "clean-wlng'd
hearth"; carpets were spread In the mid
dle portion of the room, around which
the proud owners made stealthy progress
lest their footfalls might mar the beauty
of their new possessions. Books, always
prized in the colonies, became more abun
dant and more helpful, especially after
Franklin established the first circulating
library. Tills wise statesman was also the
first Postmaster-General and greatly per
fected the mail facilities. Thus In the
peaceful days nearly a century ago the
art of gentle living, assisted by the great
wealth of Southern planters and Northern
business men, found ample opportunity
for development.
President Madison and hlB vivacious, lit
tle wife re-established the Presidential
levees inaugurated by Mr. and Mrs. Wash
ington, and to this day these state func
tions still furnish a fund of anecdote and
delightful legend during each administra
tion, and are distinctive features of the
kaleidoscopic society at the capital.
"GOD AT GALVESTON."
A Sermon That Sreeplng-ly Denies
the "Higher Criticism."
PORTLAND, Sept. 19. (To the Editor.)
In The Oregonian of last Sunday, in an
editorial treating of the Galveston catas
trophe, you say: "The trusting believer,
if he thinks as well as trusts, looks at
the Galveston horror and wonders how it
happens, if there is a just God. that he
permits such undeserved losse? and suf
fering to fall upon his children." The
Galveston horror does not In the least
shake the believer's trust In God. It only
accentuates his enlightened hold upon the
Infinite One, and gives prominence to the
heroic faith of Israel's bard: "Therefore
will not we fear, though the earth be re
moved and though the mountains be car
ried into the midst of the sea." And In
a great trial or affliction that continues
unabated throughout his entire Christian
life ending In martyrdom to satiate the
blcody sp'rlt of Nero. Paul, the greatest
of all Christian philosophers, who estab
lished a precedent in the first century of
the primitive church which hns been the
Inspiration and the guide of all who have
followed in his footstep-; since, looking
steadfastly and Intelligently at what the
unbeliever would term a dire calamity,
thereby charging God unjustly, breaks
forth in rapturous acclaim In view of the
b'tter hope which they brought to hfm:
"Yet none of these things move me. nei
ther count I mv life dean unto myself,
thnt I mnv win Chrish" And the patient
and Intelligently trustful Job. antedating
b'-th Paul and David, whose sufferings
vrxQ infinlOlv jrreater than thniewhich
befell the ill-fated people of Galveston
that the latter's arp not worthy to be
compared with the fo-mer's, pitches the
key of Christian Intelligence and faith
high, which all ndown the centuries since
has rung the diapason of exulting triumph
in the hearts of the "children of God:
"Shall we receive good at the hands of
God and not evil? The Lord gave, and
the Lord hath taken away; blessed be the
name of the Ixjrd."
Blind unbelief is Sure to err,
And scan his works in vain;
God is His own Interpreter,
And He will make it plain.
Again, The Oregon!an asserts that "The
religious world, partly by Teason of its
isolation from the practical walks of life,
and partly through the tenacity o re
ligious opinion, has been slow to yield to
the educational effects of new discov-
i erles." Just what new discoveries are re
j ferred to Is not made plain, but if they
are scientific discoveries, whatever this
may mean, the "religious world" resents
th Insinuation, and challenges the
' e on an intelligent belief in the doctrines
of Christ. There Is a science, falsely so
called, of which the Apostle bids us be
ware, and demands and requires that ev
ery claim of natural science, geological
i dl-covery, and every pretension whatever
In earth or sky, shall square with tneir
claims by the unchallenged authority ot
j nim "who spoke as never man spake."
tne smoco etn or divine autnomy irom
which there' Is no appeal. Christ rests the
wole claim of gospel and of an Intelli
gent personal Christian experience on the
one and on'y challenge, and thl3 lmp'ies
all the outgrowth of belief in him: "If
any man will do his will he shall know
of the doctrine whether It be of God If
any man will meet the conditions implied
herein he will go forth Into tho world a
mailed giant, prerared for the conquest
of the world, whether it be the overcom
ing of the evil that is in the world or the
exercise of that receptivity ct the mind'
that rejects nothing that comes to it with
Its clpim squared by the' saying of the
Master: "But I say unto you." No. the
"religious world" Is not Isolated from the
practical walks of life, but on the con
triry is in the very midst of earth's
busiest activities, and because of this fact
Christianity Is both strong and intelli
gent, and is the oidy agncy In the world
that is capable of overcoming it and giv
ing right direction to the kaleidoscopic
and ever-unfold'n-j verities and discov
eries of both a visible and Invisible limited
manifestation of the power and glory of a
God In whom and from whomwe have such
an experience as causes each believer to
say with the matchless Christian logician:
"For we know in part. We see through
a g"ass darkly now, but then face to
face."
Religion Impels one to enter and abfde
in the "pract'cil walks of life." A true
disciple of Christ Is constrained to walk
in the footsteps of his Lord, the record
of whose beautiful life Is written in five
words: "He went about doing good."
There Is no "new discovery" to be com
pared with that "new commandment" he
gave to his disciples "Love one another."
Tou further say: "The on great fact
that theology has 5ct its Cce sternly
against is the feign of law." which state
ment is its own refutation. Faith in God.
which implies all that life through this
faith, would be expected to observe and
do, lives bv conformity to law: yea,
there can of necessity be no proper ob
servance of law only as it rests in the
obeyed and persistently observed regula
tions of him who makes and executes his
own laws. Laws of nature, so called, are
but the visible expression of the dlvlno
mind and will in action, and when at
any time the Christian may not be able
to explain what he recognizes as a fact,
it is no reflection upon either the good
ness or the wlsdora of God, but results
rather from the flnlteness of human com
prehension, and is easily set at rest by
faith, which Is not contrary to reason
but is above reason.
Tou further say: "The tenet to which
religion has most fiercely cluhg is that
things were created aa they are." To this
I will let th apostle Peter reply: "For
this they willingly are Ignorant of, that
by the word of God the heavens were of
old. and the earth standing out of the
watyr and in the water; whereby the
world that then was, being overflowed
with water, perished: But the heavens
and the earth, which are now, by the
same word are kept in store, reserved
unto fire against the day of judgment and
perdition or ungodly men."
S. W. BARBEE.
OLD DREDGE SOLD AT LAST.
North Pacific Lnmberlag Company
Pays ?2850 for the Crnft.
A special meeting of the Board of Com
missioners of the Port of Portland was
held yesterday to dispose definitely of the
old city dredge. This craft and remains
of the tender Louise "Vaughn were offered
for sale some time ago. The first pro
posals received were considered too low,
and "were rejected the highest bid being
$2100. New proposals were asked for. and
the offers ran up to $2680. The highest
bidder was awarded the property, but
failed to come to the center and pay for
It, and It was concluded that the syndi
cate of second-hand dealers who had been
bidding were "monkeying" with the Com
mission. Yesterday all bids were rejected and
tho old "dredge was sold to the North
Pacific Lumbering Company for $2850, or
$175 more than the highest bid received.
The dredge Portland is now working
at Martin's Island, and her new pump is
not proving satisfactory. It can only
move about one-third as much sand as
vthe old one. It was made to order ac
cording to the plans of Stuart Smith, an
engineer who was here for a while and
cut quite a swath in the way of securing
remuneration for his services. The
pump wlU bo given a chance to develop
Its capacity for a week or two, and then
If it does no better It will be replaced by
one like the old one.
The captain of the dredge reports that
the water In the Columbia was down to
zero on Wednesday, the first time he has
seen It so low. The channel 1 all right
and ships come and go without trouble.
The Jupiter went down yesterday draw
ing 22 feet 6 'Inches, which Is a very sat
isfactory showing with the river at zero.
DAILY CITY STATISTICS.
Real Estate Transfers.
Elizabeth R. Gllsan to Addle Brum
field. lot' 14, double block 207, Couch's
Addition. September 20 $1200
Alice T. Mann and husband to Lucius
W. Moody, block 4, Chelsea, Septem
ber 20 i
Sheriff, for S. W. Milan et al.. to Ad
die W?tson. lots S. 9. 10. 19. 20 and 21
block 2, Gay's Addition, September
XS ..
Sheriff, for George H. Thomas and
775
wire, to i!Tanlin Building & Loan
Association.' 3C0x4?6 feet, tract 5,
Fernwood. Sentember 13 2300
bnerirr. ror a. s. xygert and wife, to
same, lot 15. block 48, Fulton Park..
William MacMaster nnd wife and
Alexander H. B'rrell and wife, to
W. R. Insiey, W. 33 1-3 feet lots 4.
5 and 6, block 39, Sunnyslde. Septem
"ber 19 .
Mary D. Kelsey to G. W. Allen, trus
tee, lot C and N. lot 7. block 1. Al
bino. Addition: lot 3. block 3, Rail
road Shops Addition to Alblna, Sep
tember 19
A. W. Lambert and wife to Charles
875
500
Frelchel. lot 5. block 2, Sice's Ad
dition. September 15 175
Birth.
September 2 Girl, to the wife of Vltorla
Canasles. 185 Clay street.
Deaths.
September IS T. Shogi, 22 years, St.
"Vincent's Hospital; Intestinal parasites.
September 19 Elizabeth Egges, 5
months, Linn ton; cholera lnfahtum.
September 19 Delia Malsen, 1 year.
First and Twentieth streets; cholera in
fantum. September 19 Valentine J. Hogan,
50
years, 51 Third street; heart disease.
Contagions Disease.
Annie Turner, 266 -Alder street; dlph
therm.
Bank Organisation Authorised.
WASHINGTON. Sept. 20 The Controller
of the Currency has- authorized the or
ganization of the Idaho National Bank,
of Lewis ton, Idaho, with a capital of $50,
NICHOLAS TO THE FRONf
ATTEMPTS TO ANSWER JUDGE
PIPES ON, 'qONSENT."
Spain Had No Title-, to the Philip
pines; Htxcy Belong' to Agnlnaldo,
and We Are Tyrants. '
PORTLAND, Sept. 19 (To the Editor.)-
In a recent issue you put iorwaru a let
ter of Juage M". L. s?iisiB an unanswer
able Ixpusition of1 your siae of imperiaj
ism, 'ana a conducive defense of me Ad
immsiiation's course in the Pnllipp.nes.
ana have thrown down a broad cho.ucn,je
to anti-Imperialists to an&wer. As i'am
one 6 those stm satisneu wun a repub
lican form of government, who think our
course in tne .finlipp.jies iiIs Jueen il
legal, Immorai ana unpolllic on our part,
wnile hear.tiess and cruel towaius the
Fhip"inos, and Wiiol.y indefensible upon
either legal or morai grounds, i gadly
avail myself ot the space you olfer. Juage
Pipes' defense is puiely a technical legal
one." "le might admit his .argument ana
still condemn 'the podcy. lOor did not
the slaveholaer have a legal right to hU
slave, and did not King ueorge have tno
legal sovereignty over the American col
onies? But being morally wrong, both
slavery and King George's" sovereignty
were destroyed.
Our position In the Philippines being
morally wrong, we ought to iall, and will
ultimately fall, however technically legal
our position might 'be. But his position
Is not correct; we have 'no lpgal right
to the Philippines. We purchased no
sovereignty irom Spain, for she had none
to sell. We took no better title than a
man does who buys stolen goods. Sov
ereignty Is defined as "the right to gov
ern, coupled with the power of govern
ment." .
When the Spanish fleet was destroyed,
the Spanish power In the Philippines was
gone. It does not matter how that oc
curredIf the fleet had been destroyed by
a hurricane the result would have ben
the same. The Filipinos readily captured
all the towns, all the country and all the
Spanish soldiers outside of Manila. They
had possession and control everywhere.
And they no doubt would have captured
Manila Itself It they had not been re
quested to desist by the American com
manders. Spain, by her bad and despotic govern
ment,' or mismanagement, and a long
course of cruelty and 'oppression, had for
feited her right to govern these people,
Just as she had forfeited Cuba, and King
George the American colonies; and having
lost her possession and power to go'ern
them, she had not a vestige of sovereign
ty, legal or otherwise, left to sell to us.
We took her overthrown and dishonored
title by a quit claim.-deed, and by every
rule of equity and Justice that title so
acquired should Inure to the real own
ers, the people of those islands. We
could not and should not assume au
thority over them without their consent,
ejther express or Implied. They had co
operated with us In the war, they were
our allies, they had an organized govern
ment, and an army and courts of justice
installed; they- were exercising sovereign
ty. The most that can be said for this
cession by Sapin is that tor $20,000,000 she
stepped aside and gave us permission to
subjugate the Philippine Islands. Outside
of Manila, she had not the possession of
a single fortification nor a single harbor
or a single piece of property to deliver
to us. There was not a court In the
entire ' islands sitting in the name of
Spanish power: How foolish to call this a
transfer of sovereignty! Judge Pipes says
the declaration that "all governments de
rive their just powers from the consent
of the governed" does not meet a case
like this. That this declaration was called
forth because the British Government
was despotic and too bad to be endured,
and "he would have us infer that that
would be the only occasion for the exer
cise of the prlnciplo. That if the gov
ernment was despotic or too bad to be
endured, it would be necessary for the
people to consent to it; but) if it was a
good McKlnley or Mark Hanna sort of a
beneficent assimilation, It would not re
quire anybody's consent. This is certainly
a novel doctrine.
But the Spanish Government was des
potic and certainly too bad to be en
dured, and the Filipinos, even by Judge
Pipes' rule, had the right to their In
dependence; their laws were execrable
and their administration far worse than
ever was that of King Gedrge. As we
have not changed those laws, though two
sessions of Congress have gone by, and
it is said our administration of them is
still more harsh and corrupt, and carpet
bag government at best cannot promise
much for the future, I fall to see wherein
Judge Pipes has bettered matters much
by his labored construction of the
Declaration ot Independence. Not a single
abuse Is charged against the British Gov
ernment by "the Declaration of Indepen
dence that could not be justly charged
by the Filipinos against Spain and also
against us. But -let us seo about our
title: Chancellor Kent, vol. 1, page 167.
after stating the duty of the principle. In
the war to Include in any peace treaty
the Interests of those, defensive allies whu
have afforded assistance, and not leave
them to the full force of the enemies'
resentment, says: "The ally Is, however,
to be no further a party to the stipula
tion and obligation of the treaty than he
has been willing to consent." They hav
ing co-operated with and afforded us as
sistance and were our allies, how could
we bind them by treaty to which they
had not consented? And. further, at page,
178, he makes It quite clear that "full
sovereignty cannot be held to have passed
by the mere words of the treaty without
actual delivery of possession." And that
"the conventional law of nations is full
of ins'tances of this kind," and bearing
out this principle.
Professor Robertson, in the Encyclope
dia Brltannica, says:
"In modern times the acquisition of
territory is to some extent governed by
'the wishes of the inhabitants. As an
abstract principle of international justice,
the transfer of territory from one sover
eign to another should be with the con
sent of the people."
Other, authorities "state the doctrine
much stronger.
This doctrine has at time been ignored,
as In the case of Alsace and Lorraine,
but we Americans ought to be estopped
from denying its correctness. Instead df
our having the Filipinos' consent, we
have their earnest "and hostile remon
strance. The Declaration of Independence says:
""That he .has dissolved representative
houses and refuses to cause others to be
elected: whereby the legislative powers,
incapable of annihilation, have returned
to the people at large for their exercise."
According to Judge Pipe's theory, this
inalienable and Indestructible legislative
power has been transferred by one for
eign power to another and is not now pos
sessed by its rightful owners. We shot
their government to pieces at Tarlac. We
dispersed their congress. The lerilatlve
nower. being Incapable of annihilation,
has returned to their people, or our Dec
laration of Independence is not true.
The Standard Dictionary says:
"The theorv of mode-n political science
Is that sovereignty resldes'ln the people
and that government Is merely the agen
cy by which it is exercised."
This seems to be a moderate and rea
sonable statement, and fully In accord
with" the Americn'n ldeis of government.
According to this authority, the sover
eignty over the Philippines rented. In the
people of those Island?, and the Spmlsh
Government was merely the agent bv
which that sovereignty was exercised.
These peonle, however, revoked that
agency, and. with a little assistance from
us, overthrew the Spanish power. Our
Constitution provides that all power not
delegated to the United States shall be
reserved to the state or to the people.
When, may I nsk, wer we made the
agent of Philippine sovereignty, and when
was the power over the Philippines dele
gated by the Constitution to us? If it
was never delegated, then it must now be
with their people,
Spain, having forfeited .her sovereignty
and lost her power to exercise it, and
having no possession to give us, the In
habitants, instead of consenting, very
forcibly remonstrating against our as
sumption, I am unable to sec wherein
the Filipinos owe us any allegiance. They
do not owe us one-half the allegiance
that George Washington owed to King
George. We cannot, and we should not,
attempt to govern them without their
consent. We should not exact of them
more than we would be willing to sub
mit to ourselves. Jt would not be politic
for us to attempt to govern them, even If
they did consent. Their case is entirely
different from that of the people who have
gone West and sparsely settled our va
cant lands, waiting for the statehood
pledged them, and who have bpen given
a provisional government until they hive
become sufficient In numbers to exercise
the sovereignty of a state. They were
our own people, our own citizens, and
readily assimilated with us.
There are only two cases where the
United States con properly acquire ter
ritory. One is where the territory is to
be divided and erected into states as son '
as practicable; the other Is where small
tracts of land may be acquired for coal
ing stations, the construction of inter
national high wi vs. or for defensive pur
poses. The Phi'lpplnes do not fall within
either of these cases. For the reasons
stated, and according to the -authorities
cited, we have not a shadow of title to
the Ph'llpplnes.
Judge Pipes says we have no inalienable
right to be independent, hut only to free
dom. The Declaration of Independence says
legislative power Is Incapable of annihila
tion and will return to the people. Where
in is the difference between being Inalien
able and being Incapible of annihilation?
Independence and freedom are usually
treated as synonymous terms. A part of
freedom Is the right to exercise that leg
islative power to make laws, to safe
guard that freedom, and to say who shall
enforce thos" laws. And when the laws
become unsatisfactory, to change them
and to elect" new men to execute them.
Anything less and your personal freedom
Is scon gone.
I should say that it Is beyond all con
troversy that a people situated like the
American colonies, separated from the
mother country by an ocean, on a sep
arate continent, and people like Ireland.
Cuba. South Africa and the Philippine
Islands have an Inalienable right to in
dependence apd to make their own laws
and choose their rwn governors. This I
conceive to be peculiarly true with refer
ence to the Philippines separated from
us by ocean, climate, religion, race, cus
toms, language and everything that would
go to make one people.
Give a people personal freedom such as
Judge Pipes secms.to think Is the end and
object of all government, but let soma
other power or people make and enforce
their laws, and the end of their freedom
Is near at han.d. They could soon be Im
poverished by taxation and enslaved by
unjust legislation.
He says no man consents to be a sub
ject. No; but In all good governments
all men, by the original compnet of so
ciety, consent to be governed by tho will
of the majority. Sometimes authority has
been seized by desperadoes or strong war
leaders who have become kings and em
perors, but the principles of government
remain the same. Governments are, or
should be, Instituted "among" men, not
"over" them.
The term "subject" used by Judge Pipes
ought to be, and certainly is, very dis
tasteful to Americans. We want no sub
jects. If the Filipinos are not fit for citi
zenship, then we don't want them. The
word "subject" Is not republican; It is not
American; It smacks of monarchy and im
perialism. The founders of our Government de
vised a Constitution by which the con
sent of the governed might be obtained
and expressed by their votes, and when
the Government or the Administration
thereof becomes subversive of the best
interests of the people, or unsatisfactory,
they may vote It out of existence or al
ter it. Have we the moral or legal right
to deny this privilege to others? Every
treaty acquiring territory made prior to
1S98 gave this pledge ultimately to the
people of such new territory. Why havo
we denied it to the Filipinos?
Our Judges. Sheriffs and Clerks can
ser'e us but for a short time without our
consent. The American people are In no
sense governed but for a very short time
without their consent, for at the next elec
tion they may "turn the rascals out" and
elect other governors in accord with their
will, deriving their powers from the con
sent of the governed. Do we offer such
a government as this to the Filipinos?
Can they, by their votes, turn out dis
tasteful or dishonest office-holders sent by
us to rule over them? Will they have any
voice in naming the amount" of tariff lev
led on their hemp and tobacco, or in tho
regulation and protection of their naviga
tion and commerce? Will we not be forc
ing upon them taxation without their con
sent and without representation? Have
we a right to do this? Can we purchase
such a right from an effete monarchy of
Europe? Can we buy 6.CO0.O0O civilized
subjects and take with them the "divine
right of Kings" to govern them, abso
lutely, limited by our own sweet will, as
King George would have governed us? Is
this in accordance with the principles of
our Government, the Declaration of In
dependence, the decalogue or the golden
rule?
If our people were denied In practice
the principle that the powers of our Gov
ernment are derived from the consent of
the governed, aa is proposed In the Phil
ippines, there would be a revolution of
blood with us In a very short time. The
Judge says the Confederate States made
no such claim. Of course they did not;
they had no government foisted on them
without their consent. They -could select
their own governors, make their own
laws and change them at pleasure, and
would at the end of four years have had
the opportunity to change the administra
tion. There was no case of "government
without the consent of the governed"
there.
Judge Pipes undertakes to tell us when
rebellion is justifiable. Now I say that
In a government properly organized, as
ours Is, rebellion Is never justifiable. A
peaceful revolution Is provided for every
four years. And we have no legal or
moral right to organize any other kind of
a government. We have no right to force
any government upon an unwilling people,
or help to organize any government, ex
cept one by the people and for the people
and to be exercised by a majority of the
people.
He says: "We must govern the Fili
pinos somehow. We cannot leave these
10,000,000 people, half savage, half child,
In a state of anarchy, to destroy thein
selves and everybody else who goes
there." "But how will this bold purpose
square with the Administration's avowed
policy to "scuttle'' out of China, leaving
them to destroy each other and every one
that goes there? Will any one contend
that the Filipinos are less able to govern
themselves than the Chinese? We are
much-afraid that these Filipinos will de
stroy each other, yet we have destroyed
20,000 of their best blood and manhood.
We are afraid they will loot Manila, yet
wo have looted every other city of Lu
zon, and have beheld without protest the
looting by the Christian soldiers of Eu
rope of Tien Tsln and Pekln, and other
large portions of China. When the word
"looting" Is mentioned, we ought as a
people to hantr our heads In shame.
But it is said Bryan's purpose to give
them first a stable government would be
rn act of Imperialism. Sexto Lopez, a
Filipino, who perhaps knows more of the
Filipinos than any of us, says that if
Bryan is elected his people will throw
their arms into the sea. It may be that
Bryan will have their consent to his pur
pose. I am sure h" would never attempt
to foist any government upon them
against their will, nor attempt to govern
them by carpet-fcag government.
H. B. NICHOLAS.
PAID OUT FOR PENSIONS
TOTAL DISBURSEMENTS SINCE 1790
OVER $2,600,000,000.
Oregon Has 5207 on the Itolls, Wash
ington U301, Idaho 1400 and
Alnnfca. S-I.
WASHINGTON. Aug. 28. The annual
report of Commissioner Evans, of the
Pension Bureau, shows that 40,645 original
pensions were allowed during the year,
with 4699 restorations, making a total of
15,344 names added to the rolls. By reason
of death, remarriage,, or other causes, 43,
334 names were dropped, an increase of
2016 as compared with the previous year.
There are now on the pension rolls 993.529
names, which represent the enormous sum
of $131,534,544, but this sum is a slight de
crease from the value of the roll of 1899.
The probabilities are that the new legis
lation enacted at the recent session of
Congress will result In a large Increase in
the number of pensioners, and in the an
nual value of the pension roll during the
current year.
It is interesting to note that 1755 names
have been put on the pension roll as a
result of the war with Spain. To these
pensioners $332,905 was paid out during tho
past year.
The amount paid out by he Pension
Bureau during the year for pensions, fees
of examining surgeons, salaries, clerk
hire, rents and other necessary expenses
was $139,3S1.522. Of this sum. $C9,657.4S6
was paid In pensions, as against $71,115,703
of the year previous. The decrease in the
number of general law pensioners caused
the decrease in the amount paid under
this head. Naturally the amount paid last
year to Spanish War veterans was much
laiger than In the preceding year, and as
the settlement of many claims of this
class progresses, the payments will enow
a steady increase from year to year.
Under the act of June 27. 1S90, which al
lows a pension of from $G to $12 to any
soldier or sailor who served -90 days and
was honorably discharged, and who Is
now Incapacitated for performing manual
labor, $65,766,079 was paid out last year,
an Increase of $1,444,618 over 1S99. Last
May this act was made even mpre liberal,
and It Is expected that the current year
will show an added increase In the amount
paid out under its provisions.
The amounts paid out In pensions on
account of the war of 1812, the Mexican
"War and the late Indian wars are remark
ably large. Between 1871 and 1900, $44,
630,791 was paid out on account of the
War of 1812. On account of Indian wars
the payments since 1S92 have amounted to
$4,939,064. and for service in the war with
Mexico, the payments since 1SS7 have
amounted to $28,485,814.
Few persons have any Idea of the
amount that this Government has ex
pended on account of pensions from the
foundation of Its present system. July 1.
1790, to the end of the last fiscal year.
According to Commissioner Evans" report
this amount Is $2,628,818,519. The high
water mark In the number of pensioners
was reached In l9S,when thsy footed up
to 993,714, but it is probable that this rec
ord will be broken at the end of the cur
rent year, because of the new claims that
will be filed under the amended act of 1S90.
An interesting comparison Is the matter
of filings and allowances for 1891, 1892 and
1893, as offset by the years of 1S9S, 1899
and 1900. For this latter period the total
number of original claims filed was 154,577,
and the total allowances were 130,577, or 80
per cent of the applications filed during
the three years. In the former period
1,062,940 claims were filed, and but 502,163
allowed, less than 50 per cent.
Two years ago the number of pending
claims was 6C5.059; the following year this
was cut down to 477,239, and the surplus
has now reached 437,104. which. In view of
the increased number of filings made, is a
gratifying showing, and speaks well for
the conduct of the Pension Office.
On June 30 last, there were borne on
the pension rolls 5297 pensioners in Ore
gon; 6361 in Washington; 1496 In Idaho, and
84 In Alaska. In the payment of these
claims, $678,817 went into Oregon; $791,840
to Washington; $185,753 to Idaho, and $7420
into Alaska.
Dyspepsia and sick headache are re
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GOLD FILLINGS .............. ?1.0fl
SILVER FILLINGS XO
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MAIN OFFICE:
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HOUR&-8 to 8; SUNDAYS, 10 TO 4.
BRANCH OFFICES:
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H Stmt wn.. Seattle. Wash.
DANDRUFF "WON'T WASH OUT.
The Germ Thnt Causes It Has to Be
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Many a woman spends an hour twice a
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Two hours a week at the age of 40 years,
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a3mi
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Rooraat.
AINSLIE. DR. GEORGE. Phys!ctan....C08-00a'
ALDRICH. S. W.. General Contractor 010
ANDERSON. GUSTAV. Attorne7-nt-Law...W
ASSOCIATED PRES5: E. L. Powell. Msr..30
AXTSTEN. F. C. Manajcer for Oregon and
Washington Bankers Life Aaerclatlon. of
Des Molnea. la 002-303
HANKERS' LIFE ASSOCIATION. OF DES
MOINES. IA.;F. C. Austen. Manager..B02-
KATNTtlN. GEO. R. Mgr. for Cho. Scrlb-
ners Sons 3tS
HEALS. EDWARD A.. Forecast Official U.
S Wathr Bureau .....018.1
BENJAMIN. R W.. Dentl 31v
niNSWANOER. DR. O. 8.. Fhra. A Sur.410-4ll
BROOKE. DR. J. jr.. Phys. A Surr.....T0S-TO9
BROWN. MTRA. M. D 31.1-314
BRUERE. DR. G. E.. Physician.. ,.412-3-tl
SUSTEED. RtCHARD. Agent Wilson & Mc-
Callajr Tobacco Co. C02-60J
CAUKIN. O. E. District Agent TravolorsT
Insurance Co ........TIP
CARDWELL. DR. J. R.. , BOfl
COLUMBIA TELEPITONE COMPANT
. .. fAl-C03-B0C-C0T-013-0H-(lMJ
mnNELIUS. C. W.. Phy nnd Surgeon 2W
COVKR. F. C. Cashier Equitable Life 30
COLLIER. P. F.. Publisher; S. P. McGutre.
Manager 413-4111
DAY J O. & I. N. 313
DAVIS. NAPOLEON. Prcoldent Columbia
Totephon Co 01
DICKSON. DR. J. F.. Phvstclan T13-T14
DRAKE. DR. H B.. Physician 512-313-3M
DWTER. JOE. F.. Tobaccos .,403
EDITORIAL ROOMS Etgnth fiooc
EQUITABLE LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETT:
L. Samnel. Mannger: F. C. Cover. Cashier .30
EVENING TELEGRAM 323 Alder rtreet:
FENTON. J. D..Phyc!n and Surgeon. 309-31 0
FENTON. DR. HICKS C. Eye and Ear..-...31R
FENTON. MATTHEW F.. Dentist ..B0
CALVANI. W. H.. Engineer and Draughts
man .................................. ....COS
GAVIN. A.. President Oregon Camera Clut.
214-213-210-211
GEART. DR. EDWARD P.. Physician and
Surgeon 212-211
GKBRIR PUB. CO.. Ltd.. Fine Art Publish
ers; M. C. McGrcevy. Mgr...... 318
OIEST. A. J.. Physician and Surgeon.. .100-T10
GODDARD. E- C. CO.. Footwear
Ground floor. 120 Sixth street
GOLDMAN. WILLrAM. Manager Manhattan
Life Insurance Co. of New York 209-21S
GRANT. FRANK S.. Attorney-at-Law (11?
HAMMASt BATHS. King A Compion. Projw.309
HAMMOND. A. B 3ta
HOGAN. HOWENA. -ar.. Photographic Re
toucher ................700
HOLLISTER. DR. O. C. Pfcy. 4 Sur..aii-StJ
IDLEMAN. C. M.. Attcrney-ot-Law..UG-17-n
JOHNSON. W. C. 31o-310-Si:
KADT. MARK T.. Supervisor of Agents
Mutual Reserve Fund Life Asa'n. ..i,'-C01
LAMONT. JOHN. Vice-President and Gen
eral Manager Columbia Telephone Co CO
LXTTLEFIELD. II. R.. Phya. and Surgeon.. .2ut
MACRUM. W. S.. Sec. Oregon Camera Club.2H
MACKAT. DR. A. E.. Phya. and Surg. .71 1-712
MARTIN. J. L. & CO.. Timber Lands 001
MAXWELL. DR. W. E.. Phys. & Surg. .701-2-3
McCOT. NEWTON, Attorney-at-Law... ,7lfl
McFADEN. MISS IDA E.. Stenographer 201
McGINN HENRY E.. Attomey-at-Law.3II-3J3
McKELL. T. J.. Manufacturers Representa
tive .................308
METT, HENRY 2l
MILLER. DR. HERBERT C. Dentist and
Oral Surgeon .........................COS-00
MOSSMAN. DR. E. P.. Dentist 312-313-31
MANHATTAN LIFE INSURANCE CO., of
New York; W. Goldman, Manager.... 2C0-21B
MUTUAL RESERVE FUND LIFE ASS'N;
Mark T. Kady. Supervisor of Agents. .UO4-C04
McELROY. DR. J. C. l'&ys. is aur.7Ul-702-7OJ
McFARLAND. E. IX. Secretary Columbia.
Telephone Co. .......................... ..808
McGUIRE. B. P.. Manager P. F. Collier.
Publisher ...... 4 15-4 is
McKIM. 31AURIUE. Attorney-at-Law.. ..... 309
MUTUAL LIFE INCURANCE CO.. of New
York, Wm. S. Fond. State Mgr.4U4-4U3-40S
NICHOLAS. HORACE B.. Attorney-at-Law .Jli
NILES. M. L.. Caanler Manhattan Life 'In
surance Co.. of New Yorit.... 209
ORKGON INFIRMARY OF OSTEOPATHY:
Dr. L. B Smith. Osteopath.. 403-40
OREGON CAMERA CLUB ,.214-213-210-217
POND. WM. S.. Stale Manager Mutual Llta
Ino. Co. of New Tork 404-403-40
PORTLAND EYE AN DEAR INFIRMARY.
..........Ground floor. 133 Sixth street
PORTLAND MINING .i TRUST CO.: J. H.
Marshall. Manager 813
QUIMBY. L. P. W.. Gam and Forestry
Warden ..... - 710-717
ROSENDALE. O. M.. Metallurgist and Min
ing Engineer 313-310
REED & MALCOLM. Opticians. 133 Slxst street
lUZED. F. C. FlaU Commissioner.... ...... .407
RYAN, J. B.. Attorney-at-Law ...417
SAMUEL. L., Manager Equitable Life 303
SECURITY MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE
CO.: H. F. Bushong; Gen. Agent for Ore.
and Wash...... .........................S01
SHERWOOD. J. W.. Deputy Supreme Com
mander. K. O. T. M -..SIT
SMITH. Dr. L. B.. Osteopath 408-403
SONS OF THEAMERICAN REVOLUTION. aoo
STUART. DELL. Attorney-at-Law 617-013
STOLTE. DR. CHAS. E.. Dentist 704-704
SURGEON OF THE S. P. RY. AND N. P.
TERMINAL CO. ., .......708
STROWBRIDGE. THOS. H.. Executive Spe
cial Agent Mutual Life, of New York 40
SUPERINTENDENTS OFFICE 201
TUCKER. DU. GEO. F., Dentist 610-011
U. S. WEATHER BUREAU.... 1M7-90S-009-?1
U. S. LIGHTHOUSE ENGINEERS. 13TH
DIST.. Captain W. C. Langfltt. Corps of
Engineers. U. B. A. -
U. S ENGINEER OFFICE. RIVER AND
HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. Captain W.
C. Langfltt. Corps of Engineers. U. 8. A.. 319
WATERMAN. C. H.. Cashier Mutual Life
of New York W
retary Native Daughter ....718-717
WHITE. MISS L. E.. Assistant Secretary
Oregon Camera Club ...-. .......21
WILSON.DR. EDWARD N., Phys. & 8ur.304-3
WILSON. DR. GEO. F.. Phya. Surg..70-70T
WILSON. DR. HOLT C. Pbyn. & Surg.307-308
WILSON & McCALLAY TOBACCO CO.r
Richard Buateed. Agent .602-003
WOOD DR. W. L.. Physician 412-413-414
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