JHE MQBNING QEEGOKIAl?y MQIfPAY, SEPTEMBEB IT,. 1900.
HOW CANYON GOT NAME
FBJfATOR, XBPT BY HIS HORSE,
PERISHED OS "DESERT."
Stroaj; AHaOt Spring: 0ere We Re
lief to the Thirsty Traveler
'PromiBcat aadaarICB.
PAISLEY, Oru. Sept. It All over what
1b known as the "desert" of Southern and
F,astcra. Oregon are noted landmarks fa
miliar to the traveler and Inhabitant of
this region. These landmarks occupy po
sitions usually at convenient distances
apart and between them are half-day's
or day's travel. Starting out from Lake
view north there Is Crooked Creek, Chew
ancan, Abert Lake, Alkali, Sutton's or
JBgU's, Silver Creek Valley, Sagehen and
Burns. Or in traveling any other direc
tion from any other point familiar land
marks and stations lie along the route,
and these must be taken Into considera
tion In starting out every morning and
afternoon that the traveler may reach
Gbelter and water and food at the proper
time, or near the proper time.
Tha greatest landmark of Eastern Ore
gon is Steins' Mountain, situated in Har
ney and Malheur bounties. This moun
tain Is snow-capped the year round, and
can be seen from almost any point on
the Oregon "desert." Then there .Is Juni
per Mountain, Little Juniper, Wagontlre,
Gray Butte, and dozens of other peaks
end buttes of note. There are many Juni
per peaks and many Paulina peaks. There
are numerous points and landmarks all
over the "desert" of similar names. This
is doubtless caused from similarity of the
landmarks. There are many alkali lakes,
many peaks covered with a small juniper
growth and many, rivers that boll from
the rocks and again lose themselves in
the sands. Thero are as a consequence
many "Jost creeks" and "lost rivers." The
old renegade chief, Paulina, operated all
over this section of country, and there
Are many Paulina Buttes and Paulina
Basins. Ail of the old forts and camps
are points of Interest, and are down as
important landmarks on the "desert." At
all of these points and hundreds of oth
ers of lesser note water -and fuel and
clock feed is generally plentiful, and the
traveler must of necessity make them at
the proper intervals on his journey.
One of the most noted of the landmarks
of Lake County is "Venator Canyon, 40
miles a little north of east from Pals
ley. Eight or ten miles from Alkali Lake,
leading out of the valley in which this
lake is situated, is a deep canyon cutting
through the vein-rocks between Gray
Butte and Little Juniper Mountain. Al
though a wide wagon road leads along
.this valley now and well-defined trails
lead through every valley 'and gulch and
canyon of the desert, 20 years ago It was
practically an unmarked, barren waste. At
that time the watering places and land
marks were unknown, and the traveler
might have traveled hundreds of miles and
missed all of the watering and feeding
places and fallen by the wayside and
died from thirst and starvation, as did
the old man for "whom Venator Canyon
was named.
In the month of August, 18S0, Jezreal
Venator left Lakeview with a party
bound for Harney County. He was on
horseback, and Intended to accompany the
party to the neighborhood of Juniper
Mountain, and there search for some
horses that had strayed away from their
usual range. At Crooked Creek, 13 miles
north from Lakeview, the party was de
layed for some reason, and Mr. Venator,
becoming Impatient, proceeded alone. Nine
or ten days afterwards" some"4 stockmen.
In passing through that section, found
the horse which Mr. Venator had rid
den feeding In the valley near Alkali
Lake. He had a small rope on his neck,
which indicated that -the animal had
broken loose after being tied by the owner.
"Upon making this report in Lakeview,
searching parties were sent out and con
tinuous search was made until the body
of the lost man was found within two
miles of MkaTl Spring, and several miles
from the mouth, of the canyon, which now
bears his name.
This spring is a fountain of water that
gushes forth from the earth in a large
stream and loses itself in the alkali Jake
near by, which is too highly impregnated
with mineral substances for any living
thing to drink. The dead man had, upon
lying down for the last time, -taken off
one of his boots and placed it under his
head, while the other remained on his
foot. He still clenched a pocket-knife In
his hand, and had been digging holes
in the alkali sands as if searching for
water. His trail was found and followed
and it led to the mouth of thte canyon.
Along the entire trail, at intervals, he had
dug in the sands with his knife and had
also kindled small fires with the sage
brush. These fires were supposed to have
been made either to signal aid at the
time or to mark his trail that he might
be found. He was getting old when he
loft home, but was in good health and
a splendid horseman, and it was thought
that he knew every foot of the desert
His saddle, overcoat, bridle and blanket
were never found. He was supposed o
have carried considerable money on his
person, but when found only had S30 or
$40 with him.
Stories of Indians and foul play have
been told, but the most probable theory
seems to be that when tired and exhaust
ed he tied his horse somewhere and lay
down to sleep; that the horse, becoming
hungry and thirsty, broke the rope and
escaped to water; that the old man wan
dered about the desert and entered the
canyon that now bears his name, and
finding no water, started on his return
toward home, leaving a trail behind him
that he might be found, and that finally
he succumbed to thirst and hunger where
found. At that season of the year there
was no water in Venator Canyon, and be
sides the water boiling from Alkali
Springs, there was no water for many
miles in any direction.
Riding through the plain at this point
now on a well-traveled road the traveler
can readily see how old man Venator lost
his way when there was no semblance of
a tralL Tall, irregular rlmrocks bound the
great scope of country, barren except for
the low, stubby sagebrush and wiregrass
that cover it. Venator Canyon is the only
outlet for miles, and this resembles the
many blind nicks in the walls that sur
round the traveler. It is one of the bleak
est scopes of country on the Oregon "des
ert" But Venator Canyon is one of the
fixed landmarks of the country, although
the sacrifice to make the name was a
sad one.
Jezroal Venator was born in the State
of Illinois. He crossed the plains in 18S3,
and had the -usual hardships experienced
in those days. His family, consisting of
a wife and seven children, now reside
five miles south from Lakeview. and
prominent among the people of Lake and
Hamey Counties. They own large ranches
in both counties and are considered among
the wealthy stockowners of this section.
John Venator, the youngest son, Jn rid
ing from, one of the Venator ranches in
Harney County to the Venator home, in
Lake, a few weeks ago, on his return
from a law school, traveled nearly 100
miles a day, the last half-day covering
E2 miles, on the same horse that he
had started out on. As an incident of
the trip, he passed the mouth of Venator
Canyon, and near the spot where his fa
ther was found dead just 20 years ago.
3TOW FOR MODERN SEWERAGE.
Baker City to Follow TJp Her Munic
ipal Improvement.
BAKER CITY, Or Sept. 15. A modern
sewerage system, entailing a cost of about
$30,000. will be built in six of the principal
streets of Baker City as soon as the
gravity water system is constructed. The
streets on which It is proposed to lay
tho system are Resort, Front First,
Second, Third and Fourth. This .im
provement has been discussed in an in
formal way by the'City Counclhnen and
property-owners for several months, and
all agree that a good sewerage system
in .the streets named is of the .utmost
importance.
Some preliminary work has already
been done by Engineer Kelly, who sur
veyed the route of the 'pipe line for the
water system, and a -map has been pre
pared, showing the extent of the system
and the cress-streets that will be
drained by the laterals. The system will
commence at the intersection of the
streets and the O. R. & -N. Railroad
at the eastern part of the dry, and on
the west the main drainage will empty
into Powder River about a mile distant
from D street, which is the last street
in that part of town.
The pipe selected ranges in size from six
to 12 Inches, and is of vitrified terra cotta,
this being considered the most durable
and cheapest of any of the pipes used
in sewerage construction. The main is
to be laid along Front street, and will
be 12 inches in size, while the size of the
pipe to be used on trie other streets will
vary as necessity demands. This will
drain the principal and most thickly-settled
portion of tho city, and will consti
tute a sewerage system entirely ade
quate for all present purposes.
Residents owning abutting property
from D street to where the main sewer
will empty Into, the river, about a mile
In length, under the present arrange
ment must be charged with the cost of
the work, the same as the property
owners on the streets through which the
system will be laid. This Is considered
unfair, and Is a matter of much concern
to the City Council, as the benefits de
rived from a sewerage system in that
locality will be very "small. Some of
tho taxpayers and Councllmen are In
favor of levying the cost of, the work
on the city, but there is no provision
In the charter by which this can be done.
To remedy the matter, It is probable that
the Council will appoint commissioners
to assess property according to its value,
so that each shall pay a pro rata share
towards the improvement. In this way
property-owners residing outsldo of D
street, and also along some of tho other
streets through which the system will
run, and where property varies In value,
would be relieved of a burdensome tax.
There is considerable Improvement go
ing on In Baker City, and building has
been continually kept up since early last
Spring. The result is that many new
and. handsome 'residences and business
houses adorn all narts of the eitw Db-
slrable residences are in great demand,
and as soon as they are out of the build
ers' hands they are occupied by new
comers. From tho present outlook, It Is
probable that tho erection of cottages, as
well as business buildings, will continue
during tho -Winter, or as long as the
weather will permit work of this kind.
Commissioner Hamm says that he has
built 10 miles of sidewalk since May.
Two thousand feet of sidewalk Is now
being built on Washington street to con
nect with the new school building on the
East Side. In addition to this, much
needed repairing has been done in dif
ferent part3 of the city.
BURGLAR SHOT DEAD.
Policeman Cangrht Hira in tlie Act
Pitched Battle Ensned.
SEATTLE, Sept 16.-Edward Morse,
formerly of Redyard, Minn., who had Just
returned from Nome, was shot and in
stantly killed early this morning by Po
liceman Fred A. Rlbbach. RILbach found
Morse and two companions attempting to
commit burglary in the Whitechapel dis
trict, and attempted to arrest them. A
pitched battle with revolvers ensued, 20
shots being flredL Harry Austin, one of
the burglars, was wcunded in the aim
while fleeing from the scene. Morse was
37 years of age, and had been a shingle
weaver befcre coming to this Coast, la3t
February.
Washington Industries.
The Kittitas creamery is receiving 6000
pounds of milk a day.
The old tannery at Montesano Is about
to be rehabilitated and operated.
The work on the flume of the Olympla
Light & Power Company, at Tumwater,
is progressing favorably. The grading is
well along toward completion, and the
flume has been constructed to a point
about"60 feet south of the bridge.'
The oat harvest throughout the Chehalls
Valley has been completed, and the yield
for 1900 is said to be much larger than at
any time In the history of the county.
The yield in. many Instances has been 1C0
bushels to the acre,.:jnd the average has
oeen aboutSOr Tho sections producing the
greatest yield are between Montesano and
Satsop, oii the broad, fertile bottoms.
It is probable a number of the smaller
shingle and lumber mills will close down
within SO days for varying periods, says
the Tacoma Ledger. There will be no con
certed movement, but a number of mills
have determined that they w 11 not at
tempt to, run continuously through the
Winter under present conditions. Home
of the loggers will. also suspend opera
tions temporarily. The effecfon the mar
ket from these causes is expected to be
beneficial.
In view of the recent cut in the price ot
saw logs, a number of prominent Aber
deen loggers are seriously discussing the
question of shipping logs from Gray's
Harbor to Puget Sound., On., the Sound
logs are bringing $7, and are largely
sought by the mills at that figure. Tha
Northern Pacific Railroad Company has
offered to carry saw logs from the harbor
to the Sound at a flat rate of $1 per 1000,
provided that the shipment would not bo
below 200,000 feet per day. This would
bring $1 per 1000 more profit than at the
Gray's Harbor market
THREE HAPPY DRIVERS.
They Created Mnch Fan and Some
Terror on the Street.
Joe Trast, the driver of one of Nickum
& Kelly's sand-wagons, created more ex
cltement on Third street Saturday than
a whole circus. Three teams had been
sent to the northwest part of town with
loads of sand and were returning. The
man who drove the r-wagon In the lead
was in his right mind. The man who
drove the second team was "paralyzed"
with liquor, and his team, being left to
their own devices, followed tho first
Trast, who drove tho third team, acted
as if hung on a "live wire." He could
not stand up nor. sit down, nor even He
on tho bottom of the wagon, but kept
trying to fall overboard without, ever'
succeeding, and was shouting like a
Comanche on the warpath.
His team was so worried by his antics
that they were ready to run away, and
were all over the street, and only the
standing luck of a drunken man saved
him from running over everybody and
wrecking and devastating every vehicle
on the street"
Trast was the cynosure of eyesr
and the thing that worried all spectators
was that the drivers"iof the other -vehicles
paid no attention to him, but al
lowed him to "wander at will o'er the
meadows," as it were. He was watched
out of sight and a hundred or more
persons followed the team to the sand
dock to see what become of the drivers.
They were slated for dismissal at once.
It is supposed that they fell Into a
brewery. vat and were not rescued until
unconscious and had not regained con
sciousness when they started for the
wharf. They are probably both sober
and sorry by this time.
Increase In Price of Walnuts.
LOS ANGELES. Cal.. Sept 16. The
price of this season's walnut crop will be
10 cents per pound for sof tshell and 9V6
cents for standards, these figures having
been established at a meeting of the ex
ecutive committee of the Southern Cali
fornia Walnut Growers' Association. Tills
Is a big Increase, last year's prices hav
ing been $815 and' $7 65 -per 100 pounds for
the two grades.
WELFARE OF NATION
(Continued from First P&gfe)
with a territory-in- the aggregate as large
as that of the Philippines, the Constitu
tion has never yet "followed the flag";
the Army officer and the civilian agent
still exercise authority without asking
the "consent of the governed." We must
proceed in the Philippines with the same
wise caution, taking each successive step
as it becomes desirable and accommodat
ing the. details of our .policy to .the pe
culiar needs of the situation. But as
soon as the present revolt. Is put down
and order established It will undoubtedly
be possible to give the islands a larger
measure of self-government than Jeffer
son originally gave Louisiana.
Florida 'and the Seinlnolea.
The next great step in expansion was
the acquisition of Florida. This, was part
ly acquired by conquest and partly by
purchase, Andrew -Jackson being the moBt
prominent figure in .the acquisition. It
GALLERY OF OREGON NEWSPAPER MEN-NO. 23
CHARLESvJ. HOWARD, OF THE BOHEMIA NUGGET, COTTAGE GROVE.
Charles J. Howard was born at Monticello, la., October 10, 18GQj and resided In that
state until 1SS3, receiving during this time a practical education. His. newspaper experience
has been, varied. embracing, all details of work on .country papers.' This work began at tho
age of IS, at Sheldon, la., was continued at Tacoma, Wash., and for' "two years on the
Statesman, Salem, Or., afterward on the Guard, Eugene. . In 1890 Mr, Howard assumed tho
duties of editor of the Eugene Register, beln g associated) wjth H,TKA Rowland and L.. S.
Rowland. 'Mr. Howard started tho Behemla Nugget January 10, 1899, and has built up a
paper strong financially and politically, and of considerable Influence Jn the mining affairs
of the state. As editor of the Register during the campalsm of 1S00, and of the Nugget
during the present campaign," Mr. Howard has shown 'good Judgment'ahd large capacity for
work. A life-long "Republican, Mr. Howard is one of the able exponents of his party's
pollcy-among the younger newspaper men of the state, a forceful and fluent writer.
was taken under President Monroe; the
after-lime President, John Qulncy Adams,
being active In- securing the, pm chase.
As In the case of the Philippines, Florida
was acquired by purchase from Spain,
and In Florida the Semlnoles, who had
not been consulted In the sale, rebelled
and waged war exactly as some of. the
Tagals have rebelled and waged war In
the Philippines. The Sominole War lasted
for many years, but Presidents Monroe,
Adams and Jackson declined for a mo
ment of consider the question of aban
doning Florida to the Seminoles or to
treat their non-consent to the -Government
of the "United States as a valid reason foH
turning over the territory to them.
Our next - acquisition of territory
was that of Texas, secured by
treaty after it had been wrested
from the Mexicans by the Texans
themselves.--Then came the acquisition of
California, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada
and parts of Colorado and Utah.as tho re
sult of the Mexican War, supplemented
five years later by the Gadsden purchase,.
Tho next acquisition was that of Alas
ka, secured from Russia by treaty and
purchase. Alaska was full of natives,
some of wliom had advanced well beyond
the stage of savagery and were Chris
tians. They were not consulted about
the purchasenor was their acquiescence
required. The purchase was made by the
men who had just put through a trium
phant war to restore the Union and free
the -slaves, but none of them deemed it
necessary to push the doctrine of the
"consent of the governed" to a conclu
sion so fantastic as to necessitate tho
turning over of Alaska to Its original
owners, the Indian and the Aleut. For
SO years the United States authorities,
military and civil, exercised the supreme
authorltv in a tract of land many times
larger tnan the Philippines, In which It
did not seem likely that there -would
ever be any considerable body of white
Inhabitants.
The Cane of Hawaii.
Nearly 30 years passed, before the next
Instance 'of expansion occurred, which
was over in the Island of Hawaii. Ax
effort was made at the end of President
Harrison's Administration to secure the
annexation ofHawall. The effort was
unsuccessful. In a debate in Congress on
February- 2, 1891, one of the -leaders in
opposing the annexation of the islands
stated "these islands are more than 2000
miles distant from our extreme western
boundary. We have a serious race prob
lem now in our country, and I am not
in favor of .adding to our domestic fabric
a mongrel population (of this character).
Our Constitution makes no provision lor
a colonial establishment Any territorial,
government we might establish would
necessarily because of the' population be
an oligarchy, which would have to be
supported by armed soldiers." 'Yet Ha
waii has "now been annexed and' her dele
gates have sat In the National conven
tions of the two great parties. The tears
then expressed In relation -to an oli
garchy" and "armed . soldiers" are not
now seriously entertained by any human
being; yet they are. precisely the objec
tions ' urged against the acquisition of
the Philippines at this very moment We
are making no new departure. We are
not taking a single step which In any
way affects our institutions or our tra
ditional policies. From the beginning wo
have given widely varying degrees of-1
Belf-govornment to the different terri
tories, according to their needs.- -
It Ias?fot Imperialism.
The simple truth is that there is noth
ing even remotely resembling "impe-
riallsm" or "militarism" involved in the
present development of that policy of
expanslon which has. been part of the his
tory of America from the day, when she
became a nation. The words mean abso-1"
lutely nothing as applied to our present
policy in the Philippines; for this policy;
Is only imperialistic In the sense that
Jefferson's policy was imperialistic; only
military in the 'sense that Jackson's'
policy toward the Semlnoles or Custer's"
toward the Sioux embodied militarism;
and there is no more danger of its pro
ducing evil results at home now than
there was of its interfering with -freedom
under Jefferson 'or. Jackson or in
the days of the Indian wars on the
plains. Our Army is relatively not as
large as It was in the days of Wayne;
we have not one regular for every tfiou
'sand -inhabitants. .There is no. more
danger of a 'draft thanr there Is of the
reintroductlon of slavery. When we ex
panded over Kew ftexjpo and California
we secured free goverhnlent tc these ter
ritories and prevent their .falling under
the "militarism" of a ' dictatorship like
that of Santa Ana or the "Imperialism"
of 'a real empire 'in the days of Maxt
milllan.1 We put a,' stop to Imperialism
In Mexico as soon. as. the Civil War
closed. We made a great anti-imperialistic
stride whence -drove the Span
iards from Porto Rico and the Philip
pines, and thereby' ', made ready the
ground for tho ...gradually increasing
measure of. self-government for which
their'populatlons ar severally fitted. Cu
bans are being helped along the path to
independence as readily as her own citi
zens are content she should go. . The
presence of troops "in the Philippines dur
ing the Tagal insurrection has no more
to. do with militarism or imperialism
than had their presence In the Dakotas,
Minnesota and Wybmfng during the
many years which' " elapsed before the.
final outbreaks or Ihe Sioux were defi
nitely put down. There ''Is no more mili
tarism or imperialism in" garrisoning Lu
zon until order is restored than there was
imperialism In sending soldiers to South
Dakota in 1890 during the Ogallalla out
break. The reasoning which justifies
our having made war against Sitting
Bull4 also Justifies ,oilr having checked
the outbreaks of Agulnaldo and his fol
' lowers," directed as they .were against
Filipino and American alike.
The only certain ', way of rendering It
necessary for our Republic to enter on a
career of "militarism" would be to
abandon the Philippines to their own
tribes and at the, same time either to
guarantee a stable, government among
'these tribes or to guarantee them against
J outside Interference. A? far larger army
would be required to carry out any such
policy than will be required to secure
order "under the American flag; whilo
the presence of thl'fiag on the islands Is
really the only possible security against
outside aggression. 4
Tho whole argument against President
Mclvinley's policy lri the -Philippines be
comes absurd when- It Is conceded that
we should, to quote the language of the
Kansas City platform, "give to the Phil
ippines first a stable form of govern
ment" If they are now entitled to In
dependence they are also entitled to de
cide for themselves whether their gov
ernment shall be stable or unstable, civ
ilized or savage, or whether they shall
have -any government a all; while It Is,
of course, equally evident that under
such conditions we -have no right what
ever to guarantee them against outside
Interference any more than we have to
make such a guarantee in the case of tho
Boxers (who are merely Chinese analo
gies of Agulnaldo's followers). If we
have a right to establish a stable gov
ernment in the islands it necessarily fol
lows that it is not only our right but
our duty to 'support that government un
til the natives gradually grow fit to sus
tain it themselves. How else will It be
stable? The minute we leave it, it
ceases to be stable.
Question of Contraction.
Properly speaking, the question is not
whether we shall expand for we have
already expanded but whether we shall
contract. The Philippines are now part
of American territory. To surrender
them would be to surrender American
territory. They must, of course, be
governed primarily in the Interests
of their own citizens. Our first care
must be for the, people of the Isl
ands which have come under our guard
ianship as a result of the most righteous
foreign war that has been waged within
the memory of the present generation.
They must.be administered In the Inter
ests of thelr-i Inhabitants, and that neces
sarily means that any question of per
sonal or partisan politics In .their ad
ministration must be entirely eliminated.
We must continue to put at the head of
affairs In the different Islands such men
as General Wood,' 'Governor Allen and
Judge Taft; 'and it 'Is a most fortunate
thing that we are able to Illustrate what
ought to be done in the way of 'sending
'officers thither by pointing out what ac
tually has been done. The minor places
In their administration, where It Is Im
possible to fill them by natives, must be
filled by the strictest application of the
merit system. It Is very Important that
In ourxwn home administration the min
isterial and administrative officers, where
the duties are entirely nonpolltlcal, shall
be filled absolutely without reference to
partisan affiliations; but this is many
times more important In the newly ac
quired islands. The merit system is ia
its essence as democratic as our com
mon school system, for it simply means
equal chances and fair play for all.
Afynlnnldo Not Entitled to Povrer.
It must be remembered always that
governing there islands in the interests
of the inhabitants may not necessarily
be to govern them as the Inhabitants at
'th'o t moment prefer. To grant self -government
to Luzon .under Agulnaldo
would be like granting self-government
to an Apache reservation under some lo
cal chief; and this Is no more altered by,
tfie fact that the Philippines fought the
Spaniards than It would be by tho fact
that the Apaches have long been trained
and employed In thg United States Army
and'have rendered signal service therein;
just' as the Pawnees did under the ad
ministration of President Grant; just as
tho Stockbrldge Indians' did In the days
of - Washington, and ' the friendly tribes
of the 'Six Nations-did. in the days of
President Madison.
There are now In tha .United States
communities of Indians which have ad
vanced so far that it has been possible
to embody .Worn as a.whole in our politi
cal system," all the members of the tribe
becoming United States citizens. There
are other communities where the bulk of
the tribe are still too wild for it to be
possible to take such a step. There are
Individuals among the Apaches, Paw
nees, Iroquois, Sioux and other tribes
who are now United States citizens, and
who are entitled to stand and do stand
on an absolute equality with all our cit
izens of1 pure white blood. Men of In
dian bloo'd are now serving in the Army
and Navy and in Congress, and occupy
high positions, both In the business and
the political world. There Is every reason
why as rapidly as an Indian or any body
of Indians becomes fit for self-government
he or it should be granted the full
est equality with the whites; but there
would be no justification whatever in
treating this fact as a reason for aban
doning the wild tribes to work out their
own destruction. Exactly the same rea
soning applies in the case-of the Philip
pines. To' turn over the Islands to
Agulnaldo and his followers would be to
give self-government to the Islanders;
under no circumstances would the ma
jority thus gain solf-government They
would simply be put at the mercy' of a
syndicate of Chinese half-breeds, under
whom corruption would flourish far .more
freely than ever it flourished under
Tweed, while tyrannical oppression would
obtain to a degree only possible under
such an oligarchy. nTour truly,
THEODORE -ROOSEVELT.
AGAINST COLOMBIA.
Avrard of French. President oa the
Boundary Question.
WASHINGTON, Sept 16. The Minister
of Costa Rica at Washington, Senor
Calvq, has received a cablegram from the
Minister of Costa Rica at Paris, which
conveys the information that the Presi
dent of the French Republic, M. Loubet,
who was the arbitrator appointed to de-
vclde the boundary question betweenCosta
Rica and Co'ombla, by his award of yes
terday, fixed the boundary limit between
the two countries on the Atlantic side at
Mona Point and on the Pacific side at
Punta Barlca. The Republic of Colombia
claimed that the limit should be fixed at
Cape Graclas.Adlos, on the Atlantic, in
cluding tho whole of Costa Rica and the
Nlcaraguan Atlantic Coast, and that the
limit on the Pacific side should be placed
at Boruca River, to the northwest of
Golfo Dulce, which would have given Co
lombia a .right to half the territory of
C:sta Rica and about two-thirds of that
of Nicaragua. Costa Rica claimed the old
limits between Central America and Co
lombia, placed at the Island of Escudo
de Veragua, on the Atlantic, and the
River Chlriqul Vlejo, on the Pacific. The
award fixes the boundary line on the Pa
cific side at Punta Barlca, as claimed by
Costa Rica, and on the Atlantic denies
the right of Colombia to any part of the
territory of Nicaragua or any portion of
that of Costa Kica beyond Mona point.
GATHERED BLANK CHECKS.
Methods of a Man "Whom the Poliae
Arrested.
. A man giving the name of J. CV Cog
gins arrived In Portland about a week
ago and visited a printing office to get
some blank checks struck off. He had an
electro' plate with him, bearing the name
of Cogglns Brothers, Yreka, Cal., and
said he was a member of that firm.
Suspicions were aroused, the police
called, and when Mr. Coggins came after
his checks he was escorted to the city
jail, where he" admitted his name .was
not Cogglns, but. T. M. Stuart. The
lumber firm in Yreka was telegraphed,
and answered that no one was authorized
to 'have checks written for them.
. The police went -to the man's room In
a lodging-house 'and found an array of
blank checks from many different banks,
some having the war tax stamps on
.them. How he came by them the pris
oner declines to tell, but he virtually
admitted that Issuing checks Js his line
of business. He bears a strong re
semblance to the photograph of a forger
who ''did time" In Utah and In Minne
sota, but denies emphatically that he 13
the original. The police think he, is, how
ever, and had "Mr. Coggins" photo
graphed yesterday. ' He is a well-dressed
man, of about 40, and has the address of
a business man. His check enterprise
has been nlpppd.In the bud here, though
he may not be prosecuted on any charge.
a
LAFAYETTE KISSED A BELLE
It Was nt Her Ovrn Request, and Vir
ginia Society Was Sorely Shocked.
"La Fayette's stay In Alexandria, Va.,
upon his return visit to America, was a
succession of fetes, opening with a civic
and military parade," writes Mrs. Thad
deus Horton, In the September Ladles'
Home Journal. "The event to which every
one looked forward with delight the
grand ball. It was held In tho double
drawing-rooms of the residence of Mr.
and Mrs. Cazenore, which after English
fashion, occupied the second floor. Tha
apartments were richly decorated and
were thronged with the elite of Virginia
society and many notable guests from
Washington City and elsewhere. La Fay
ette stood In the rear drawing-room and
received with the Mayor of Alexandria,
who Introduced the guests to him. During
the presentations a young lady from mid
dle Virginia, a great belle, came up, and
on being Introduced asked La Fayette to
kiss her, which he Immediately did. Every
body was shocked at such an exhibition
of Immodesty on her part, and wondered
how the General could be so undignified
as to comply with her request. Nothing
else was talked of the entire evening but
this remarkable occurrence. The ladles
all thought it quite shameful and a dis
grace to the occasion and blamed both
the girl and the Marquis. The gentlemen,
however, thought La Fayette excusable
under the circumstances."
Eve's Origin.
Harper's Bazar.
One of many legends that have offset
the parsimony of Eve's biblical history
represents her as the end of man's crea
tion In a quite literal fashfon made, out
of his tall! Strangely enough the legend
anticipated science In Its view of the
primitive man's terminal facilities. An
other legend gives a" dozen reasons why
Eve was not made from this, that, or the
other part of Adam, but from the rib
only, and then sayp that she had all the
faults and fallings which Yahweh had
endeavored to avoid. Clearly the legend
of Eve, If not the Genesis narration, is
dominated by a spirit of hostility to
womankind. She Is another with Potl
phar's wife and the wicked Jezebel and
the rebellious Vashti and the tricksy De
lilah. She is typical of the women who
get men into trouble, and who give color
to the story that, when thero was mis
chief in Persia, the King's flrst question
always was, "Who was she?"
Republicans of Colorado.
DENVER, Colo., Sept. 16. The Repub
lican State Convention will convene in
the Broadway Theater in this city to
morrow to select a full state ticket. The
Indications are that there will be little
or no contest for places on the ticket,
and It Is even said that a slate has been
made and will be put through without
any opposition. Frank C Goudy, a prom
inent lawyer of this city, will undoubted
ly be named for Governor.
The McKlnley' Sunday.
CANTON, O., Sept. 16. President and
Mrs. M'cKinley drove to the cemetery
today and placed flowers on the graves
of the'McKlnley children and other rela
tives burled there. In the afternoon the
President and Mrs. McKlnley took an
other short drive. They received a num
ber of neighbors and friends who called
during the day. Judge-McAtee, of Indian
Territory, Is here to see the President.
TRIP OVER OREGON TRAIL
INTERESTING JOURNEY FROM FORT
JARAMIE TO AMERICAN FALIS.
Professor YonBg Cover the DIffltance
and Well Describes the Many
Points of Attraction.
AMERICAN FALLS, Idaho, Sept, 12.
It Is a stretch of six hundred miles from
Fort Laramie to the American. Falls
three hundred to South Pass, "and three
hundred to the falls of the Snake. In
Its course thr;e great divides are crossed
the continental backbone at South Pass;
the ridge separating the basin of the
Colorado from that of tho Great Salt
Lake, crossed where the trail makes from
the tributaries of the Green to those of
the Bear In southwestern Wyoming; the
water shed between the basin of the
Great Lake and the Valley of the Co
lumbia, crossed in, passing from the val
ley of the Bear to that of the Snake as
Fort Hall Is approached. To describe
this portion of the Oregon trail by tho
river courses that it follows, we 3ay that
it continues to make up the North Fork
of tho Platte; not so closely, however, as
at first on account of the canyons of tho
upper river. As the Sweetwater enters
the Platte, running through a valley
reaching far to tho west, while the upper
North Fork comes from the south, the
pioneers necessarily left the valley of the
Platte and struck up that of the Sweet
water. . This they followed up a hundred
miles, turning to the right through South
Pass. A few miles on they found the
Pacific Springs, whose waters flow into
the Green. Down tho valley ot the Green
tho trail was made, on the west side,
and generally at a distance from the
stream. This led to Fort Brldger, a
hundred and fifty miles to the southwest
a. roundabout way. The Sublette and
the Larlble cut-offs leaving the older
trail a little below Pacific Springs, wore
soon opened and led more directly to
Fort Hall on the Snake. The older trail
and the Sublette cut-off each makes
up a western tributary of the
Grefen and passes into the val
ley of the Bear. The valley of
this river Is followed so far as Its trend
Is to the northwest This Is somo five
miles beyond the Soda Springs. Here
some of the Callfornlans would turn off
to the left and keep down the river. The
Oregonlans and Callfornlans, not yet
ready to part company, would strike
across the divide to the northwest and.
following the Portneuf down towards the
Snake would come to old Fort Hall. Near
Fort Hall some would cross the Snako
and continue in a nearly direct course
westward, tklrtlng the foothills of the
Salmon Mountains. The main stream of
the migrations, however, wound along the
south bsnk pf the Snake, passing the
American Falls. There was one fording
of the Platte and several of the Bear,
a-d beyond the American Fall3 there
were two fordlngs of the Snake. The
general course of the trail is west, a little
south of the middle of the present "State
of Wyoming, unll South Pass Is reached
where the trail turns to the southwest,
the' older route more than the cut-offs:
reaching the Bear River Its course 13
northwest until It strikes tho Snake.
' It Is seen that tha flrst transcontinental
.railroad, the Government and Union Pa
cific, did not follow the trail up th6
North Platte. A branch of the Chicago
Northwestern system lias for some years
te3n headed along the line of the old
trail. Its line from Orin Junctibn west
to Cooper, the western end of the Fre
mont, Elkhorn and Missouri, indicates
that tho Northwestern has pre-emuted
the trail route. Ju3t now the Burlington
and Missouri Is active In this quarter.
It already has a line extendlnff from
Court House Rock to twenty miles be
yond Fort Laramie. And rumors are
many that it is projecting a line still
farther. These do not Indicate, however,
that it proposes to contest the North
western's rights to the Sweetwater val
ley and the South Pass. West of the
Rockies tho Union Pacific follows from
Granger to a point opposite Fort Bridger
quite closely the older portion of the
trail. The Oregon Short Line is practi
cally on the trail along the Bear River,
Portneuf and the Snake as far as the
American Falls.
Conspicuous ftntnral Feature.
The conspicuous natural features along
these six hundred miles of the trail are
Independence Rock, Devil's Gate, where
the Sweetwater cuts through a granite
range of rocks. Soda Lake, Split Rock,
South Pass, Wind River Mountains, Soda
Springs and the American Falls.
Most promising Iron mines have been
opened some twenty-flve miles northwest
of Fort Laramie, and a train-load of ore
is sent to the Pueblo smelters every day.
- The cattle Industry continues to- be the
predominant one as far west as the cross
ing of the North Fork, known to tho
pioneers as the Red Buttes. While tho
cattlemen maintain ranches upon the
bottom lands, far up to the sources of
the Sweetwater, the sheepmen have, in
recen.t years,, possessed themselves of the
vast upland grazing. All of this area
away from the streams Js still Govern
ment land, which the sheepmen pasture
free. They separate their sheep into
flocks of two or three thousand. Each
drove Is in charge of a herder, who has
left with him a wagon fitted out with
stove, bed and a larder. As we struck
one of these about noon one day, without
a ranch in sight, and a good-natured and
hospitable herder in possession of tha
wagon, we can vouch for the good stock
of provisions It contained. ......
There Is a campmover who selects the
ranges for the several herders with their
flocks and moves their wagons. The daily
routine of a herder and his flock Is to lie
near a spring or stream of water during
the heat of the day, and at 4 or 5 o'clock
move his herd cut upon tho range to re
turn the next morning at 10. The sheep
men seem to be encroaching upon tho do
main heretofore enjoyed by tho cattle
men. The cattlemen, however, predict the
destruction of the upland pasturage by
the sheep. At the high prices that have
prevailed during recent years, both cat
tle and sheep owners are making some 400
or 500 per cent on every head they market
The increasing depredations of the wolve3
cause them especial concern at present
There has been considerable activity In
gold mining during recent years in the
country a few miles north of the trail, as
it approaches South Pass. To the right of
the trail as It comes down the valley of
the Green River, crossing the Little and
the Big Sandy are the famous Rock
Spring coal mines from which comes the
main coal supply of the Rocky Mountain
region. All In all, a trip through Cen
tral Wyoming Is calculated to Impress one
with the Idea of the immense mineral re
sources of the state. Her vast oil fields
and coal and iron mines destine her to be
come the Pennsylvania of the West Wa
ter rights for agricultural and grazing
purposes are all taken up In thff southern
part of the state. Just now there- Is a
strong movement to the northern por
tion. A migration of some 30.000 Mormons
into the Big Horn country is in progress.
Bear River Valley seems to have a higher
development in an agricultural way than
any of the irrigated districts to the east
And the valley of the Snake surpasses
Bear River.
Trail Largrcly Used as Road.
The trail through this 600 miles Is still
largely used as a road. One Is com
pelled to admire the practical sagacity
as engineers which the pioneers, or those
who were the original locaters of the
trail, showed. Where other rout;s ire
preferred, it is owing to the nec-jairy
of making connections with the ranches
which are all along the river bottoms.
The pioneers, concerned only with get
ting over the ground, with access to wa
ter when camp was made, would make
cut-offs.
The prairie schooner making the pas
sage of the mountains Is not an infre
quent sight At Fish Creek." shortly be
fore reaching Independence Rock, we met
a group of four wagons. They were
bound for Nebraska from Idaho Falls.
When remonstrated with for leaving tha
Western country, one of the occupants
remarked: "I am no pig- I knowed when
I had enough.
At Independence Rock, we came up
to a man with a large family on hl3
way to some place In Washington. Ho
had? as a young man. passed this placo
in 1850. Now, with a family born and
bred in Kansas, he was going over tha
same road. They stopped to scan tho
crevices and chambers of the rock for
his name and those of his erstwhile com
panions. Names in great numbers ap
pear on the rockf but the earlier, un
less deeply carved or painted In protect
ed places, are obscured by moss and tha
weathering. While we found some that
appear in the annals of Oregon, none
that was especially familiar was read
during our short stop.
We found many interesting and oblig
ing hosts among the proprietors of
ranches on the Platte and Sweetwater.
Some expressed themselves as delighted
with the conditions of life on the ranch.
In their opinion, neighbors are most
neighborly when 20 miles apart,, and their
cattle are not nearly so liable to be
troublesome to each other a3 when but .
half a mile separates them. The supremo
disdain with which they look down upon
dairy farming was -well expressed in a
remark by a sheep rancher's daughter
which we overheard, She was on the
train returning from a visit in Nebraska.
When teased about the suitors she had
probably interested thero she said that
she had "no use for such hayseeds."
Ranching in their eyes is lordly, but or
dinary farming plebeian, done by hay
seeds. While our experience proved the
existence of delightful exceptions among
the "cow-punchers," their reputation as
reckless, unsocial individuals, little re
gardful for their own welfare or for
that of any one else, la not altogether
unfounded.
Towns Along: the Route.
The towns along the route are either
dead, but unburied wrecks of bygone mil
itary or mining activity, or they are
flourishing, wide - open gambling and
brawling hells. There are always, how
ever, considerate, refined and, hospitable
people to be found. Soda Springs, on
Bear River, is especially favored in its
springs, which are beings utilized com
mercially. "Old Steamboat spring." on
the brink of the Bear River, gushes as
of yore, just as noted by the pioneers.
The yellowish mound wtth springs in
crater-like openings are also thero. At
almost every town one learns of clus
ters of graves' near the trail.
To describe the old Oregon trail by these
references to tho aspects of Its environ
ment does not suggest Its significance.
Tho 2000-mile groove across the continent
deep and canal-like where It passes over
sandy wind-swept stretches, and scarcely
traceable where harder rocks come to
the surface has Its significance from tho
purposes and resolution of the men and
women who in moving to their destination
made It. These men and women were
instruments in effecting the greatest sin
gle expansion ever achieved by any peo
ple. The earlier pioneers ftx undauntedly
carrying out their resolution and moving
across this continental wilderness were in
an Important way affecting tho destinies
of the world. Having visions of home3
with easy access to the greater sea, tho
pioneers pushed forward with unparalleled
fortitude and gained a vantage ground for
American civilization which, more than
any other thing enables this nation now
to enforce Its function as arbiter in world
affairs.
It Is no doubt open to succeeding goner,
atlons of Oregonlans to malco as enduring
an impress upon national and world his
tory as did the pioneers. Tho surest
means of toning their minds to high re
solve i3 for them to cherish the signifi
cance of the old Oregon tralL It should
bo preserved as an honored symbol of
what was probably the most representa
tive American achievement
F. G. YOUNG
THINGS IN 1893-6.
Pertinent Answer to Haxcnafa Attaclc
oxx Cleveland.
New York Evening Post.
The Republicans came Into power In
1SS9. and soon made havoc of. the surplus.
Two bills were immediately Introduced
having this object in view, and a third
was brought forward later. One of these
was the McKlnley tariff, which) con
tained a clause repealing the duties on
sugarr which struck out $3900,000 of rev
enue at one blow; that la, about one
half of the annual surplus. The second
was a new pension bill, which eventually
added $50,000,000 to the expenditures, and
which led Corporal Tanner, who waa then
Commissioner of Pensions, to exclaim.
"God help the surplus." Tho third bill,
which came later, waa the Sherman sil
ver act, tho worst of the three In Its
effects upon private business and upon
the Treasury as welL
The Bland-Allison. silver bill had been
In operation since February, 1878, calling
for an expenditure of about $25,000,000 per
year for silver bullion to be coined into
silver dollars, a species of flat money
which was kept at par by a roundabout
process of redemption. The Government
which paid them out took them back at
the custom-house and the tax office, so
that anybody could realize par for them
by paying them to the Government. Ob
viously this condition could last only as
long as the amount outstanding waa no
larger than tho Government could take
In for taxes. The publlo understood the
situation perfectly.
The Sherman silver act proposed to In
crease the purchases of sliver bullion
from 52,000,000 worth per month to 4.B00,
000 ounces per month, and to issue a new
kind of fiat monoy on it a kind that did
not need to be coined, and could, there
fore, be put out faster than silver dol
lars. This law was passed In July, 1890.
It added to the public expenses about
$50,000,000 per year, and not only ran the
Treasury In debt for current expenses,
but created an apprehension in the pub
lic mind that we were within measure
able distance of & suspension of gold
payments.
The Treasury surplus began to grow
less until it disappeared altogether. The
gold reserve began to shrink. Secretary
Foster,' in the latter part of 1892. began
to talk about Issuing bonds to replenish
the reserve, and actually gave an order
for the preparation of plate3 for print
ing the bonds. Mr. Dolllver. of Iowa,
the same who ha3 Just been appointed
Senator from Iowa, was Interviewed on
the financial situation about the middle
of January, 1S93, to the following pur
port: Tha Treasury Is 'n no present danger. It will
pay gold on demand for every piece of silver or
paper outstandlns as long as we (the Repub
licans) are In power. To be sure, the percent
age of gold on hand Is not as great as It has
been, but It la sufficient Tho people won't call
for It; the paper currency Is good enough for
them. "What may happen after the 4th ot
March is not our affair. There la no reason
why we should go out ot our way to help the
Democrats. Let each party look out for Its
own troubles. That la my present vtow. How
ever, I reservo the right to change It later.
Mr. Dolllver's diagnosis of the situa
tion, both political and financial. In tho
middle of January. 1893. was correct. It
was also frank. It was an acknowledg
ment that If a panic was approaching. It
would not be the work of the Incoming
Administration, although the latter would
have to bear the burden of it. Tha panic
came a few months later. It was caused
by the three profligate and disastrous
measures enacted by a Republican Con
gress here enumerated, and now Senator
Hanna has the effrontery to point back
to the hard times of 1S93-97 as though
they had been caused by the Administra
tion which suffered from them.
Capital Invested represents $11,033.954,S93,
an average of 5G0,556 per mile of line.
Number of employes, 923,924, an average
of 49G per 100 miles.
Vv:4v?yM-v -
"-VVN-wft.. 7