10
THE MORNING OREGONIAN, TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 27, 1900.
RECENT SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES
t
(Copyright. 1000, by
THEOR1
EQONtAN':
'5 HOMESTUDY CIRCLE
e4-Te papers ea. Practical Science have
heea prop or ed Jar The OregaataB't Home Study
OMk hr Pref. WttH&m J. Hopklcs, of Drexel
IIiaUID Affi.
(Geeticmed.)
Critical Temperature.
(X the substances familiar to everybody,
seme eeotkr, voder ordinary conditions, In
the three states of gas, liquid end solid.
Water, for example, under tile usual pres
sure of the atmosphere, passes Into steam
at M9 degrees centigrade or 212 degrees
Fahrenheit, and freeaes at 6 degrees centi
grade or X degrees Fahrenheit. If the
pressure is increased, the boiling point
zteee, and if the pressure is lowered the
betting point falls accordingly. The pres
sure and the temperature must both, be
taken into account. If the temperature is
kept high, as in a steam boiler, a greater
pressure must be exerted to maintain the
water in the liquid state, and if the or
dinary temperature were, on the average,
4W degrees centigrade higher than It Is,
water would be known, to us only as a
gas. That is, steam at a temperature
above 186 degrees centigrade, or about 67
degrees Fahrenheit, cannot be changed
to liquid by any pressure, however, great.
The researches of Andrews showed
oie&riy that & simitar state of things ex
rJets for every substance. That Is, there
Is far every substance some point of tern
terafcure above whtoh it cannot become
'iiquW, and this temperature is called the
tBftaaaaqAwx
TIUPLER'S APPARATUS FOR
"ecMoai temperature." His most in
structive experiments were made with
"carbonic add gas," or carbon dioxide,
which has a critical temperature easily
reached. The first step, then, In the
liquefaction o any gas must evidently
be to reduce its temperature below the
critical point. Then, and not before then,
wilt pressure become effective, In reducing.
it t & liquid. Evidently, also, any gas
will be easy or di cult to liquefy, accord
ing as its critical temperature Is high or
low. Oxygen, whose critical temperature
is 118 degrees below zero, centigrade, re
etoted all efforts at liquefaction for many
yeans; nitrogen, with a critical tempera
ture of -446 degrees centigrade, was still
more refractory, and hydrogen, whose
critical temperature has not been exactly
determined, had to be cooled to about 2
decrees, or more, below the zero of the
centigrade scale before It yielded.
The attainment of these extremely low
temperatures was a matter of great diffi
cult', and was accomplished only gradu
ally, through years of experiment. The
means upon which chief reliance has been
placed until recently is the heat change
occurring when a substance which melts
or boite at a low temperature is allowed
to change from the solid to the liquid or
from the liquid to the gaseous state.
Heat GhaHfren la Melting and Bolllnff.
When a ootid Is melted heat must be
continually supplied to it until the melt
ing Is completed. This heat Is used in
doing the work of separating the particles
from the cloee bonds which make it a solid.
It produces no change in temperature, and
is therefore called "latent" heat. The
use of Ice in drinking water is a common
Illustration of this action, or the freezing
of toe cream by the melting of a mixture
of toe and salt. In the latter case part
of the necessary heat Is supplied to the
melting mixture by the cream, which lit
frouen, the freezing point of the cream
being higher than the melting point of the
mixture.
Stnriiariy. when a liquid Is changed to a
gas. a steady supply of heat Is necessary.
much greater than is needed to melt the
same quantity of the substance. It is
passible to evaporate water so rapidly
under a reduced pressure that the water
itaetf is frosen. The heat is used in
work at a rapid rate, and is taken from
the hod of water which is evaporating.
Small portions of substances which are
usually gaseous have been solidified In this
way.
Bj- means of this action, and by a proper
choice of substances, very low temper
atures have oeen produced. The method
is stilt used and must continue to be. In
the past It has been an expensive method
because the substances which were used
as eeoMng agents were themselves lique
fied or solidified with more or less diffi
culty. It is not necessary, however, that
a substance should be in the liquid or solid
form to produce a cooling effect. A gas
may be made to cool Itself.
Heat CltiutKen in Compression anil
IxjtAnIon.
JSverybody wno has ever pumped up a
bicycle tire with a hand pump knows that
the oainnreeeed ah- is hot. The work done
upon the air by the pumping increases its
store of heat and raises It' temperature.
.If the air thus compressed is allowed to
eecaase into the atmosphere, it has to push
away the outside air, doing work upon it,
and hs cooled In the process. Moreover.
If the compressed air has been allowed to
cool to the ordinary atmospheric temper
ature before it is released, the Issuing jet
of expanding air wtil be felt to be dis
ttnetty cold. This Is the action upon
which the modern "regenerative method"
This method is used on a considerable
scale, chiefly by three experlmentens.
Iinua. In Germany. Hampsin In England
and Tripler In America, As Tri pier's
operations seem to be the most extensive,
as well as the most Interesting to us for
other reasons, his method will be de
poribed so far as it is publicly known. It
Is almost absurdly simple. There is an
air compressor operated by steam power.
ootta m which the compressed air in cooled
to the temperature of the water running
over them, and a "liquener," as It Is
catted, from which liquid air is drawn by
the galkm when the plant is In operation.
The air Is oomsreeeed three times, with
cooHag between: first, to about W pounds
above the atmospheric pressure, then to
about 4M pounds, and !at, to 8609 pounds
to the wquare Inch The dust is filtered
from the air before It enters the com-pier-or.
and there Is another separation
at tb highest pressure to take out the
loot traces of foreign matter The air
at MM pounds pressure and zi the temper
ature of the cooling tanks then passes to
the Mauofters. of which there are two.
Juot what the construction of the llque
fiors te Is not publicly known. Their es
sential parts are a long coil of copper tube
BuiTCuntod by a cvtinder which Is thor
oughly wrapped in Insulating material.
The compressed air passes through the
cooner tube, and is released at the end by
moans of a needle valve, said to be of some
pat Ocularly advantageous design. At
thh- point It expands to aibout the atmos
pheric pressure, and is very rreatly cooled
hs the process. This expanded and cooled
aSr thoa passes backward ever the colts of
pipe and escapes. eooHng the compressed
ah- wtthta. which, m Its turn, expands at
en valve, and Is atJtl further cooled, -he
K, therefore, nrogreeslve ad
re m Its eooMag affect, and the
j. n- 'I
f.oool rP T HI!??!!
Beysaoar Eaton.)
DIRECTED BY PROF. SEYMOUR EATO
lowering of temperature at the release
point soon becomes so great that part of
the air liquefies and collects in the lower
end of the liqueflers, from which it can be
drawn off like so much water by opening
a tap.
Not the least wonderful thing about it Is
that this liquid air, at a temperature far
below any of which we can have an ade
quate conception, is handled in apparently
the most careless fashion without Injury,
poured about like water, and transported
hundreds of miles In open buckets.
Note. The study of "Liquid Air" will be
concluded next Tuesday.
IMPORTS OF THE NATION.
Largest Increase of the Tear Is
From Asia.
The imports of the United States
dropped off very much In 189S as com
pared with the preceding year, and more
than recovered In 1899. We may regard
the Imports of 1898 as abnormal, and the
Imports of 1897 and 1899 as Indicating ap
proximately the progress of our Import
trade. The Increase of 1S99 was a little
less than 8 per cent over 1S97. But the
imports from Europe decreased more than
55,000,000. There were substantial de
creases from England and Germany, but
Increases from most of the other coun
tries. In round millions the changes In our
&t;&uat!fciiX&
TUB IiiaUIFICATION OF GASES.
Import trade by geographical divisions is
as follows, comparing 1S99 with 1897:
Decrease. Increase.
Europe 5
British North America 4
Other North American 28
South America 12 ..
Asia 43
Oceanica 6
Africa 2
21
Net
The Imports from the leading European
countries for the two years compared
were as follows:
1897. 1699.
United Kingdom.'. $159,002,256 $142,321,497
Germany 98,062,278 89,579,339
France 66,730.631 70,404.908
Italy 20,165,602 26,459,351
Switzerland 12,692,309 16,288,947
Holland 13,782,795 15,278,069
Belgium 13.901,545 11,733,802
Austria-Hungary 7,069,747 8,054.459
From other parts of North America
than British the imports were as follows:
1897. 1899.
Central America $ 8,981,227 $ 9,305,079
Mexico 19.650,099 24,625,000
West Indies 32,794,301 52,739,219
There was an Increase of about $4,000,
000 from the British West Indies, and
over $1,000,000 from Puerto Rico, but the
largest Item in this increase was the
growth of Imports from Cuba from $16,
233,456 to $29,619,759. The imports from the
leading countries of South America show
the following changes:
1897 1899
Brazil $65,928,850 $59,580,868
Argentina 10.89S.551 5,597,373
Venezuela 8,556,569 5,669,925
The imports from Chile, Colombia, Ecua
dor. British and Dutch Guiana and Peru
increased. The amounts are not very
large, but in some cases the ratios are
considerable. The Imports from Uruguay
fell oft more than one-half. There was
no particular change in the Imports of
hides and skins from South America, but
the Imports of wools of the first and sec
ond classes from South America have
fallen off very heavily.
The largest Increase of Imports Is from
Asia, and Is due chiefly to the increase
from the British and Dutch East Indies.
From these two groups the Increase was
from $36,376,814 in 1897 to $70,694,720 in 1S99.
The import of raw sugar from the East
Indies increased from $9,999,154 in 1897 to
$30,636,469 in 1599. But there was an in
crease of over $1,000,000 from China and
nearly a million and a half from Hong
Kong, and an Increase of more than
$6,000,000 from Japan.
The Increased imports from Oceanica
wore due to the increase from Hawaii,
from $15,311,685 in 1897 to $22,188,206 in
1889; the Imports ore almost exclusively
sugar. There was a decreased import
from British Australasia, except Auck
land and FIJI; the import from the Phil
ippines increased moderately, and from
other points In this group the Imports are
trifling. The largest Item In the increase
of imports from Africa was an increase of
a million and a half from Egypt and small
Increases from British Africa, and Africa
not classified.
The imports are only partially classi
fied by countries from which they are im
ported. This is done in great detail for
fiscal years, the report for 1899 not yet
being Issued; we are using here the pre
liminary report for the calendar year 1SS9.
The current Importation last year was
nearly $3,000,000, and almost two-thirds of
It came from Germany. All the chemi
cals and drugs Imported amounted to
$48,247,047, but the sources of supply are
not designated. The small amount of
coal Imported comes almost entirely from
the British provinces. Of the $5,249,871
worth of cocoa, $1,867,910 came from the
ijntisn est inaics ana w,us,oz3 rrom
South America. Most of the remainder
oame, as many Imports do, not directly
from the country of production, but from
a European port. The coffee Imported
last year was valued at $56,068,980, dis
tributed as follows:
Brazil $36.2S6,S17
Other South America 6,255,620
Central America -5,244,797
Mexico 3.026.624
East Indies 2,162.074
Other Asia and Oceanica 811,336
West Indies S66.486
The raw cotton Imported was worth
$6,80S,395, of which $54,816,038 came from
Egypt and $1,104,423 from the United
Kingdom, whether Egyptian or Indian Is
not designated. Only $500,000 worth came
from Asia and Oceanica. Of $S,000,000
worth of cotton cloths, more than three
fourths came from the United Kingdom.
The other manufactures of cotton were
valued at $2S,498,492. and the chief sources
of supply were as follows:
United Kingdom $8,360,310
Switzerland 8,137,630
Germany 7,180.000
France 4.192.S4S
The earthenware, stoneware and china
Imported slightly exceeded JS.000,000, over
a third of which came from the United
Kingdom, over a quarter from Germany,
and nearly a quarter from France and
Austria-Hungary together. Of flax the
import was nearly $1,500,009, almost all
from Europe; of Jute $2,738,000, mostly
direct from the East Indies; raanlla, $6,
598.000, not quite two-thirds direct from
the Philippines, and nearly one-third by
way of England, and sisal grass over
JS.N&.OOO, almost all from Mexico.
Of more than $6,009,009 worth of furs
and eklns, undressed, more than a third
came from England, nearly a third from
Germany. The hides and skins and prin
cipal sources are as follows:
Value of all $51,127,659
South America 10,674.313
East Indies 6,881,020
United Kingdom 6,655,305
Other Europe 16.732,174
The crude rubber was valued at 534,
219,019, more than half of which came di
rect from Brazil, but over $13,000,000 came
from Europe. The iron and steel manu
factures, amounting to nearly 516,000,000,
are not classified by countries. The raw
silk was valued at $42,776,678, almost half
from Japan, about a quarter from China
and a little less from Italy. Of the manu
factured silks, valued at $27,886,683, the
chief sources of supply were:
France $13,193,295
Germany 4,988,513
Switzerland 3,956,015
Japan 3,246,743
United Kingdom 2,664,764
The raw sugar imports were as fol
lows: Value of all $107,137,769
Bast Indies 30.636,469
Hawaii 21.717,480
Cuba 17,746,966
Germany 10,700,153
British West Indies 5,825,818
Other "West Indies 6,755,109
South America 6,231.062
Africa 3,782,902
Austria-Hungary 2,030,032
The tea Imports were worth 'almost
$11,000,000, nearly half of which was from
China, a little less from Japan, and only
$500,000 worth from the East Indies. The
tobacco imports were valued at $11,654,
893, nearly $9,000,000 from Cuba and over
$3,500,000 from Holland being Sumatra leaf.
The wines were valued at $7,160,007, of
which $4,622,795 came from France and
$1,171,717 from Germany.
The Imports of wool were "Valued at
$11,659,644. Nearly half of 'it is put down
as coming from the United Kingdom. Of
the manufactures of wool, carpets were
valued at $2,272,415, more than half from
Continental Europe; cloths, $4,5S4,394, more
than two-thirds from the United King
dom; dress goods, $5,460,104, as follows:
United Kingdom .'. $2,386,761
France 1,889,400
Germany 1,162,665
in
TAXES FOR THESTATE.
Tire County Judge of Linn Favors a
Per Capita Basis.
ALBANY, Or., Feb. 23. (To the Edi
tor.) The vexatious question of equalizing
the assessed valuations of the various
Counties of the State seems to be up once
more for discussion. It is, Indeed, a diffi
cult problem to solve, and I question if
human lngenunity can devise any plan or
system equitably to equalize values be
tween Counties on a property basis. Many
were the criticisms, censures and even
vituperations uhowered upon the late State
Board of Equalization for what was
deemed the injustice of its findings. It,
Indeed, had a burdensome task one far
beyond the ability of ordinary man to ac
complish satisfactorily under the law.
The law provides that, for purposes of
assessment, lands tillable and nontillable
shall be segregated. This provision of the
law was violated, and many Counties
sent in rolls with lands listed all In one
column, unsegregated. How on earth
could any board Intelligently compare
values of tillable and nontillable segre
gated lands with tillable and nontillable
lands assessed together. Again, how can
any board intelligently compare the town
lots of Llim with those of Multnomah
County? It simply cannot be done.
The assessment law provides that all
property shall be assessed at Its true
cash value. We all know it is actually
assessed at less than one-half of its value,
with the growing disposition among As
sessors, since the abolishment of the State
Board of Equalization, to vie with one
another in diregardlng the law In this par
ticular, that their County may escape Its
reasonable, Just and equitable proportion
of the State tax. Some means must be
deviEed so that It will be impossible for
one County to lessen Its assessed valuation
In the sum of $11,000,000 in one year.
Assuming 'the risk of being deemed pre
sumptuous, I suggest that the next Leg
islature repeal all the present laws relat
ing to the State's raising revenue from
the variouB Counties, and enact a law
providing for paying State tax upon a per
capita basis. In June we shall have a
United States census taken, and upon that
enumeration, let the Legislature fix its
levy for each County (or delegate the pow
er as at present, to the State board) at
$1 per capita, or such sum as will be found
neoessary to raise revenue for annual ex
penses of the State.
ThlB. system will absolutely eliminate
the mooted and vexatious question of
equalizing values between the Counties.
To my mind this plan appears perfectly
simple and equitable. If under this sys
tem any of the Counties desire to raise or
lower their assessment, it Js no one'3
business but their own; but It will not
enable them to shift their state burden
onto the shoulders of neighboring Coun
ties. I have never heard the system in use in
this State for the distribution of the irrer
duclble school or County 5-mill fund ob
jected to In any particular. Its distribu
tion is absolutely Just and equitable. Yet
It Is substantially the plan suggested
above; the County pays to the State Its
tax on the basis of all Its population; the
State and County pays to the various
school districts upon a per capita of per
sons between the ages of 5 and 20 years.
Some will possibly urge that, as the
United States census is taken only at
each decade, the population will Increase
or shift In localities to such a degree as
to make this base inequitable. I believe
there would be nothing In that argument.
Population In a State like ours is quite
stable at Its present ratio of distribution.
Even if that were not true, a State cen
sus is taken each five years after the
United States enumeration, which in the
wisdom of the Legislature could bo used
as a basis for levying the annual tax on
each County. GEORGE D. BARTON.
The Holy WelL
Newcastle (England) Chronicle.
Now that Holywell street is about to be
removed attention Is being given to the
site of the well from which It derives its
name. Tradition fixed the well beneath
the old Spotted Dog Tavern, which was
pulled down In 1864, after standing for two
centuries; but the late George Augustus
Sola was able to show that the well be
neath that house had no claims to be re
garded as holg, being a very commonplace
affair, which had long been dried up.
In 1877, however, a builder making re
pairs In the basement of one of the house"
between the Strand and Holywell street
found a well about seven feet under
ground, the water In wMch, some 20 feet
below the surface, was remarkably pure
and sweet. This Is believed to be the holy
well, and when the property Is pulled
down an attempt to trace It Is to be made.
Probably It is supplied by the same spring
which feeds the old Roman bath, nearly
opposite on the other side of the Strand.
A Substitute for Cork.
New York Tribune.
Phellosene is the name given by a French
inventor to a substance he describes as
artificial cork, and which may be used for
all purposes for which cork has hitherto
been found needful. It is an analogue of
celluloid, and consists of cork bark ground
to an Impalpable powder and agglutinated
by a solution cf nltro-cellulose in acetone.
It contains about 10 to 12 per cent of nitro
cellulose, and is said to be a trifle, If any
thing, more combustible than cork under
the ordlnay condlt'ons.
Editors r.t Nctv Orleans.
NEW ORLEANS, La., Feb. 26. Thou
sands are potir'ng into the city. Seven
hundred newspaper people are here, and
the Oregon delegation's headquarters are
crowded. The convention opens Thursday.
IS HE LARGE ENOUGH?
THH PRESIDEXT IS SOW "TO"
AGAINST IT," INDEED.
He Has lteached the Parting of the
Ways on the Dosmia of
Protection.
The President, says the New York
Times, in a striking article, has come to
the parting of the ways with respect to
the dogma of protection. His position
upon it has changed amazingly within
the last four years. Then he tried his
best, so long as he could with safety and
even a little longer, to make upon that
superannuated warhorse his campaign for
the Presidency. While everybody else was
thinking about the currency, he kept on
talking about the tariff. Even when It
was clearly shown to him that from every
point of view. Including the campaign
fund point of view, it was the gold stand-
Ard and not the tariff that was the win
ning issue, he clung with a simple and
pathetic fondness to the belief of his
childhood. Hl3 conservatism denoted ad
herence rather to a religious dogma than
to a political opinion, and amounted to
what Emerson describes as an Intellect
ual "prehensility of tail." The campaign
was half over before he could be induced
to give the slightest aid and comfort to
those voters who desired to support Mm
as the hesitating and reluctant candidate
of sound money, but who were disgusted
by the thought that their votes would be
counted for McKinleylsm and Dingley
ism. Even after he had been elected so clear
ly and unmistakably without reference to
tho tariff, he could not prevent himself
from keeping on talking about It as the
source and fountain of our National pros
perity, and even acting, against the clear
Interests of the country, in obedience to
his belief. "I was born In the wilderness
of Christianity," said the 18th century
freethinker, "and some of the briars still
hang about me." It was doubtless due
to his pathetic delusion about the sacro
sanctlty of the tariff, ably played upon
by the Russian representative at Wash
ington, that we owe the abandonment of
our clear National interest by the Admin
istration when Great Britain made her
stand In defense of our interest as well
aff her own. "If we Join the demand for
the open door in China," we can imagine
the President saying: "What shall we
say for ourselves when it comes to a de
mand for an open door in the United
States?" And so Mr. Day issued that
amazing announcement that the interests
of the United States were not concerned
in the controversy between the powers
In China, which Mr. Hay, two years later,
had so much trouble to undo and won so
valuable a diplomatic victory by undoing.
And then came the war and the conse
quent expansion, and the President had to
recognize the great truth that circum
stances alter cases, and to make the fatal
admission that the tariff was made for
man, and not man for tho tariff, that pro
tection was not a sacrosanct dogma, but
a human invention, subject to error and
liable to change. There was no citizen
of tho Union upon whom a greater mass
of evidence would have had to be brought
to bear to Induce this change of heart,
and to make him confess by actions that
he had been, in point of fact, "a Bour
bon suckled in a creed outworn." It
would have been asking too much of him
to confess It in words, but he has con
fessed it by silence as well as by actions.
He has found It practicable to write a
message to Congress without paying the
once sacred tariff the cold tribute of a
passing glance, and he has found it prac
ticable to recommend taking down the
tariff fence altogether between these
States and the Island of Puerto Rico.
It may be that the quarter of the Ding
ley rates proposed to be charged upon
imports to Puerto Rico and exports from
it, will meet the Immediate commercial
needs of the Island, as well as the aboli
tion of the tariff altogether as to that
Island. But the President has committed
himself to the advocacy of the latter
course. Any temporary relief he may se
cure for himself by yielding to protection
ist pressure will be at the cost of far
greater trouble to him and to his succes
sors. Sugar from the Philippines must
not be permitted to come Into competition
with Hawaiian sugar. It must not be per
mitted to come Into competition with
Louisiana sugar. It must not be permit
ted to endanger the success of the ex
periments of any experimental agricultur
ist who Is fiddling with beets in Nebraska
or sorghum in Iowa, or maple sap in Ver
mont. The President has gone far enough
now to show that he recognizes that the
protectionist Jig is up. It was ended by
the results of the war with Spain. The
question raised now is for him not a ques
tion of brains, but a question of back
bone. Has he the courage to act upon his
own intellectual perceptions? Does he
think that this is a convenient season to
advocate the strengthening of the protec
tionist wall? Does he think the American
people will continue to recognize as an
infant "mewling in the nurse's arms" the
Carnegie Works, competing with its rivals
the world over on equal terms, and divid
ing 100 per cent a year of profits? Does
he think they will listen with patience to
that other infant, the shipbuilding indus
try, squalling In one breath that it can
build ships, as It can, in competition with
the world, and whining in the next that,
in addition to a protection of absolute and
avowed exclusion of the competing prod
uct, it shall be stayed with subsidies and
comforted with bounties? Does he think
they will stand the infamous Hepburn re
port which proposes that we shall avow
ourselves the enemies of commerce and
of the human race by managing a great
ocean highway as our private lane and
taxing the ships of all the world In order
to pay the cost of earning our own ships
through free of charge? To yield now,
by backing down from the stand he has
taken In respect to Puerto Rico, were to
deprive himself of the power of resisting
any one of these ridiculous or disgraceful
things. It were to prove the truth of
Burke's saying that "a great Empire and
little mind go ill together." It-makes a
difference to all of us, and It makes a
great difference to the President himself
whether In this crisis he shows the cour
age of his perceptions, the strength to in
sist that, the moment we became a world
power, we bound ourselves to cast aside
the swaddling clothes of our industrial
childhood.
a
BIG STORE TAX INVALID.
Department Merchants "Win in Mis
souri Supreme Court.
Jefferson City, Mo. The Supreme Court
has declared the department store law,
passed by the last Legislature, to be un
constitutional. It holds that the law Is
class legislation; that the act is incom
plete, and is not a law, and does not
constitute a rule of conduct, and that the
act Imposes an occupant tax as a license
to do business.
The so-called "antl-department-store"
law was enacted by the last General As
sembly, and, there being no emergency
clause, It took effect on September 13,
1899. Its avowed purpose was to apply
disoriminatlng taxation. The act was en
titled "an act to regulate business and
trade in cities having a population of
50,000 or over."
The act made a classification of goods
In some 70 classes, and these classes
were further combined in groups. Any
merchant in a city of over 50,000 inhab
itants who employed over 15 employes in
retail business was compelled to take out
a separate license for each group cr
class. This license was not to be less
than $200 or more than $505 for each ctoud.
1 In the first draft of the bill In the Leg-
Islature It was attempted to make this
license $1000, but this was amended.
As the bill was first drafted it prov.ded
for the fixing of the license and Its col
lection by the license authorities of each
City, but this was amended by the Dem
ocrats in the General Assembly so that it
provided for a License Commissioner, to
be appointed by the Governor.
As department stores pay the same taxes
which apply to other merchants in the
State, they took steps to reast thi3 leg
islation, and organized. In Kansas Clty
crlminal proceedings were instituted
against some of the merchants. In St.
Louis nothing was done by the License
Commissioner beyond sending out notices.
An Injunction suit was filed in St.
Louis, but the proceeding was not brought
to a final hearing because of the advance
on the docket by the Supreme Court of
a case brought up from St. Joseph.
In St. Joseph, in order to make a test
case, the City authorities refused to grant
a merchant's license to a merchant, on
the ground that he had failed to comply
with the department store law. He there
upon bi ought a mandamus proceeding,
claiming that the law was unconstitution
al. The mandamus was granted, and the
case was appealed to the Supreme Court
by the City, and this was the case de
cided by the Supreme Court.
MILLIONS OF MISSILES FAIL
Only One Shot In Ten Thousand Kills
Records of Famous Battles.
Answers. (English paper.)
With their daily bombardment of Lady
smith for 10 weeks, the Boers killed only
70 men. This is what all military author
ities expected, for the shell makes more
noise than it does damage. In past wars
the most terrific bombardments resulted
In only the same trifling loss.
Take the Franco-German war. The Town
of Mezleres was bombarded wKh the
greatest vigor for 38 days, over EOOO sheila
per day being thrown into it. This made
a total of 193,000 shells falling among a
closely packed population of 65,000 people.
Yet only 300 people were killed, and kj
wounded. Now, each shell broke Into
from ICO to 200 pieces at least, so that It
took 35,CC0 missiles to produce one hit!
Longwy was the most extraordinary in
stance of all the comparative harmless
ness of shell Are. Quite 30,000 projectiles
were thrown among the occupants. Cer
tainly there were only 200 people altogether
in the place. But of these not a solitary
individual was killed or wounded.
During the whole of this terrible war,
in which nearly 2,000,000 troops were en
gaged, and many millions of shells flred
off, the Germans lost by shell Are only
the trifling number of 695 officers and men
killed, and 4389 of all ranks wounded. That
is to say, the 1,000,000 German troops had
one man in 200 hit by a fragment of a
shell or a bullet from a shrapnel or case
shot.
Yet thi only weapon used In a siege is
cannon at least, It is far and away the
most-used weapon. Of course, the shell
wounds made up In quality for what they
lacked In. quantity, for a man wounded by
& shell is not of much use thereafter.
Curiously, the modern cannon used in
the war of 1870 were not much more de
structive than the ancient weapons we
used in the last century. During the great
siege of Gibraltar, lasting from April,
1781, to February, 17S2, the enormous num
ber of 258,387 shells were thrown into the
garrison. But the whole list of killed and
wounded amounted to only 1341, and most
of these S70 were only slightly hurt.
Shells did more damage in the Crimea,
This was an exceptional case, however,
for most of the losses were sutalned In the
great assault on the Redan. In other wars
the rifle killed about nine to one for the
shell, while in the Crimea four out of ten
of the British and nearly five out of ten
of tho French were dispatched by shell
fire.
We have many other figures proving
that the shell Is not so formidable as Is
generally supposed. When the Germans
fought the Auetrlans, in 1866, they killed
exactly nine by rifle. Are to one by shell
fire. The Austrians in were superior in
artillery, as the Germans were In rifles,
and they killed about one and one-half
by shell to eight and one-half by rifla
bullets.
In the United States Civil War only
14,000 were wounded by shell to 123,000 by
rifle ball. This is a little less than one
out of ten.
And in the Italian campaign of 1859 few
wero hit by bursting shells. Here are the
figures: Wounded by bullets, 14,500; wound
ed by large shells, ICO; wounded by shrap
nel and cose shot, 740. But this war was
fought altogether In the open field, while
the shell is most used against fortified po
sitions. Naval shell fire Is not much more fatal.
During the one-day bombardment of
Alexandria by the British fleet, which
lasted nine hours, 800 Egyptians only were
hit by 3165 shells, and. that In spite Of the
shells being of huse size.
Sampson, Denies Concn's Statement.
BOSTON, Feb. 26. Admiral Sampson to
day positively denied the statement mode
by Captain Concas, of tho Spanish Navy,
that the Cristobal Colon could have been
saved, if the American Admiral had closed
her sea valves.
arc dangerous; they weaken
the constitution, inflame the
lungs, and often lead to
Pneumonia. Cough syrups
are useless. The system must
be given strength and force
to throw off" the disease.
will dc this. It strengthens
the lungs and builds up the
entire system. It conquers
the inflammation, cures the
cough, and prevents serious
crouble.
50c. and f 1 00, all drutzUti,
SCOTT & BOWJNE, ChemUtsT New York.
PRIMARY, SECONDARY OR TERTIARY BLOOD POISOS
Permanently Cured. You can be treated at boras
under tame guaranty. It you nave talcen mer
cury. Iodide potash, and still have acnes and
pains. Mucus Patches In Mouth, Sore Throat.
Pimples, Copper-Colored Spots, Ulcers on any
part of the body. Hair or Eyebrows falling
out. write
COOK REMEDY CO.
1539 Masonic Temple. Chicago, 111. for proofs pt
cures. Capital. $500,000. We solicit the most ob
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15 to 35 days. 100-page Book Free.
WRIGHT'S INDIAN
VEGETABLE PILLS
Are acknowledge by thousands of peasons who
hae used them for oyer forty years to cure a
SICK HEADACHE. GIDDINESS, CONSTIPA
TION. Torpid Liver, Weak Stomach. Pimples,
and purify the blood.
A form of disease may become so com
mon that it is rcgzrtied as a necessary
condition.
In some of
the valleys
of Switzer
land goitre,
or thick
neck, af
flicts every
inhabitant.
A party of
American
tourists en-
v tenner one
"of these val
leys was fol-
f Srtrfir of
jeering children who cried, " See, these
people have no goitres," as if to be with
out a goitre was a physical deficiency.
Similarly, the prevalence of irregular
periods among young women, and the
commonness of debilitating drains
among married women have created,
the mischievous idea that these are the
natural conditions of womanhood.
In normal health the periods should
be regular and painless and there should
be neither drains nor pains for the mar
ried woman. To regain that normal
condition of health is possible to every
woman who will make a trial of Dr.
Pierce's Favorite Prescription. It regu
lates the periods, dries up the drains,
and cures ulceration and inflammation.
Sick women can consult Dr. R. V.
Pierce, Buffalo, N. Y., by letter without
charge. Every letter is held as strictly
private and sacredly confidential.
" I had fellinj of internal organs and had to
go to bed orce a month , had irregular moathly
periods which would sometimes last tea or
twelve days," writes Mrs. Alice L. Holmes, of
Coolsprinpr Street, Uniontown, Pa. Had also
indigestion so bad that I could not eat anythiag
hardly Dr Pierce 3 Favorite Prescription and
' Golden Medical Discovery cured me. I took
three bottles of the 'Favorite Prescription and
one of the' Golden Medical Discovery.' "
Dr. Pierce's Common Sense Medical
Adviser sent free on receipt of stamps
to cover mailing only. Twenty-one one
cent stamps for edition in paper; 31
stamps for the cloth-bound edition. Ad
dress Dr. R. V. Pierce, Buffalo, N. Y.
J.N.Murdock,
279 Snoderags
Street, Dallas, Texas, says: "My son
had a terrible Cancer on his jaw,
for which the doctors performed,
a painful operation, cutting down
to the bone and scraping it. The
Cancer soon returned, nowever, and
was more violent than before. Wo
t were advised to try S. S. S. The sec
' ond bottle made an improvement;
after twenty bottles had been taken
ihe Cancer disappeared entirely,
and he was cured permanently."
gfbr
QiefeafliSffl I I IK
(Swift's Specific) is the only remedy
that can reach Cancer. tliA mnQt donrlW
0 all diseases. .Books on Cancer and
Blood Diseases mailed free by Swift
Specific Company Atlanta, Ga.
If you haven't a regular, healthy movement of tho
bowels every day, you're sick, or will be. Keep your
bowels open, and be well. Force, In the strape er
violent physic or pill poison, is dangerous. The
smoothest, easiest, most perfect way of keeping the
bowels clear and clean Is to take
Pleasant, Palatable. Potent. Taste Good. Do Good,
Never Sicken. Weaken, or Gripe. 10c, SOc Write
for free sample, and booklet on health. Address
lUrllnj Rraedy Company, Chlttjo, Xontrtsl, 5nr York. 3B3s
KEEP YOUR BLOOD CLEAR
NO PAIN! NO GAS l
No cliarjre for painless extraction when teeth
are ordered. All work done by graduate dentists
of 12 to 20 years' experience; a specialist in
each department- We will tell you in advance
exactly what your work will cost by a free
examination. Give us a calf, and you will find
we do exactly as we advertise.
Set of Teeth 95.OO
Gold Filling $1.00
Gold Crovrn JJ5.00
Silver Filling 50
New York Dental Parlors
PORTLAND OFFICE
H. E. Cor. Fourth and Morrison Sts.
San Francisco Office, 722 Market ot second
floor History building-.
Hours 8 to S, Sundays, 10 to 4.
GRATEFUL
COMPORTING
Distinguished Everywhere)
For
Delicacy of Flavor.
Superiority In Quality.
Grateful and Comforting
to the Nervous or Dyspeptic.
Nutritive Qualities Unrivalled.
Your Grocer and Storekeeper Sell It.
(n Half-Poaad Has only.
Freparcd by JAMES EPP5 & CO., Lti
Koraocopathic Chcralsts. lonJos,
England.
BREAKFAST SUPPER
Pacific Coast Agents. SherwioJ & Shcrworf
REYNOLD'S
pesstie
Few persoss seed
Via nAnfiluwl Vutr
fMaArv DliHitMnaliM If Slam fhd rtpT ttXUUtaCtl
of the paroxysm they fve recowrse to tms rem
edy: thou, a single doe la nhn sufficient.
. FOUKRA X CO.. 30.30 .Y. William St,,af.Y.
fvm
W IStiBKV
I ti'hifrifliJ?
SL"1" urri
tr .i-
UOISUO
Blood
ffrSSS CANDY
if nZJ!s CATHARTIC -
w TRADE MARK ftSOISTSPEO
fMnns
THE PALATIAL
BOH BUILB1
Xet s dark efflce la the nHiiln
Bbxelatelr fireproof; electrte liKh
aad artcslaa water; perfect astalts
tlaa autt t3ireish ventllatlea. Jb
-raters raa day aad atgrht.
lvOO.-B
AJTDES30X. OOSTAT. Attsrftey.at-Law C3
ASSOCIATBD PMBB; B. U Powell. Mat
BAMXJtRS- LIFS ASSOCIATION, of
Ktes. la.; C. A. MtCMtw. State Agent.
BBHNXB. H. W.. Pita. Pernta Shorthand
School
BENJAMIN. R. W.. Detttet ., .. 321
BrN'SWANOER. DR. O. S.. Pnys. A Sur 411 i
BRUERB. DR. G. B.. PbysetaB 413-4.J-;
BUSTKBD. RICHARD, Arfnt Wilson & Mv
CaHay Tobacco Co Cv-
CAUK1X. G. X.. District Agent Trate.ers
Insurance Co...... .,,
CARDWKli. DR. J. B
CLARK. HAROLD, DmMlst ,.,.. 3'J
CLEM, B. A. i CO.. Mining Properties BlS-Slj
WLUJUm TXLEPHO.NB COMPANY
M-MS-M-e07 Gl3-et-A3
CORNEUVS. C W.. Pfcya. 4 Surgeon.
COVER. F. C. CasMer KMitaM Life
COLLIER, p. F.. PttoMsfeer: S. P. McGmre.
Manager ...... 4iS-S
DAY. J. G & I. X 3jj
DAVIS. NAPOLEON, Prs!4M Columbia,
Telephone Ce
DICKSON. DR. J. F.. PhysWtaa.... . . 711
DRAKE. DR. K B. Pfcystotaa 512 33
DUNHAM. MRS. OEO. A
iJWXJEK. JAS. F. Tobftf-ces , iJ
EDITORIAL ROOMS Elghtd flo
EQIIITABLE LIF2 A5SURANCK SOCIETY
L. Samvei. Manager, F. C. Cover Cash er
EVENING TELEGRAM 323 A.der am
FENTOX. J. D.. Physctan and Surgeon. 309 3
FENTON. DR. HICKS C. By and Ear
FENTON. MATTHEW F.. Dentist .... SO
FIDELITY MUTUAL LIFE ASS'X. E. C
Stark, Manager
FRENCH SCHOOL (y eeftversatkm) . Dr. A.
MuzsarellL. Manager
GALVANI. W. H.. Engineer and. Draughts
man ..
GEARY, DR. BDWARD P., Physician and
Surgeon
GIESY. A. J. Phystetan aad Surgeon .. Too 7.8
GODDARD. E. C & CO.. Footwear, ground
"or ;28 ami if
GOLDMN. WILLIAM. Manager Manhat aa
Life Insurance Co.. rf New York . . .209 211
GRANT, FRANK S. Attomey-at-law CI
GRENIBR. MISS BBATRICB. Dentist. . "Oli
Hammam Baths, Kins Compton, Prrs
HAMMOND. A. B Hi
HEIDINGBR. GEO. A. 4 CO. Pianos and
Organs 131 S x - B
HOLLISTSK. DR. O. C. Fhys. & Surg 504!
IDLEMAN. C M., Attomey-at-Law 41G-T ll
KADY MARK T.. Manager Pacific Nor
west Mutual Reserve Fund Life Asso 604-GOJ
LAMONT. JOHN. Vice-President and Gen
eral Manager coramwa Teiostoooe Co . 601
LrrnJCFISLD, H. R Pays, and Surgeon 2oi
MACKUM, W. S.. See. OcegoB Camera Club 21
MACKAT, DK. A. X.. Phys. and Surg. . 711 Til
MAXWELL. DR. W. B.. Phys. A Surg T31
McCARGAR. C A.. State Agent Bankers'
i.ne Association B02-30S
McCOY, NEWTON. Attoraey-at-Law .... -J
Mct'ADta. miss ida x.. Stenographer 209
McGINN. HENRY E.. AHoraey-at-Law 311 31
McKELL. T. J.. Manufacturers Rapresenta
"ve 3o
MILLER. DR. HERBERT C.. Dentist and
Oral Surgeon flcs-fl
MOSPMAN. DR. E. P.r Dentist... 812-513 Sl-I
MANHATTAN LIFE INSURANCE CO of
New York. W. GoMnan. Manager 20 2ld
McELROY. DR. J. C. Phys. Surg 701 702 ro
McFARLAND. E. B., Secretary Columbia
Telephone Co...... c
McGUIRE. S. P.. Manager P. F. rnl'.l..
Publisher 415-4'j
McKIM. MAURICB. Attorneyat-Law.
MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE CO . of New
York. wra. S. Pond, State Mgr . .404-402
MUTUAL RESERVE FUND LIFE ASS'N
M. T. Kady. Mgr. Pacl Northwest..
NICHOLAS, HORACE B.. Attorney-at-Law 73
NILES. M. L.. Cashier Manhattan Life In
surance Co.. of New York.
OREGON INFIRMARY OF OSTEOPATirY
Dr. I. B. Smith. Osteopath 40S-4
OREGON CAMERA CLUB .... 214-213-21 V21 i
PERNIN SHORTHAND SCHOOL; H. "W
Bebnke. Prte ....... 3tlj
POND. WM. S.. State Manager Mutual Life
ins. co. of New York 404-40
PORTLAND EYB AND EAR INFIRMARY
..- ....Ground floor. 133 Sixth streH
PORTLAND PRESS CLUB .. 71
PROTZMAN EUGENE C. Super'ntendent
Agencies Mutual Reserve Fund Life, of
New York
PUTNAM'S SONS, J3. .E,, -Publishers 318
QUIMBY. L. P. TW.. 6Wm and Forestry
warden . 71fl-Tn
HEED & MALCOLM, Ooitctens 133 Sixth street!
REED. F C. Fli Commissioner
RYAN, J. B., Attor&ey-at-law ... 417
bALI?BURY GEO N . Section Director, V
a. weatner Bureau . 915
samuhi l. Manager Xttiltabl Life 3o
SANDFORD. A. C CO Publishers Agts 313
SCRIBNER'S SONS. CHAJ.. Publishers?
Jesse Hobson. Manager STMIS-Sttj
SHERWOOD, J. W Deputy Supreme Com
mander. K. O. T. M fT
SMITH. DR L B Osteopath ... , 408-4091
RONS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLTJTTO 500J
STARK K. C, Executive Speelal. Fidelity
Mutual Lire Association or nana .Pa noil
STARR COLE. Pyrouraphy vvjl
STKEL. Ow A., Forert Inepeotor . 213
STTTART, PELL. Atorney-at-Law . 818-816 01"
RTOLTE DR CHAS E , Dentist .. 704 703 S
SURGEON OF THE 3. F. RY. AND N. P
TERMINAL, CO TO9
STROWBRIDGE. THOS H.. Executive Spe
cial Agent .Mutual law, at jtow York . 404i
FUFEKTNTE"TDENTS OFTKE ...... T 1 S
TUCKER. DR GEO F. Den.it. , 010 at'
U. S. WEATHER BUREAU 906-907 808-9091
U. 8 LIGHTHOUSE ENGINEERS J3TH
DIST.. Captain W. C. Lagfltl Corps of
Engineers, u. a. ......
u. s. enuinkek unnes. river and
HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. Captain W
C Langnct. orps h JSflgtoeers. USA. 39 1
WALKER. WILL K.. President Oregoa
Camera Chsb M4-213-2' 9-217
WATERMAN. C. H.. OtsMer Mutual Life
of New YOrs: 40flS
WATKINS Miss S. L., Purchasing Agenry 719 1
WEAiBiRMD, xs. BDTTH. Grand Sec
retary native vaugMers 710-"17
WHITE. MISS L. B.. Ast See. Oregon Cam-
era tiuo 214
WILSON. DR. EDWARD N.. Phys. Sur 304 3
WIL8W.H, dk. CEO F.. Phys. ft Surir 70 -o-
WILSON. DR. HOLT C Pays A Surg 807 09
WILSON ac McCALLAY TOBACCO rn
toaru BtstMo. Agent 602 001
WOOB, DR. W. L.. Physician 412-U-ii4 1
WILLAMETTE" VALLEY TBLEPK. CO.. SIS
A ferr mere elegant office wiirr be
had lx applTlasr to Portland Trust
Compaay of Oresrea. 100 Third at- a
to the reat clerk fa the baUdta.
MX? NO CURB, NO
PAY THE . MuuBK
APPLIANCE A positivB
mv la iMtrfwf nunfiMi
.TeryuMay etoe rails. Tna VACUUM TREAT
MENT CURES you without medicine of
all nervous or diseases of the generative organs.
sue as lost ssanhood. exfea-Mtlag drains, var'.o
eeie, Imsntency. ate. Men are suiekir restored to
perf
htcct Health aad stsenetfe.
Write, tor circulars. Conespaaaen
'AC mnfW-
tiaL THE HEALTH APPLIANCE- CO roots
1.-4A SoS rVuwutr huibMtur. ScatSt. Wuh.
its
HHp liHi
hIIss ! ! ill '
S Sr 4