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About Morning Oregonian. (Portland, Or.) 1861-1937 | View Entire Issue (Feb. 26, 1900)
THE MOBNTKQ ORGONIAN, MONDAY, FEBRUARY 26 iood. m AMERICAN POLITICS: FEDERALIST PARTI (Owrlgbt. 1W9. by Seymour Eaton.) THE OKBOOMJKS HOMESTUDY CIRCLE: DIRECTED BY PROF. SEYMOUK-TON I ander Hamilton and John Mars: ialL Th . force of the Sedition act was to exp re In liXtt, and it was at a ice put l ao f. ,a tlon. That it should ao totally bi enfo ed, that the press should hi t muzzle fl ar iree speech denied, aroused j juch hitter ' animos ity toward the party pronauteftr ing sucn tyrannical, such lnani tous EJ'.astxes as alone Insured its s$ea iy V.aotf irom power. .Even more aei; cus, 'result seemed .,.,;, -MotinTin' -jffalrs H power. .Even more aes cus 'resul' sea AMERICA POUTICALPARTIES I SS?5.JCL si2 Vff !" raate for the Presidency, and In :Heved .he Federal 5i to be using . - . PA.TT , t Kreddectbn resulted In the. J power of the attonl Govern nt , t f FJWBRALIST PARTT, Cttttafeed.) International Relations. Foreign aalr were proratofeht 11 controversy from the nwtyear oT Wash ington's nrst term of office, which was sjeo the first year of te Trench revelu tlon. In the coarse of a few years nearly all Europe had been drawn into the con flict. England and France were at war. The Revolutionists, influenced as they had wmM m&&& h ii iwg$ the 1 hftuvoonteied electbn resulted In the 5 power or tne isanontai uovern exnt ta de a nU ooBtewea eieciw" istrov-ihe s&erftfl rleibt of Mw. tw.u onA LjiBmon Republican. According J the question of the -r3 hdraval of certain tofSiaSSoSl pSvlslon, then In force States from the Urrfo war, actually uls butstaw altcredT Jefferson, having, after J cteL Jefferson hc ever-, believed, that Ta iivM the largest number of . a em-dy lay rather ii 1 ai appeal to the enteral Tote became President, Pla through Oe ta 2 L Matures. Two The new PrIaenhaving been elected -sachssembUws-the B eg-filatures of Ken bvTsrfaTl 2S5rK came into power un- . .tuefcy and TOtgmfe- jc fiuoed resolutions !L un?aSe c?ndSons. Hlk first act Uarforth ttovtew t hat the Constltu- was to call a special wtootMw ." 'TrST' " JL f11.6? to consider our relations Y1? ," I The country was In an excited statd. Great I Britain had pursued a course nut -peratfng to the Americans. She had. failed to fulfill the provisions of the treaty of 1783; she was believed to have secretly M.Jn1LnedhaAmeSrSn seamen into the British service. "would have beefi e&? t0 PlunS& V w into renewed conflict. The Federalists had been prevented by ne opp"" --" equipping Mtvy- adequate to the protec tion .of our tswwasrce. and a palliative ... .." -a t anw MEsIble one in poucy e ..----- - , were jrtles ar.V ts&at " each party has an equal rfefat to jiStfce : f. r itself as well of infract ons as of I&e i node and measures of T&trtxss." The aoserous statutes passed 7jy the Federt iSists were declared by the "KteMucky reso luUons which were drawn "by Jefferson hi mself "void and of no effect," -while the other States were jpiffed tj unite In pre eentlng a protest to Consreis. A second series of resolutions passed by the Kewt ucky Legislature In 17S9 "ent further and dedtrd "nullification . the rightful r emetiy." An Important Oo nstt'-utlonol doctrlno was set forth in tncee Virginia and Ken- view of ; weakness of the infant na- tucky resolutions, but they were partic- Baward Charles Genet. been by tie sueceseCttf example of the United States la resistance to tyranny, looked to uc for sympathy and support in their own struggle. Jeffereon and many of the Republicans were inclined to con cede the rlghtfulneae of the claim, hi spite of the horrible excesses which marked the progress of the Revolution. The Federal ists, as the party of law and order, and thfi renresentatlves of established govern ment, gave their sympathies to England, and deprecated the lawlessness and vio lence perpetrated In France In the name of liberty. Washington and his Cabinet, which included Jefferson, agreed in the expediency o the neutrality proclamation issued in 17W. There was still a strong feeling throughout the country in favor of France. Party spirit ram high, and much bitter feeling was generated. The party In power seemed on the point of precipitating war with France, while the Republicans advocated measures which would have been certain to embroil us with England. fJecrrt organisations called Democratic so cieties, modeled after the Jacobin clubs of Parte, were formed by members of the Re publican party, and coincident with their rise a now French minister, "Citizen Gen et," arrived In the United States. Instead of proceeding to Philadelphia to present his credentials. Genet landed in Charles ton, S. C, and. not doubting that the American people were in full sympathy with the new government In France, at onoe busied himself with enlisting men and commissioning privateers. Ships were captured In American waters and brought into American ports for condemnation. The young French minister carried him self as if American were only outlying French territory. nd his American sym pathisers responded with astonishing en thusiasm. The Democratic clubs multi plied rapidly, and Genet advanced toward the Capital attended by the laudations of adm'nng multitudes. Arrived at Philadel phia, he entered a different spirit. The moderation and firmness of Washington and his Cabinet, the recent proclamation of neutrality and the whole temper of the Federal patty proved Insurmountable ob- II. lilt. ... TVn !.. w..vhmfffl' StjeCEU eirvuj, ouu.i Jay.' had succeV f lnaS??SrVKta treaty not, Indeed -fl s C ? . ? his own oeoole bV wJiich. under the In- lag persuasion, was ,cPtedJnr P t ft the only other alterna.tlve- jar- But It had made the Federal . "fPJ" Hamilton was stoned upoV. Iftff with Washington himself wa . treated wlth shameful abuse. ,ikttin THnr th. -nrVmio fit tflO Adn. mi6trat.OIl of President Adams. th GUeslio,n 1, relations with France actively 'ZSi the attention of the country. A a ,t of French resentment of the Jaf (rfe, f diplom&tic Intercourse with the uflJU. States was susDended and various tlft friendly actB perpetrated. American en v voys sent to Paris for conference with tn? French Government were even approached by secret emissaries of Prince Talleyrand, who offered to put sn end to outrages upon American ships and to settle all mat tors In dispute on the payment of a large sum of money to certain members oi tnc French Government. Replying to this proposition, Mr. Plnckney. one of the com missioners, exclaimed Indignantly: "Mllj lions for defense: not one cent for tribute! The X. T. Z. dispatches (so-called because those letters, were substituted for the ularly deslgjn-ed tc dtosct attention to the alarming natune t .'alera!ist legislation and to influence the 'approaching Presiden tial election. That election now drew on. The coolness: between Adams and Ham ilton had become hliti-ed, and, Involving their suppoirters, led to an open breach which Mvldeid the le fleral party into two irrecondlabte factkln s. The Republicans were united At their Ciostillty to the homp policy of iA partr dn power, and the possessed 10 An Ihirr one of the nv, astute as well tfcns most unscrupulous of political schtfmemi. Burr had y.iade himself in New Ydrk already a "pi,' ratal" State) the leader of the popular forces as agadnst the aristocratic and-fanlly in terests which had hit berto dominated the State. His skillful l honlpulatlca 0f the goring eleotlons resul ted In the choice of a 'wyuuucan majonu r tor Uia State Leg. lslKturQ. wWch would J choose 'Pnesidentla, Elecrs m the autuum. RUSSIA'S GRIP ON PERSIA A3IERICAX DIPLOMAT EXPLrAXKS ITS PHOFOUXD sig'xificance. Muscovite Ambition Septal to tut Tin der the Snea ItOfate and Gain Access to the Sea, 'PDesidentlol, cu. 7 An Enrly Revenue Stamp. Jehs Adaxas. etacles to the continuance of the career upon which he bad entered la so unseemly and undiplomatic a manner. Unable to influence the Administration, he persisted, in apite of the remonstrances of our Gov ernment, In fitting out and sending to sea etlll another privateer, and he de termined to make a public appeal to tthe citlaene of the United States to dis own and override the acts of their Presi dent Our Government could not but ask Tor his recall, and happily it was granted. Genet's brief term of service worked, after all, disaster to his cause. A reaction set in the excitement having cooled, the people resorted the Insult to their National Government, and the leaders of opinion showed that they were deeply offended. X marked change In the drift of sentiment appeared, away from France and toward England. The Democratic societies grad ually lost both popularity and Influence. and the fall of Robespierre in Paris, in 17H, accelerated their decline. The "Wfclfilcy Rebellion. The societies had in he meantime lent their aid In support of the rebellious re sistance in Southwestern Pennsylvania to the excise act of 17tL This Is known in history a tho "Whisky Rebellion," and -was a violent opposition to the enforce ment of the revenue laws. It was forcibly suppressed by the militia of several nelgh- names of the unworthy French agents) relating the Insulting Incident having been laid before Congress, were published, and the Nation went wild with indignation. Washington was Commander-in-Chief of the Army, and preparations for war with France were eagerly set on foot. The widespread approval of the attitude of the Admlnstratlon carried the Federal party to Its highest pitch of popularity. The for tunes of the Republican party bade fair to be utterly overwhelmed. All classes clamored for wiping out. In blood, the In dignity which had been put upon the na tion. "Millions for defense: not one cent for tribute!" rung through the length and breadth of the land. For nearly a year war upon the seas actually existed, but no formal declaration of war was made by either party to the quarrel. There can be little doubt that but for the coolness and good judgment of the President, the two peoples would have speedily become In volved In serious and bloody strife. But Mr. Adams met with ready cordiality the first sign of the rise of a conciliatory tem per on the part of the offending power. A new minister and commissioners were sent over to adjust masters. They found Napoleon as first conrul at the head of the Government, the Directory superseded and those In power ready for an amicable settlement. President Adams assumed the responsibility of concluding a treaty of peace. But. to the excited, warlike tem per of his countrymen, this wisdom and moderation seemed weakness and pusill anlmltv and were made the ground of re newed opposition to the Federal party. The Federalists who favored the war were Tlie Frnnlillii Penny. (First United States Coin.) Aaron Barr. boring Mates called out by the President. Tbs outcomt made it apparent to all that the now Kattonel Government had both the eatermtnation and the military power to put down any Insurrection likely to arise, while Washington's criticism in his message upon the episode, of certain "sett created" societies as having "disseminated tuepiotona, jealousies and accusations of the wfaole Government," still further dis credited the Democratic clubs. alread los'-ng their held upon the people. The steadily eoatteued to decline aad soon died out. AdsaUttoteatle-a eC Joha Ada. At thie luneture the arm hand and wist Bead of Washington were withdrawn from also offended. The President steadily lost popularity, and his re-election- became im possible. Causes of the Decline of the Federal ist Party. The fall of the Federal party from power now became Inevitable. Various causes contributed, along with the diverse views as to foreign affairs, to accelerate its downfall. There were dissensions and jealousies within the party, and Cabinet counsels wero divided. Some of the Pres ident's personal qualities offended and re pelled those who might have, been his friends. His temper was cold and some what suspicious, and he was thought to have an overweening sense of his own of ficial dignity and Importance. Especially were the principal acts of the Adminis tration calculated to discredit the party. A Stamp act, lmposlns a duty upon stamped paper and vellum; a naturaliza tion bill, requiring 14 years' residence in stead of five; an act increasing army and navy; certain dfirect taxes and public loans all these were odious to the people. But above all did the alien and sedition acts of 179S arouse an Indignant and pow erful popular opposition. The Allen act authorized the President to remove from the country "suoh aliens born not entitled by the Constitution and laws to the rights of citizenship, as may be dangerous to Its peace and safety." In spite of the resistance of Influential statesmen, headed by Albert Gallatin, to this drastic and uncalled-for measure, the bill was passed, limited in its operation to two years. Though It was never en forced, it still worked Its disintegrating effects upon, the party originating it. The Sedition act was even more obnox ious. It made It a crime punishable with fine and imprisonment for persons to oppose measures of the Government, to intimidate any office-holder, to publish li bels upon the Government or the Prts deot or the Houses of Congress, or to ex cite against them any unlawful opposi tion, etc The main object of this act was understood to be to suppress the Repub lican journals and silence their leading writer. By It the Federal Government Instead of the Individual States each within Its cwn boundaries was made the regulator cf tho press. The bill was car ried againet the opposition of the ablest of tho Federal leaders of the Cay, Alex- THE-"POOR CCW&GteESSMAN." He Is '"Up Agoljint It," and Fears to, 3Iqve." OTLLAMOOK. Feb. 23. (To the Editor 'jbo peculiar situation with which w'e as a awm aj conrrontea m tne ma ter of theN?Pelil4iot 1&ux which Is of r ally more irNrtahco? -to the American pr ;0ple than eve regulating the dlsptf te In the Trans-v' "d the- astute po .tlclan of the conte. NoWe sort will perhar ps nnd In that also opportunity to s ink his patriotism In lXPPolltlcst As T he, Ore gonlan foreshado V- we are In 6 a?ger of out-Chinning ChlnX c exceedm s tne op. presslons of Spain. President jvictt-iniey " i jnly an nounced what we can do. J. is to be feared that tho President, dn hj , optimism, overmeafcures our abilities. A m a matter of fact, we, the free people o tno united States, can do nothing. O .wing to our Inadequate system of goverr jmen-t, the Ini tiative must be. taScen by a bay caued our Congress. Are we t A be so harsh and unreasona'Mo as to expect a poor, harried devil off a uongrr jssman to do any thing on the- 6ve of s Section? They are not cast i fc tho mtfl 0f heroes. They are not expet ted to ,cSaesB the courage and abilities necesWry boldly to mark out a policy .ind brttyely adopt it, leav ing their jus: ilflcalioh anti fame in the hands of tlmtw Such action, requires the high qualities of bravery, Independence, statesn'ttnshlH The mode'j of the present Congress Is ;abt the recbobtable hard headed Pieter. ltuyvesant, but his dread strickertassc4cilago obscuied in the smoke of their own pipes. Thei ordinary Con gressman, It IS pjrobabla, is, in point of capacity, liar- -abewe the body of his con stituents. A W ishlngtdta Jte has at near hand All the5 in-formatiton available, all the asij?Satio'hs? all -the surroundings which will Jut Mini In coramand of the situation, and ena b-le him tc give us what wo have the right to demard determined, Intelligent, aggres tslve action. We select ed him, we truste fl him, wei placed liim In a position where he has afl opportunities to arrive at a wis a conclusl on, and we vir tually ask him to. go ohtxid and do tho best he can. Ali. we ask is that he have the "courage of his convlbtlons" and act act, rightly or- wrongly but act. With true Republiclan- inconsisJency, we might afterwards, ris. did the -itthcnians, ostra cise him, but there Is tho stronger proba bility that t"ie body woJld be approved, It would at least have merited respect. The various delegates could go back and say In a proud indepMvushcel "You sent mo to ConD-ess to act.. 1 have acted as I thought liest. I have performed some thing, gooci or bad." However, It must not be forgotten that there are powers superior to the sov ereignty ot the great American people. whaoh Precedent McKInley evidently over looked. Thbe, properly to be classed as co equal with. Divinity, are the Protected Interests. When they condescend to an nounce to & waiting people what can be done. It imty be accepted as authoritative. Then wo ol! the Pacific Coast may or may not hava -the direct way through the riven Isthmus fot- our products. Then may or may not wa build up an Oriental trade. Then may -ir may not the Puerto RIcans have cause, to rely upon the plighted faith of the American people. In the meantime, deal leniently with the helpless Congressmen, re-elect them or elect anyoody else It is quite immaterial. Anything to pass the time until the Gods of Protected Industries Issue their de crefc& CLAUDE THAYER. B i Strikth, Africa's Plafeucs. AVswlee's Magazine. "South Africa Imports hides, wool and mohair, and the ranchman would revel In riches were It not for the various pesta that decimate his flocks and herds. The most deadly one Is the rinderpest, a cattle plague which In the -ast 10 years has been slowly creeping rrom Central Africa southward, leaving a wake of whit ened bones. Dr. Koch and other eminent specialists tried in Vain to stop this plague. The coufctfcy 3s now recovering from it slowly. "Another pest is $re tsetse fly, an in sect resembling our common house fly, but three times ns large. Its "bite will kill a horse, cow or any other domestic animal in about lt daSjV but, strange to say, does not affect a wad animal or a human be ing. A less dangerous but more trouble some peStis the white ant, which Is about on-quarter of an inch long and ubiquitous In many pnrts of tbe country. They live under the ground and can only be routed by killing the queen, which sometimes reaches the sine of one inch In length. These ants will eat through any thing but metal, and for that reason much of the building Is done with corru gated Iron. The ant h!ll Is one of the conspicuous landmarks in traveling over South Africa." a i i A Varied Career. New York Commercial Advertiser. Among the residents of Manila who fled from the city when Dewey began to batter the Sp-nlsh fleet was a woman who served as a model for the figure In MUlals' well known picture, "Cherry Ripe." She was then Edle Ramage, an English girl. She married a Spaniard named Ossorlo, who lived in Manila. After the war she re turned to Manila with her family, and her husband died there a few weeks ago ot typhoid fever. The announcement, which hag n6t Been contradicted, that Russia has loaned 11, 000,000 rubles to Persia and secured herself by a mortgage on the customs and a con cession to lay railways over that coun try, seems Innocent enough to one who is not familiar with the policy and the Intrigues that have led up to this start ling measure, writes S. G. W. Benjamin, ex-minister to Persia, in the New York Tribune. Turkey and other countries have hypothecated their customs revenues be fore this without Jeopardizing their politi cal Integrity. But the condltiens 6E the present case are altogether different. Rus sia has been nibbling into the northern and eastern frontier of Persia for ages, as much by craft, intrigue and steady pressure as by open war. Nothing has prevented her from making a complete conquest of that country except the jeal ous watchfulness of England, which Was ao relaxed When Mr. Gladstone was In power Indifferent as he was to England's foreign. Interests that Russia at that time nearly accomplished hei design of chang es Persia from a buffer Into a frontier state. That Russia has disclosed her hand so unmistakably at this crisis, when England Is seriously pmbarrassed, shows the unsleeping persistence of Muscovite ambition, In spite of her frequent reiter ations to the contrary. It Is not likely that tjie $6,000,000 and the concession Involved In 'this far-reaching transaction correctly represent the facts. The late Nasr-ed-Deen Shah accumulated large treasures for an Oriental country, l& It Is unaccountable that they have "been squandered In so short a period and the revenues so reduced by his successor, Mazafar-ed-Deen Shah, who had been for many years accustomed to, rule as gov ernor of the great province of Azerbaijan, as to require such sacrifices now. If Is more likely that when, as crown prince, he was resident near the Russian frontier, he made a deal with the czar wherehy the latter guaranteed the prince possession o. the throne against the ambition of me oIiTter brother, the Zelee sultan. In return Vie prince would agree to hold the scepter as vassal to Russia, said vassalage to be gradually broken to the world as conve nient opportunity might occur. Russia's Opportunity. That opportunity appears to have come now during England's supposed powerless ness to oppose decisive objections and re sistance, and the miserable loan of 11,000,001 rubles Is thrown out as a blind to Europe. It Is probable, also, that when the occa sion arrived some pressure was necessary and the shah's pride and chagrin were mollified by a quasi loan. That pressure was doubtless aided by uch of his coun sellors and courtiers as were willing to accept Russia's douceurs. It would not be the first time such corruption has oc curred in Asia, and nossibly In Europe, unless history always lies. Eleven million rubles ror Persia, the old est of existing empires after China, tho land of Cyrus, Darius, Ardeshlr, Anoor shlrvan, Abbass Shah and Nasr-ed-Deen Shah! The land of Manee, Flrdousee, Omar Khayyam and Hafiz; the land that conceived Saracenic nrchltecture, that style which gave birth to the Christian architecture of Europe! A land which even In its decadence includes an area nearly equal to that of Germany and France to gether! A land whose possession glvo3 Russia the long-sought key to India! No, this $0,000,000 loan is only a pretext; there Is something behind what appears which is definitely known only to the chief actora In this tremendous national tragl-comedy. But, the causes and reasons aside, it must be admitted that, o far as concerns the relations and welfare of Russia and Persia, the transfer ot sovereignty can only be beneficial to both; In fact. It ia difficult to set bounds to the advantages both will share. Aside from the sentiment Involved In this event, the passing away of a once great empire, the absorption of one of the root peoples of the great Aryan race Into pan-Slavism, the well-being of the Persian people will gain by the change. It Is true, that that country, under the Influence of the late patriotic shah, had begun to overcome the obstacles thrown in the way of progress by the fanatical conservatism of the priesthood and the Ig norance of the people, and In the course of time she would doubtless have pro gressed still further. But, under the sway of Russia, the progress of Persia must, In most respects, be much more rapid, cer talnlv In material matters. Russia Is still far behind most of F.urope In certain points, but she Is full of vigor, she has a vast future, and her potentialities of civili zation are far in advance of those of any Asiatic power, and her method of com bined craft and force enables her to deal with Asiatics with permanent effect. The Institutions of the Perslon people will be wisely left untouched In most respects, or, at least, only very gradually modified. New religions will not be permitted, but the old ones will be allowed, together with most of their practices. Eventually, mis sionaries would be expelled probably. Persia's Inhabitants. Of the 9,000,000 people In Persia, the large majority are Mahometans of Zend or Sanscrit origin, and of the Sheah sect of Islamlsm. A few Are worshipers, or Par sees, remain, and a sprinkling of Jews, Armenians, a horde of Kurds and about 30,000 Nestorlans, cr Chaldeans, most of whom are now Protestants. Perhaps the most difficult part of the population Rus sian will have to deal with are the Babees, who are estimated to number E00.OO0. They are followers of the Bab, or prophet, who rose early in the late reign. He promul gated anew the communism of a sect that existed In Persia about 15 centuries ago, and reached such power that It was neces sary to massacre neany 200,000 of them. It was a Babee who wounded Nasr-de-Deen Shah many years ago, and it was a Babee who Anally assassinated him. In the late reign they committed some serious disorders. Their membership Is secret and Includes all classes, and they will be as ready to turn against the czar as against the shah; for, like many commu nists, the dividing line between them and anarchists Is often scarcely perceptible. The Persians are not an unhappy people. They have not been more oppressed than other Asiatics. They arc bright, intelli gent and full of conversation and repar tee. One hears more laughter in Persia than in almost any other country. But their religious fanaticism is at pres ent practically synonymous with patriot ism, and if their relig'ous .freedom and customs are untouched, they will not great ly mind the loss of national liberty. They dislike Europeans because they are not corel'elonlsts rather than because they are not Persians. In the reirn of Feth Alee Shah a mob stormed the Russian legation and massacred the minister and all his family and suite because he has disre garded certain Persian customs in regard to women. A Commercial People. The Persians are essentially a commer cial people. They are shrewd and thrifty traders, unlike the Turks, and the In creased business Russia will bring into their land will soon reconcile them to any political change. So long as business Is good one despot is as good as another. As for the numerous tribes of nomads of Turkish and Zend extraction who roam the vast wastes, they will gradually dis appear or be absorbed as railways extend and the population Increases. The Persians have long been accustomed to more or less dealings with Russia, and those of them who have been In that Ruesla early In the century have not only remained there, but have been apparently contented. The fact has .had Its influence on the Persians. Their modern army, such as It is, has also been drilled by Russian jfilc&rs, and has thus become usea tn Being under Russian command. The more Intelligent officials and nobles, many pf Whom have been In Europe and In St. Petersburg and speak French fluently, have long felt that It was simply a ques tion of time when they would come under Russian dominion. One of the highest men of the realm, and very near to the throne, told me that he sent his son to study In Russia because it would prove useful to him when events should ripen, which they must In time. As for Russia, what will she gain in Persia when her dominion becomes fully developed over that country? An acqui sition of nearly 500,000 square miles is of Importance even to an empire already holding more territory than anv nation since the foundation of the world. But this is no mere ordinary Naboth's vineyard on which she now lays her hands. On the contrary. It Is one of the choicest spots of Asia In the right hands, and, furthermore, it borders on the ocean, where winds and climate are favorable, and that coast has ports. &hd these ports are almost In hall of India? Verily, the chops of the. Russ'an bear must actually water at the prospect of the morsel which destiny has thrown w!thin his reach while the British lion Is fighting for dear life on the African sands. The Topography of Persia. The topography of Persia is laid in broad and simple lines, as an artist would say. The northwest province of Azerbaijan is broken and mountainous, and the winters are rather severe. But it grows almost every variety of grain and fruits. The province along the Caspian and on tho northern slope of the Elborz range Is moistened by the evaporation of that sea, and In the upper part Is clothed by vast ancient forests of unsuroassed density and magnificence, concealing the ruins of cities famed in legend, and offering shelter to the tiger, the boar and all manner of game. The alluvial plains at the foot of these for ests, on the other hand, are Irrigated by numerous streams and are covered with rice fields. The architecture of that re gion differs somewhat from that on the other side of the mouhtalns, because com posed more of wood, while their adobe, decorated with stucco, prevails. ' On ascending the mountain passes of the Elborz, one looks south over a land ao dif ferent that he seems to have entered an other continent. This range extends easi and west across nearly the whole of north ern Persia, separating it from the Caspian provinces. It averages about 13,000 feet in height, while one peak, Demavend, rises to nearly 20,000 feet, being- the loftiest mountain between the Himalayas and the Andes. Its snowy cone stands out In plain sight near Teheran, the capital, one of the most sublime objects of the globe, tho ideal volcanic peak. From this range Per sia extends 600 miles to the Persian gulf, a vast tableland, averaging 3000 to 4000 feet above the sea, above which, at long inter vals, rise bare, rugged and Isolated ranges of considerable height. All of this table land Is treeless, except when Irrigated, and there are large areas, one of them nearly the extent of New York state, which are merely sand and salt. But there Is scarce any part of this tableland that 's not capable of high cul ture by tapping the numerous underground streams, the foothills and other sources, The climate lends Itself to almost any vegetable product. The opium of Persia is unsurpassed. Tobacco, rice, grain and all kinds of fruits and vegetables and admirable wines can be raised in unlimited quantities. The palm grows In the south. The silk of Persia Is famous. Coal, tur quoise, .Iron and other minerals abound. All that is neeeded is population and mod ern methods and Inventions of mining and agriculture, and means for marketing these products. Russia Is capable of fur nishing all these, and will do so. The re sult will be that under her influence Per sia will become probably the most valuable of her provinces, and thus both countries will profit by the change. Russian Trade Restrictions. But whether other nations will profit by It to a degree as satisfactory to themselves is open to question. For many years the merchant fleets of Russia, sail and steam, have swarmed on the Caspian, but Per sia has not been permitted to show her flag on that sea since the treaty of Turko- mantchal. It Is also a long time that Russia has not allowed transit to Euro pean goods destined to Persia, and Im porters havo been forced to bring then across the rougher and longer route through Turkish Armenia. This has been decreed at St. Petersburg in order to force Russian goods into Persia. Russia has also long acted the dog-in-the-manger policy as to railways in Persia. She barred the Reuter concession, and closely watched all others who schemed to ex plolt a railway system In that country. Aware of thla Insurmountable obstacle, I declined the offer of the concess.ons from the shah and discouraged our pro moters, aside from the fact that the first cost of such railways would exclude hopo of profits to the original stockholders un less the material or plant could be mado in Persia or brought from Russia, and with her distinct guarantee not to interfere cither openly or secretly, although that would not be worth much, perhaps. After I left Persia, contrary to my ad vice, an American company was organ ized under prominent auspices to exploit railways, artesian wells and the like In Persia, and sunk all their money, as I was Informed. Americans could have made much more in Persia If they had been more enterprising commercially, ship ping goods direct, as I urged on our ex porters. Instead of via Europe; allowing longer credits, and manufacturing prints on patterns In demand n Central Asia, a3 do the exporters of Europe, and especially Great Britain. We shall have to adopt some of these methods If we would com pete successfully with the pushing traders of England, Germany, France and Russia In China, and the East generally. Apropos of railways In Persia, I may re late on amuelng Incident Illustrating how closely Russia watched the United States when our legation was first established at Teheran. One evening, after a d'nner at the French legation, when conversation was light and chatty, the Russian minis ter and the writer were holding a friendly smoke together of that chummy charac ter which Rur3ia likes to hold toward Americans when there is everything to gain and nothing to lose by acting on the traditional friendship of the two great em pires, one a democracy and the other an autocracy, one innocent as a babe of the guile of foreign ambtt'on and diplomacv, and the other gray in the practice of the duplicity that has made her the foremoit power of the world. Why blame her for it? It Is her way when war can be avoided. Blame those wno do not learn from her craft. "By the way. mv dear colleague," sud denly Interposed the Russian minister, shooting at right angles from what we had been talking about, " It true that you have accepted concessions from the shah, and are going to build railways in Per sia?" "Mr. Minister." I replied at once, "when you have finished your railway to India wo will discuss the question of American roads in Persia." He leaped up as If shot, went across the room and looked out of the window. It was true that we were then secretly moot ing the quest'on. But the Russian min ister had found it out. longer browse by the mirage lakes as now, but will be driven out of existence by the Iron steed of progress. But humanity will probably be the gaiaer. and espec'atty Rus sia, and there are the seaports for which Russia has longed and intrigued aad fought for ages. As Xenophon's men shouted. "The sea! the sea!" when thay reached the long-sought shores of tHe Buxlne. so when at last Russia reaohos Mohammerah and Busheer and Bender Abbass and Bahreen, her legions wlH shout "The sea!" and her sailors wIM give back the glad cry. and Moscow aad St. Petersburg will hear and re-echo tb4 song of victory, and It will ring through tho halls of Germany and France aad Italy, and chiefly England, and even" to America, across the ocean, and the na tions will stop to listen and consider what it means to them, to their art3 and trades, to their revenues, their armies, their fleets, their glory and their future. Well may they pause and consider, for It will i mark an era In the records of time. Yes, so intertwining are the interests and destinies of nations In these days I that the triumphal march of such a power as the United States, Great Britain or Russia attracts universal attention, and the hour when Russia builds fleets and gathers armies on the shores of the In dian ocean must arouse the apprehension of every power in Christendom. Russia's Resistless March. Of course, these presumed results 6f the present turn of affairs In Persia may not follow at once. Naturally, they may take time. If England should soon gain tho upper hand in South Africa, Russia might temporize, might defer her ulti mate triumph. But she would not recede. Russia never does that. She thinks long and carefully, but when, she puts her foot down it only rises to go further, and the wonder Is that the world, and especially the Anglo-Saxons of England and America, have not yet learned to understand these methods of Russia's pol icy. The Briton and the Yankee have never yet understood the character of the Russian government, have never yet learned that with her profession and prac tice rarely go together; that no nation occupies a more isolated position as to Europe, because she is able to do so on account of her geographical position, and since the Crimean war has preferred to do so; and thus, like a man who is un married, she can keep all her designs to herself. It Is not likely that she takes the French alliance very seriously. It tickles France and does not hurt Russia. With the Persian gulf In her hands and a littoral reaching almost to India, Russia would bisect the passage between Suez and India. Under altered modern conditions England has become obliged to depend chiefly on the canal for quick transit to her Eastern possessions, and tho real reason why England has seized Egypt for It amounts to that is to con trol Suez and to have ports south and Independent of It, such as Suakim, ir. order to communicate with India; this rea son has also made It of the last import ance to her that Russian fleets should not be able to come down from the Black sea to threaten Suez. She was justified in this policy under the higher law that self-preservation Is the right of nations as well as of Individuals. But what comes of this effort to pro tect Suez if Russia can bisect the road from Suez to Bombay and send out fleet cruisers to destroy English merchant ships after they have passed Suez safe ly? To prevent this England would have to maintain vast fleets along the Russo Perslan coasts, and would still not feel safe; while the railways would bring down armies that could co-operate with the fleets of Russia by approaching India where the mountain passes are less severe than in the north, and England between the two would find herself drawing -chronically on her utmost resources. I say chronically, because If occasionally ob liged to pause Russia would busily em ploy the interval of peace to intrigue with the restless East Indians on her border. Preparations Xor "Victory. Russian ships will be of the best wit ness the vessels now building for her In our yards. They have on superiors of their size. Russian sailors would nat urally be beaten for a time. They lack I-experience in naval warfare. But they have the cool-headed courage so essential at sea, in which the Latin races are generally lacking, brave though they are, and they would learn from their defeats as the Romans mastered the art of strat egy .from the drubbings Hannibal, the greatest soldier In history, gave them. The ports of Southern Persia are for the most part poor, but under Russia con trol they will be dredged, protected by moles, and rendered safe, commodious and thoroughly useful for her purposes. Theso results, I repeat, will not come at once. Doubtless Russia Is busy mak ing the usual explanations to England now. But the greatest step has already been taken, ' If the statements are cor rect that Russia Is to gridiron Persia with railways and otherwise control the In ternal affairs of that country. The rest will follow In due course. England does well to seek the dominion of Africa. On that continent the world's greatest colo nizing and civilizing power will make her final stand, and develop there her last colonial efforts for the amelioration of humanity. Then old England can rest from her labors, content that she has ac complished her mighty mission well. But In proportion as Russia gains in the East indies the Christian powers be sides England will be forced to look sharply after their own Interests In Asiatic quarters. Nor will the United States, so confiding In thet oft-reiteraea friendship of Russia, find that friendship of any avail then. It holds good on the part of Russia only so long as American interests do not clash with hers or so long as we are alert and powerful enough to maintain our rights and demands. That Is the position of our relations with Rus sia in a nutshell, .and the sooner our ex porters and our statesmen In or out of congress understand it the less of money, prestige and blood will it cost us In the end. Now is the time for us to look ahead or we shall be left behind In the markets of the world. S. G. W. BENJAMIN. NO HELP THIS SESSION siwsuov Jtrrxx. Deterrainatlen ot GragxesM Hot Pass Any KtVor an2 Ssrker Bill Tk Year . WASXDWmKf . 7tx IL-e 'ettsssK t Florstscs. Or., through their Bsar Trade, ar working to secure a burg p- propriatton for tho mouth of the MwlaW River. They are now petttloniag th members of the Oregon ddoamtioa. and asking that the mod ,sa ot tt.tte be appropriated for continuing tho work of improving the bar at the mouth of the river, to be available when tM present contract expires. At this time there ia something In the neighborhood oi 3M0OO still available for the improvement of this bar. In their request they exhibit an insight into engmertRr methods, for they further ask that the work be placed un der the continuing contract system, know ing that that action would Insure an an nual appropriation until the improvement was completed. As a matter of fact, there being no river and harbor bin this session. It will be Impossible to secure the appropriation asked for for the mouth of the Siuslaw at this session. When the next river and harbor bill Is framed and passed it may be posslbie to secure this amount, and it may be possible te have the work placed under the continuing contract system, but until then It win not be' able to .secure any further appropriation. They point out. and quite properly, that If small ap propriations are maAe every two years. they are exhausted early and the work has to stand ld4e until further funds are available. In tho meantime much damage is done to tho temporary works and ap plances. which have to bo restored before the, work can be renowod. The assertion Is made that when the work was last suspended the greatest depth of watar to be flllod with rock was 11 feet, wheroas now K has reached a depth of from 43 to 52 feet, having been cut away by tho current. This deepen ing of the water out to and beyond the terminus of toe jetty demonstrates that the completion of the Jetties will make the Sluelaw a nret-etess port, and tend to build up the town of Florence. The commerce of the SMueiaw Valley is rapidly mcreasmg, and Its resousees are being developed, ao that the exports are said to amount te many thousands of dollars each year. It Is estimated that the principal exports for the coming year will amount to about 5960,980, embracing tOQ,09 in shipbuilding, the same in sal mon, J75C0 in lumber, 3W.O0O in stock, 95000 In wool, $W,W) In dairy products and $10 - 000 In other products. If the Siuslaw is properly Improved, there can be no doubt that the city of Florence will become the trade center for that section of the coast. At present vessels cannot enter the har bor for weeks at a time, and this makes transportation uncertain and in a small quantity. It Is estimated that SLO0.0Q0 properly expended on the jetty will ex tend it far enough to be of great benefit to the harbor, and Improve the channel so that vessels can enter at most times with comparative safety. But, aa shown above, there Is not the slightest prospect of this appropriation being made until the next session, no matter how great may be the need for Immediate action. The New England Women's Press As sociation has been giving what are known as "gentlemen's nights" at the clubrooms, and it Is proving a popular move among the men of Boston. ELECTRICITY CURES I part of Northern Persia subjugated by Jhound, as in the days of Darius, will no The Cornlnpr Day of Railroads. Of course, Russia will cover Percla with a network of railways. They will be. good, like most Russian railways. Perhaps American engineers may be employed to lay them, as has already been done In Russia, and such roads will be tbe making of Persia. There will be some engineer ing difficulties in the north and In the south, but for the most part the obstacles will be slight vast plains, slight rains and no appreciable frosts. Unfortunately, the "beautiful, fleet wild ass and the poeile ga zelle, which now roam at will, except as they are sometimes hunted with hawk and German Influence In Persia. Alnslle's Magazine. While no one can prophesy with cer tainty what great power is some day to occupy Constantinople, It Is significant, that the Germans are exploiting commer cially not only Turkey, but also the Bal kan States. German capital has taken advantage of the personal friendship ex isting between the Kaiser and the Sultan to secure concessions In Turkey for the building of railways and the introduc tion of steamship lines. The influence that France once exercised in the Levant has been superseded by German influence. In Persia, German and English Interests are opposed to Russian interests. When the Germans build to Bagdad, the rail way for which they already have a con cesilon, and which the Sultan is eager to have constructed, it can be made to pay enly by extending it through Persia to connect with the English railway in In dia. This would complete the overland route from Berlin and the We: to Bom bay, and would make Persia to a consid erable extent commercially subsidiary to German merchants In Turkey. On the oth er hand, if Russia seized Bender Abbas, on the Persian Gulf, and connected It by rail with the Russian railway systems to the north, Russia would have in Persia an other vassal state, and would be In a position to weaken German Influence in Turkey. Alone, England would find It difficult to prevent Russia from becoming predominant in all Persia, as she now Is in Northern Persia. Together, England and Germany can to their mutual advan tage open Persia to the commerce of the world, and while maintaining its nominal Independence, introduce modern civiliza tion. o TO CURE A COLD IN OJiE DAY. Tak Laxative Bromo Quinine Tablets. All dre; glBta refund the money If It falls to cure. E. W. Grove's signature is on eaca box. 26c The best thing In the world to build up a broken-down constitution is properly ap plied electricity. That force is the basis of all vitality. It Is tho power which makes Arm, sound nerves, large and elas tic musclte, a good digestion and healthy circulation. Men and women who are strong and healthy, wish plenty of Wocd and no pains or aches to borbor them, are full of elec tricity, which Is tho vital power of the body. People die when all tho electricity m gone from the body. My Mte has been spent hi tho study of building up broken-down men and women. I have cured SO.C00 people In tho last SO years, and have recently perfected my Electric Beit, so that It Is better than ever. It cures when nothing else can, be cause I know how to apply It. People who havo usod electricity Ira other ways without success have followed my plan o" are cured. I can refer to somebody m early every town In the country, who has boon cured by my motfeod. I have, a special method for Nervous Debility, one for Rheumatism, one for Lumbago, one for Varicocele and stellar troubles, one for Paralysis, o3 for Stom ach Troubles, etc., and can cure theso complaints In the most simple manner, even when the best doctors have failed. Lot me prove this to you. Call and con sult me free, or send for my beautifully Mi.urktu) fls-n booh, full of truths. with prices and description of my Electric BeK. My Bolt euros, but does not bltetar. DR. A. T. SANDEN Russc! BIdg., Cor. Fourth and Morrison 5h. PORTLAND, OR. Office hours: 9 to 9; Sundays. 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