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About The new age. (Portland, Or.) 1896-1905 | View Entire Issue (July 28, 1900)
ft I - fvrnmfpmvrr ?'f Yk"" " firy-vr- a 'jysK; f M Id. ly- THK NICW AK. W)I?TI,A N sv '. & r rr tv . P ' V The New Age. A. D. GKIPPIN, Manager. ori'icK an mouiuson stkkkt, OrrfOll Tilnilnn Onk 501. Entered nt the I'oalnfllcc At I'ortlsnd, Oregon, 4 letomt Uus innltcr. HUllHOnll'TfON. One Tear, ryi!il In A it thiio. .....:!. 00 National Republican Ticket. For President, WILLIAM McKINLEY, of Ohio Fop Vice-President, THEODORE ROOSEVELT, of N. Y. AHUSK OK PWVILKOK. Tho condition of Alder street, in 11 central business: tUwtrlct, suggests to pushorHby that some dopartmont ot tlio municipal iiiliiiiniHtriitioii 1h being liniKiMml ou incmi shamefully. Soino time ago mi itHplialt paving company opened u ditch on that street iu tlio construction of a conduit for u tolo phono coinpanyH' underground wires. After partially completing tlio contraot tlio Htreot was loft in a broken condi tion, full of litter ami dohrls, while tlio paving company sought to hold and ox eoutu another oontraot in another part of tlio city. Aldor street, meantime, 1h a menacing diiigruco to Cortland. In the llrst place, an ordinance "reg ulating tlio opening of Htreot NiirfaooH on paved strootH" dlNtlnotly mmT apu' oillcully forbids .hiioIi an infraction of tlio law of public safety and common trafllu on tlio business highways of Cortland. It provides that "it hIiiiII lio unlawful for any pnnnui or pornous, firm or corporation, contractor or con tractors to, in any manner, tear up, (lit up or diaturh tlio surface of any improved Htreot in thoeltyof Portland," without first having ohlalned poriuls hIoii from tlio proper authorities and giving indeinnlty bonds for its proper repair' within reasonable time from tlio ditto of Hiieh obstruction. In tlio Aldor Htreot caso at least, tlio liiht provision appoarn to iiavo been disdainfully Ignored; hut, when wo take into cuiiHiiloratUiu tlio fact that tlio pautuiont company wan perform ing contract work for a telephone com pany, wo may butter umlortsuud tlio cause of tlio olfout complained of. Portland in concerned not alone for I he tiiiuocoHNaiy and unlawful obstruc tion of tralllo on its public thorough fares, ho far an inconvenience in on tailed in the matter of Htreot tralllo, but it it forced to fool ashamed of tlio appearance of itr, IiiihIiiosh highways in the eyes of vUltnrH from inoro orderly eltloH in that respoot. TIiIh comment will naturally load to tlio suggestion that, inasmuch iih a telephone company is tlio transgressor iu this case, tint oxciiNo for the palpa ble ignoratlou of local law is explained for telephone companies in thin city appo.tr to Juno, to hold and to on joy special privileges at all tiino.s and un der all couditiotiH, no matter who sut lers disturbance of business or of private rights in consequence thereof, This fact Is becoming entirely too prominent tu Poitland. 'I'lui telephone companies are becoming abonilually aggroi-slvo in their claims fiii recognition iutlio mat ter of franchises, rights and privllogos; and, m far as any local law may affect them, they am appaiontly iu a position to defy public Houtlinent whon their business graft in concerned. In addition to special privileges iu omer respects, tuo toiopnono oorpoiu. nous are permitted to establish nlckle- in-the-slot machines which the pat. wis ot theii lines uiiiht operate before they o.ui transmit a mesige, Those gambl ing devices aro operated without ta or other license foe, while other slot-machines are compelled to pay a license fee or tu close up. If there be any lea hou why the telephone companies should enjoy these bpeolal prvlleges, irci of cost, the publiu should know it; mid The New Ami promixoH to help to vVpo-o the skulduggery in this matter. SENATOR UllANDLKU. One of the old -lino guardsmen iu the hunolo of hU country in the olllcial promotion of the principles of the Re-, publican junty is Hen. V. K. Chaud- lor, who is about to close his eighteenth year lu tho Untod States teuate, Sen-' ator Chandler is chief among the few organizers and promoters of tlio llopub licun party a party now acknowl edged to bo tho outgrowth of desperate conditions at a critical period in tho history of this republic to Have tho lat ter fiom political disruption and from into necino anarchy. J Jo was a leader among the most determined enemies of slavery, just iih ho Js today tlio loador among thoso who stand out boldly in flofomo of tho Negro and bis rights as an American citizen. It is understood that .Senator Chandler will make no especial ellort for ic-eloctiou to the senate, although it is conceded by bis political friends that bo would accept it if tendered without soriotiH contro versy. This particular phaso of tho matter peculiarly interests tho colored people of the United States who cannot alford to loso such an ablo champion and bis influence iu tho great body of which bo has for yearH been such an ablo representative. Novor has occasion arisen for defonpo of the rights of the Negro and his race in tho enjoyment of tlio privileges ac corded thorn by the constitution wbon .Sentor Chandler was not iu the lead iu advocacy of tho Interests of tho col ored raco. Incidents aro numerous in which his championship of the rights of our people lias boon prominently, forceful and suoeosnful. Tlio Negro cannot afford to loso such an ablo, true and determined friend. There is Mttlo doubt that Now I lamp shiro will demand his rotiirn. It do Hires it because Senator Chandler has boon a firm friend and ablo advocate of every public interest; because bo is a statesman of uncommon ability and as incorruptible as over man was made. Thoroforo, ovory roprosontutiioof tho colored raco who may exert his inllu- eui'o in the matter, either directly or indirectly, should urge the ro-electlon of .Senator Chandler to his present ex alted place iu 'the councils of the na tion. Ho is ouo of the brainiest men this republic has produced and has for yearH boon a close friend and advisor of tho leading Bplrlttt of tho country. Honest, fair, forceful, upright In his convictions and determined iu bis pur poses, lion. W. K. Chandler should by all moans bo returned tu tho United States senate. A MISINFORMED "ALLKGATOIt." Suppose "Orogoniun" Scott should support tho Democratic presidential nominees, the Republican party would win iu Oregon just tho same. And the lata election there wherein Mr. S'cott fought tho Republican ticket, and yet it was elected, is otforod iu evidence to substantiate our allegations. .Seattle Republican. Thoso allegations aro made by a per son who is wholly misinformed as to Mr. Seotts' position and purposes as a cltlen, as a jioHtloluii and as a news paper promoter. The New Ago respects Mr. Scott r a citizen, admires bis independent course as a politician and llnds good reiuon for great couildonco in bis ability iih director of a great newspaper enter prise. Mr. Scott is now, with uncommon forco and ability, supporting the Phila delphia platform and tlio presidential caudldato who standi for public favor uioroon. ino urogoutau mis never neglected Its duty in tills respect. Personally, tlio publishers of the Ore goniau may not liko all of tlio Repub lican party's nominees, but they havu never failed to suppoit tho national enunciation of Republican principles, under any circumstances. Tho charge that Mr. Scott, through his paper, "fought the Republican ticket in the recent campaign," is not true iu any part. It may hao criticised tho course ot tho party iu some ro b,)0ctH, but it labored assiduously for . ......,.., ,w it !... uiu.,.. .i,, I I .'"VV"", .. . .... ...,..,. ....u ... every oato which tho Seattle Ropubli- . oau or any othet paper may recall. It has fought individuals iu the Re publican party, but its etl'ort iu this respect has been directed to "oleaiiblng the party from within." Iu this re spect its character as a public journal is unsullied. Can tho Seattle Republi can hay as much tor any one ot the mnB journals ot the evergreen coin monwcattlir Scarcely I The lUue (irass lluule, of l'i auk fort, Ky., republishes that iufunous, hut wholly forceless, section of the constl tution ot Oregon wherein it is declared that a Negro cannot live legally iu the atmosphere of this stato nor can ho, under thst dead-letter law, hold any real estate, make any coutvuets, lusti- tuto suit for just claims or do anything elso which a citizen ot tho United .Statos may lawfully do in any stato iu tho Union. liut tho esteemed Iluglo should also note the fact that that pro vision is deader than a door nail; that it is onco in a while flauiitod in the face of tlio colorod pcoplo of this state only to bring out iu bold loliof the fact that Negroes live at eauo and in royal con. fort iu this great coinmonwalth; that thoy hold largo properties, conduct oxtcusho businesses, vote, preach, lecture, pray, ornament tho professions, speculate and onco in a while become just as bad in Oiegonas elsewhere; but iu no state aro the colored people ghen more privileges and accordod more re spect than in Orogou. Notwithstanding the fact that Me Kiuley lias meanly treated the colored voters of tho country iu tho matter of political favor, tho Negro is interested as ho never whh boforo in tho success of tho principles enunciated by tho Philadelphia convention. President McKinloys' private sentiment for o'r against tho Negro 1h not an issue in this campaign, to any largo oxtcnt, ex cept where tho colorod voter has ppeolal reason to remember our chief oxceti the'H palpable IndilToronoo to tho Negro's political welfare. Ktigland'H barbarous warfnro iu tho name of civilization iu South Africa marks another epoch iu tho evolution of the Negro. Why should tho latter always bo the object of tho white man'H prejudice and bullets? This, it is true, is not Invariably the case, for our raco numbers among its most ardent champions some of tho ablest Htatesmeii and most astute sociologists of the ago; but tho latter aro, almost without exception, residents of the United States of America. Tlio mines of Orogou aro producing wealth for tho state beyond the expec tation of tho most ambitious dreamer. Ah a matter of fact, Orogou ought to bo (and will soon be) tho Mecca of gold hunters, just as California was a half a century ago, dosplto tho (lashes of excitement occasiouod by the dis covery of a few colors on tlio shores of Alaska's coast. m Governor Rogers, of Washington stato, is a faker, James Hamilton Lewis Ih a burlosquer, and ox-Mayor Ronald is a most grotesque llguro iu tho play. And yet a llogors-Lowls-Ronald combination in Washington, would bo big thing, whether it failed or succeeded. Much ijulot political work is being done throughout Orogou, dosplto tho general appearance of apathy; and it Ih being done through tho confidential friends of the present administration. McKiuloy moves, iu a mysterious way his wonders to perform. Tho question as tu whom shall bo the uoxt United States senator from Ore gon, already o,'ortop.s all issues of a national character iu the pending cam paign. Publio opinion is divided abd probably tho next legislature will bo, also. Tho Nogro voters of tho country will support McKmley and Rooaovolt iu tho coming campaign not as a whole, of course, but as a rule. This is chiolly because they lovo llryan less, rathor than beoauso they lovo McKinlov moro. Municipal Judge Cameron is proviug to bo one ot "the best things thai over happened" as a replenisher ot tho local treasury. Hois proving to bo a just judge and au impartial distributor of favor. Tho government of tho United Statos seems to doubt Li Huug Uhatm'H sin ccreity iu the matter ot bis protestation agiusut tho Koxer outrages. So does Li Huug Cbaug's own goveiumout, KtTort will bo made iu the coming sQssiou ot tho legialatuie' to glvo to tho city of Portland a now charter. Strange it is that Portland needs a new charter oory time the legUlaturo meet. It appears to he hopelessly diflloult foi llryanarchy, tho latest political fail, to obtaiu a foothold iu Oregeu, Tho dressmaking parlors ot Steph ana, at 380 Alder street, are by far the llnest and moxt popular iu the North west. Indeed, this establishuuut has no equal west of Chicago, For eveuiug gowns, tailor-made suits, fancy waists, street suits, riding habits, eto the Stopluns dressmaking parlors cannot bo excelled, Tho very lutoat tortus, fashions and at lyes are supplied nt tho Stephans parlors at most reasonable cost. Nothlug how am' attractive escapes Mr. Stephaus' oyo and critical taste, Thoso who tlosirc anything olaborato in tho line of fa-hloualte drossmakiug should apply tu Mr. Stephaus for htylesj ami teriiis. MINES AND MINING American Are Not SntUned Willi the Alnikit-Cnniidinn Hurvejr Lotn flood Territory. Skogway, Alaska, July 80. Tho work of delimiting tho provisional boundary in tho disputed Alaska-Canadian territory having been completed iu that part crossing the Dalton trail and touching the Porcupine district, tho Amorlcans in tho district,fiud that they havo lost a large part of what thoy belioved was rightfully American territory. Tho survey has been run and the monuments eet within the last few weeks by O. II. Tlttmau, of Washington, D. C, and W. F. King, of Ottawa, and assistants, who have Bimply followed instructions as sot forth in tho modus viveudi agroed to provisionally eooiu mouths ago by Sec retary Hay, on the part of tho United States, aud the lirltish representatives, after the adjournment of tho joint high commission. Tho survey and demarkntion of tho line leaves nearly one-half of tho For enpino gold mines iu tho lirltish terri tory, and it has been tho general opin ion for a long timo that tho mines in fact, tho entire Porcnpiuo district wiih on tho Amorican side. Mnch ot tho Dalton toll road leading to Porcu pine city now lies within Canadian ter ritory also; that is, is ou tho Canadian fide of tho iron monuments set on the provisional line. The Amorican miners in tho Porfeu pine having wntchod tho development of tbo"work of delimiting and marking the boundary, wero so arnusod ovor the result of fo much tuiuiiig district being loft on tim lirltsh Hide that they wore not long iu addicafliug a protest to President McKiuloy. Copies of the protest havo boon sont to tho chambors of commerce of Seattle, Skagway, Sftu Francisco anil Porj land, with a request for co-operation. The commission will bo in tho vicin ity of Skagway a mouth, delimiting tho provisional lino on White Pass and Chilkoot Pas. Tho Porcupiuo placet mines, it is estimated, will yield .1250, 000 this year. Work of sluicing, by draulicking and other kinds ot mining is carried oil iu tho district. I'lucer Mlim ICxitllriucnl. Juneau has a full Hedged placer mine oxcitement, according , to advices brought from tho north by tho steamer Rosalie. When the vessel sailed from the north July 18, a stampedo was on to a new placer diggings on Glacier bay, about 150 miles distant. Some doubt existed as to tho placors really boiug new discoveries. Not a tow believe them to bo tho diggings found aud oper ated many years ago by tho Itunsiaus. In any event tho finds aro most promis ing. It. is claimed for them that an experienced minor can make consider ably moro than wages. Folly 200 peo ple, it is estimated, had gouo from Ju neau alone to tho sceuo of tho new dis covories. Tho bars in tho mouth ol Glacier bay all aro said to contain gold. Atlvlrc From Noiur. Advices from Nomo recoived by the Alaska Commercial Company ut Sau Fiaucisco stato that up to July 10 thor had boon 10 cases of smallpox in the camp, ouly ono bolug reported since July 0. St. Michael has established it strict quarantine agninst Nomo. According to tho records ot tho custom-house, 111 vessols havo entered Nomo aud 13,-l!i7 passengers havo laud ed, not including thoso who camo down tho Yukon river, nor thoso who lauded from vessels which did uot report to tho customs olllcors. It is estimated that from 0,000 to 10,000 porsous will wintor at Nomo. Idle Mines ricking; Up. Tho Phoeulx mine in Greenwood Guloh, one-half milo above the 'Golden Kaglo, and opposite the Dou Juan, neat Sumptor, Or., is being operated by C. N. Chatham and William Sunders, who havo a two years' lease from tho own ers, O. M. Kerry, D, L, Choato, L, M. Harnett aud O. M. Collier. The mine has been idlo for nearly four yours, cud tho 6-stump mill aud concentrator put in by O. il. Hardy aro a wreak. The mill was run ouly ft short time, owing to bad management, and, though the property could havo been sold for $70, 000, it was allowed to stand idle, the owners failiug to ngroe on the mothod of operating. There is aoveral hundred feet of tuuuols, but these will, not be used, tho now oporators preferring to sink aud follow tho ore. The oro is of two grades, one carrying black oxido ot copper ami the other ruuutug well in freo gold. "Rattlesnake" Jouos is tho namo of a lloiso man who engages iu capturing the roptiles aud selling them to the Chinese. The Celestials take each rat tlor and put it iuto a bottlo of whisky aud let it stand for two years. What remains ot tho suako is, then removed and tlio balance) is let staud until it clarities, which process requires tlvo ycirs. The liquid is thou a sovereign cure for rheumatism, says tho Itoiso Statesman. Tho Chinese claim that it will cure the most violent case. It takes seven years iu all to makoHlio preparation ready for use. Nurtlivrrnt Note. Charles llattleld, ot Dayton, Wash., was thrown down on a load of hay by a team's sudden start, iu such a way that the tine ot a fork paused through his chin into Ids mouth. Au X-ray machine has been added to tho appaiatus ot the Moscow, Idaho, hospital. A buyer of cavalry hores has just secured -ill ut Kuterprise aud 30 ut Wullowu, Or The teachers enrolled at the" summer Kcieuco school at Pullman, Wash., uumher 100, Colfax citiasens havo subscribed l, 000 for tho Whitman couuty (air, to be biUd in September. doings orwo TO TELL MAID FROM MATRON. T all smart functions In future, or wherever evening dress Is worti, there Is to be a distinguish ing mark between matron aud maiden. Unmarried wotneu ure to wear their bows, algiettes or ttowora on the left side; matrons on the right. It Is ouly a matter of decoiutloti, but fashlou has decreed it, says tho New York Her ald. In Paris und Loudon tho custom has been udopted, to tho lutlultu satis faction of the matrons, but nut alto gether to that of the unmarried wom en. What one of them cares to pro claim to the world at largo the fact of her single blessedness? r Heretofore the only distinguishing murk between tho married and uumur rled woman has been the wedding ring, of no particular consequence nt even ing functions, where, with tho exce tlon of dinners, it woman's hands nre never uncovered. Now nil Is changed. Coiffeurs Insist that madam must wcur her aigrette on tho right side of her head; mademoiselle ou the left. If mademoiselle desires to enhance bee beauty by it'tlower Instead of mi aig rette, let her havo It by all means, tucked In with seeming artless gruce, but let her make sure It Is the left side of her profile she studies whllo arrang ing tho effect, lest later on she be ac cused of endeavoring to seem that which she Is not Dressmakers are following tho sanio unwritten law with llowers or the huge choti bow so Indispensable this season to all smart frocks. Let no unpractlced hand be so misguided as to Imagine that this chou can be carelessly put on either tho right or left side. Its pro per adjustment Is a matter of art; Its uuartlHtlc adjustment Ih enough to ruin an otherwise chic gown. Ou the slen der tlu t-ches ted woman ends that fall below the waist lino are most desira ble; u" woman of good curves, on tho contrary, prefers the chou without ends, liut with or without, ou matron right or maiden left, tho chou must lm sot down ou ono aide of tho bodice Just below tho "dccolletago." Mr. Mile. Mrs. Nelson A. Miles Is ono of the enthusiastic workers In tho Army and Navy Society formed by women u few weeks ago to help tho volunteer when he returns home, sick and out of em- ployment, and ulso to care for his wife and children whllo ho is away lighting. Tho society bus headquarters lu New York. The work goes on very quietly, but It has already relieved n good many cases of sad destitution. Soldiers' or phans havo been placed In different In stitutions, widows and wives aro being carotl for overy day, and the list of ap plicants Is growing constantly. Moimurutim for Linen. Tho inouogiaui to be worked on the mubcullue and fcuilulue haudkerchlef, If uot all respective articles of lluen wear, bus become u subject of artistic thought. Men who are exclusive In taste choose to have their linen em hiolderctl lu fetrlct Imitation of their letter seal. For example, If they use "oltkial red" wax, a circle of solid em broidery Is laid in, In the tluest red cotton, the monogram worked lu white tilling lu the center. Time and skill arc required to make this au orna mental feature, says the Baltimore News. A WQiuun of wealth, who prides' lu'fself upoii'owniug the latest, has her personal linen marked with her mono gram worked out In the.' designs and colors noticeable In old scroll work, tho monogram In choicely shaded blues, amid nn Intricate scroll pattern of ibaded tans. Men, Women anil Marrlaae. Coiiblderiug that the contracting par ties to every marriage are one man and one woman, there Is a queer look to the stiiteiueut that more womeu than men marry. Hut It Is so, according to "Tip," of the New York Press, who figures It out In this way; After eory murrlago here will Inevitably be left, In the jurse of time, a widow or n wldowe no widower lu three will marry iu jiuer nummi. n,i.- ..., oue wmow iu roiir will innrrv nnntlmr mnn Innl,. I .... 1.1,.. ,.. .... . ... four will marry another man. Apply Ing this nvernge to twelve couples, it can readily be figured that twelve men have taken sixteen wives, while twelve women have taken only Ufteeu husbauds. It Is further apparent that the proportion of fifteen to sixteen amounts to quite a large surplus of marrying women lu a population of 75,000,000. Whether the discrepancy shows that widows are wiser than wld- Mil?. MCLSON' A. MILKS. XV. owers, or vice versa, we shall neither pieteiid to decide nor undertake to dis cuss. Itut the mathematics of the ex hibit seem to be all right, provided, of course, that tho statistical starting point Is a true statement of the facts. Id the case, KecoKiilzcil Abroad. Mrs. Ida Pri'stou Gibson, of Chlcugo, has received the appointment of his torian of the French explorers In . America. Tho of lice was bestowed upon Mrs. Gib son by tho edu cational depart ment of tho Purls exposition. Mrs. Gibson Is one of Chicago's most Intellectual wom en. She has abil ity as a lecturer and has been ac tlvo In' tho work mrs. inA omso.v. of the Daughters of tho Revolution since tho formation of the society. Ten years of travel ami study abroad havo made Mrs. Gibson familiar with German, French nntl Italian, which sho speaks with great lluoney, and her knowledge of them ' has enabled her to do great work ns a translator. AVInit u Wotiiuit Thinks, Tho best of servants get Into but water. In tho truly happy homo there Is no room for doubt. Every mini ought to make a certain allowance for bis wife. Plain duties become beautiful through their performance. Many n woman Is called mad when she Is only very much lu earnest. When a limn has to bolster up his case there Is usually some sort of sham about It. If the wind blows off your bat. don't chase It yourself; someone else will do It for yon. They say love is blind, but u woman can seo n thousand qualities lu a man ho never possesses. Moro than one woman who attempts to bo lu the height of fashlou fulls Into the depths of folly. Men pretend to dcsplso gossip, but some of tho conversations heard at the club sound very much llko It. A woman would bo willing to dlo for tho mail sho loves, but she couldn't' keep from saying "I told you so" for iho very life of her. To Jncrenae Your Wcliilit. Says Dr. William Anderson, ussochita director of tho Ynlo University gym nasium: "lOxcrclse nil muscles dally. Avoid excess In mental or physical work. Hcst after meals. Do not wor ry. Avoid great fatigue. Do not hurry. Sleep well mid long. If you do not sleep well, eat a few graham wafers boforo retiring and apply cold water to the head and buck of tho neck. Tho following foods may bo eaten with safety: Sugar, syrups, fat meat soups, cornstarch, tapioca, cakes, candles, nuts, chocolate and cocor. diluted with much milk and well-sweetened cream, new milk, butter, eggs and condiments. All other foods may bo Indulged in to the extent of the Inclination. Avoid haste and excess In eating." l ' I I'ACkillK JJooks. jU "If you will only pack things In smauju uoxes," says uio woman wno Known how to move, "you will havo tho men who move you in a comparatively bca title stato of mind. Books, for Instauce, It Is strange, but every womau who has books to movo Immediately gets tho biggest box she can find for them. Hooks are heavy, anyway, and big boxes aro liable to break with their weight, and it Is almost Impossible to move them. They will fit Just as well Into small square boxes In which pack ages of starch or oatmeal come, and they will pack Into the moving van bet ter and the men can handle great num bers of them with little trouble." ' Employment for Women. Those who advocate employment for womeu on small plots recommeud poul try, bees aud the silkworm, Iu soma cases adding strawberries and small garden crops, while fruit trees can oc cupy tho poultry yards. Silkworms, however, require special foods, and may hinder the other operation. There Is uo reason why a largo dock of fowls and a number of hives of bees could not bo managed by a woman, aud It Is pos sible that wltli tho extra euro that would probably be bestowed the profits would be ns large, If not larger, than, when managed by the male sex. Force on tlte Piano. It has been calculated that a mini mum pressure of the finger of one quarter of a pound Is needed to sound n uote on the piano, and that at times a forco of five pouuds is thrown on a single key to produce a single effect. Chopin's last study In O minor has u hUhbace takim? two mlmitna i.- ,X onds to play that requires a total nre. ...... . .. " . ..i in . - - - . - .-... w u, ott-i sure estimated at three full tons. The Use or Buttermilk. Duttermllk has several summer uss. It Is a cooling beverage, and -ft will bleach clothes and remote mildew. Soak them for several days In butter milk, then wash, boll and blue In tlio usual way. After tho boiling tha clothes will be the traditional aaewy whiteness. 4
