2A
THE DAILY ASTORIAN • TUESDAY, JANUARY 3, 2017
How salt saved the Lewis and Clark Expedition
When saltmakers
came to Seaside
By KATHERINE
LACAZE
For The Daily Astorian
SEASIDE — Salt was not
only a critical part of the Lewis
and Clark Expedition. “I’m
going to say it saved them,”
historian and retired National
Park Service ranger Tom Wil-
son said.
The Corps of Discovery’s
harrowing expedition more
than 200 years ago was the
focus of Wilson’s presentation,
“A Convenient Situation,”
during the Seaside Museum
and Historical Society’s His-
tory and Hops event Thursday
at Seaside Brewery.
The story would not be
complete, according to Wil-
son, without the mention of
salt-making in present day
Seaside.
“This expedition and these
saltmakers did change the
course of American history,
and world history,” said Wil-
son , who draws most of his
information from “The Jour-
nals of the Lewis and Clark
Expedition,” as printed by the
University of Nebraska Press.
Wilson, dressed in period
garb, opened his presentation
by sharing different ways salt
has contributed to human his-
tory and survival.
In ancient Greece, slaves
Katherine Lacaze/
For The Daily Astorian
Unprocessed ocean salt,
as would have been har-
vested by members of the
Corps of Discovery during
the Lewis and Clark Expe-
dition about 200 years ago.
Katherine Lacaze/For The Daily Astorian
Historian and National Park Service ranger Tom Wilson
points out the likely trail members of the Corps of Dis-
covery took to come harvest salt in present day Seaside.
were traded for salt, which
gave rise to the phrase “worth
one’s weight in salt.”
The word “salary” also is
derived from the Latin word
“salarium,” which has the root
“sal,” or salt, in reference to
the allotment paid to Roman
soldiers to purchase the com-
modity. Salt also played an
important role in both the Rev-
olutionary and Civil wars.
A bushel of salt
Before the 1860s, Wilson
said, salt wasn’t mined in the
United States; rather, it was
harvested from the ocean and
natural salt deposits and salt
licks.
As the Corps of Discovery
prepared for its westward jour-
ney, they gathered supplies,
including three bushels — or
about seven barrels — of salt,
leaving Wood River, Illinois,
with more than 64,000 pounds
of supplies.
For the expedition, Capt.
Meriwether Lewis assem-
bled “arguably the best team,”
including what Wilson calls
“The Fab Five”: Lewis, Sec-
ond Lt. William Clark, Clark’s
slave York, Sacagawea and
Lewis’s dog Seaman.
The
expedition
also
included three dozen hand-se-
lected noncommissioned offi -
cers and privates, and “yeah,
they were worth their weight
in salt,” Wilson said.
Economic stimulus
One of President Thomas
Jefferson’s purposes in com-
missioning the expedition
was to establish trade with the
Native Americans and partners
to the east, particularly capital-
izing on sea otters as a trade
good. In order to be success-
ful, Wilson pointed out, “they
have to survive. They have to
get here and get back.”
After crossing the Rocky
Mountains, the expedition
began running low on sup-
plies, including food, trade
FIVE-DAY FORECAST FOR ASTORIA
TONIGHT
WEDNESDAY
THURSDAY
38
22
24
ALMANAC
Salem
23/33
Newport
25/35
Last
Jan 12
Coos Bay
31/46
New
Jan 19
TOMORROW'S TIDES
Astoria / Port Docks
Time
11:37 a.m.
11:38 p.m.
Low
2.7 ft.
1.1 ft.
Lakeview
23/32
Ashland
31/42
City
Baker City
Bend
Brookings
Eugene
Ilwaco
Klamath Falls
Medford
Newberg
Newport
North Bend
Hi
12
13
43
32
38
32
38
33
39
45
Today
Lo
7
4
36
25
29
26
33
24
25
31
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s
sn
r
pc
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sn
sn
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pc
Hi
14
11
47
34
39
33
42
31
35
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Wed.
Lo
3
2
35
20
28
14
27
19
23
29
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City
Olympia
Pendleton
Portland
Roseburg
Salem
Seaside
Spokane
Springfi eld
Vancouver
Yakima
Hi
32
12
33
40
35
38
15
35
32
19
Today
Lo
18
10
22
31
23
29
0
26
24
5
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s
pc
s
pc
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Hi
34
14
31
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33
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16
35
31
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Wed.
Lo
14
2
19
27
17
27
-3
24
19
-3
W
s
pc
pc
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TOMORROW'S NATIONAL WEATHER
NATIONAL CITIES
Hi
67
44
40
27
30
46
59
15
80
51
31
57
62
63
85
65
72
46
41
49
46
33
55
33
49
Burns
13/24
REGIONAL CITIES
Source: Jim Todd, OMSI
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Denver
Des Moines
Detroit
El Paso
Fairbanks
Honolulu
Indianapolis
Kansas City
Las Vegas
Los Angeles
Memphis
Miami
Nashville
New Orleans
New York
Oklahoma City
Philadelphia
St. Louis
Salt Lake City
San Francisco
Seattle
Washington, DC
Baker
7/14
Forecasts and graphics provided by AccuWeather, Inc. ©2017
Tonight's Sky: The Quadrantid meteor shower
should be at its best tonight, radiating from the
constellation Bootes.
Today
Lo
50
41
12
10
7
23
38
13
63
20
12
42
50
34
71
36
53
43
21
43
20
29
51
19
43
La Grande
14/20
Ontario
13/24
Klamath Falls
26/33
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Hi
54
50
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21
26
63
20
80
29
23
61
61
42
84
41
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52
39
54
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35
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33
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Wed.
Lo
32
29
8
5
7
17
41
4
64
15
12
51
55
29
64
26
46
30
20
32
19
24
46
19
30
Shown are noon positions of weather systems and precipitation. Temperature bands are highs for the day.
W
pc
pc
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sn
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sf
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Seaside is in charge of the
arrangements.
Dec. 28, 2016
KUJALA, Patricia Anne,
84, of Beaverton, formerly of
Astoria, died at home. Springer
and Son Aloha Funeral Home
in Beaverton is in charge of the
arrangements.
& More!
WEDNESDAY
Maritime Memorial Commit-
tee, 1 p.m., Holiday Inn Confer-
ence Room 204, West Marine Dr.
Port of Astoria Commission, 4
p.m. executive session (closed to
public), new Port offi ces, 10 Pier
1, Suite 304.
Clatsop County Board of Com-
missioners, 5 p.m., work session
on charter review committee,
Judge Guy Boyington Building,
857 Commercial St., Astoria.
Seaside Improvement Com-
mission, 6:30 p.m., City Hall, 989
Broadway.
Gearhart City Council, 7 p.m.,
City Hall, 698 Pacifi c Way.
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Monday’s Match 4: 02-13-
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PACKAGE DEALS
YE
DEATHS
TUESDAY
Port of Astoria Commission,
5 p.m., workshop, new Port
offi ces, 10 Pier 1, Suite 209.
Astoria City Council, 7 p.m.,
City Hall, 1095 Duane St.
Seaside Library Board, 4:30
p.m., Seaside Library, 1131
Broadway.
Miles Crossing Sanitary Sewer
District Board, 6 p.m., 34583
U.S. Highway 101 Business.
Seaside Planning Commis-
sion, 7 p.m., City Hall, 989
Broadway.
Cannon Beach City Council, 7
p.m., City Hall, 163 E. Gower St.
Weather (W): s-sunny, pc-partly cloudy, c-cloudy,
sh-showers, t-thunderstorms, r-rain, sf-snow fl urries,
sn-snow, i-ice.
IN
Kenneth Loren Hoagland was born Sept. tenant in 1954-56, and was a member of Clat-
23, 1931, in Roseberry, Idaho. The family sop Post 12 American Legion in Astoria.
He is survived by his wife Lila;
later moved to King Hill, Idaho,
daughters Terri Peden, Cheryl Aho
where Ken attended Glenns Ferry
and Vicki Searle; four grandchil-
schools. After high school gradu-
dren, Jennifer Peden (Erin), Chris
ation he moved to Moscow, Idaho,
Peden (Karen), Mathew Aho and
to attend the University of Idaho. In
Nathan Searle (Nicholle); Eight
1953 he moved to Lewiston, Idaho,
great-grandchildren
and
four
and found employment at Potlatch
stepgreat-grandchildren; two sis-
Forests Inc. Pulp Mill.
ters, Reva Carlock of Mountain
There, in Lewiston, he met his
Home, Idaho, and Gloria Weerheim
wife, Lila, and they were married in
Lead, South Dakota; a brother Rich-
1953. They had three daughters.
In 1967 he was hired at Crown Kenneth Loren ard of Clatskanie, Oregon; numer-
ous nieces and nephews and his best
Zellerbach Pulp and Paper Mill,
Hoagland
friend “Bandit.”
and moved his family to Knappa.
Besides his parents and steppar-
He retired from the mill (then James
ents, he was preceded in death by
River) in 1993.
brothers Clarence and Ronald. Ken
Ken enjoyed hunting, fi shing,
and Lila celebrated their 63rd wed-
golfi ng, spending time with his chil-
dren, grandchildren and great grandchildren ding anniversary Nov. 29 of this year.
A celebration of life will be held at a later
and winters in Arizona.
He served in the military as a 2nd lieu- date.
PUBLIC MEETINGS
O VER
Wilson concluded his pre-
sentation by discussing how
they know for certain The Salt
Works site, now run by the
National Park Service, is the
correct location. The answer is
Tsin-is-tum, also known by her
English name Jennie Michel, a
member of the Clatsop tribe.
Although she was born about
1818, her mother witnessed
the expedition’s salt-making
endeavors and showed her the
site.
In the early 1900s, the Ore-
gon Historical Society trav-
eled to fi nd where the original
salt works was located. They
relied on the information from
Michel.
The Cartwright family gave
the land to the society, which
started the process of main-
taining the site, including the
original rock structure. In the
1950s, the Lions Club, want-
ing to maintain the site, did
more work, installing the mon-
ument and a salt cairn replica.
Wilson said he likes to think
“the rocks you see there now
are the original charred rocks
of the expedition,” but there is
no evidence to confi rm that.
The National Park Service
took over in 1979 and contin-
ues to strategize how to best
portray and interpret the site.
Knappa
Sept. 23, 1931 — Dec. 25, 2016
Roseburg
31/42
Brookings
35/47
Jan 27
John Day
21/29
Bend
4/11
Medford
33/42
UNDER THE SKY
High
8.4 ft.
7.7 ft.
Prineville
5/14
Lebanon
24/34
Eugene
25/34
Sunset tonight ........................... 4:42 p.m.
Sunrise Wednesday .................... 7:58 a.m.
Moonrise today ......................... 11:04 a.m.
Moonset today ......................... 10:46 p.m.
Full
Pendleton
10/14
The Dalles
16/25
Portland
22/31
Memorializing
the salt-making
Kenneth Loren ‘Hoagy’ Hoagland
Cloudy, cold and
becoming rainy
Mostly cloudy and chilly
Tillamook
25/35
SUN AND MOON
Time
5:32 a.m.
5:18 p.m.
Chilly with times of
clouds and sun
39
33
Shown is tomorrow's weather. Temperatures are tonight's lows and tomorrow's highs.
ASTORIA
24/38
Precipitation
Monday ............................................ Trace
Month to date ................................... 0.09"
Normal month to date ....................... 0.69"
Year to date ...................................... 0.09"
Normal year to date .......................... 0.69"
Jan 5
43
29
they would have access to salt
stashed there before, as well as
plains of roaming buffalo.
OBITUARIES
SATURDAY
REGIONAL WEATHER
Astoria through Monday.
Temperatures
High/low ....................................... 39°/33°
Normal high/low ........................... 49°/37°
Record high ............................ 61° in 1981
Record low ............................. 21° in 1974
First
39
26
Brisk and cold with plenty
of sunshine
Breezy, frigid
FRIDAY
goods and salt. By the time
they were at the station camp
at the mouth of the Columbia
River, the situation was dire.
Unable to rely on trade
with the Native Americans to
get provisions, offi cers had to
make an important decision.
According to the journal of
Pvt. Joseph Whitehouse, the
offi cers “had our whole party
assemble in order to consult
which place would be best
for us to take up our winter
quarters.”
During the winter of
December 1805, the expedi-
tion set up their winter camp at
Fort Clatsop.
On Dec. 8, Clark set out to
fi nd a direct route to the ocean.
On Dec. 28, Joseph Field, Wil-
liam Bratton and George Gib-
son followed, making their
way to the coast near a Clatsop
village about 15 miles south of
Fort Clatsop, bearing fi ve large
kettles.
The salt-making began, as
the explorers harvested about 3
quarts to a gallon per day and
operated three kettles day and
night. The operation continued
through Feb. 21. Gibson and
Bratton, at least, were at the
salt works the entire time.
In all, the C orps harvested
about 28 gallons of salt.
They left for the return
journey with approximately 20
gallons — enough for a large
part of their return voyage.
They knew once they reached
the east side of the Rockies,
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