HOME COURSE
IN SCIENTIFIC
AGRICULTURE
FIFTH ARTICLE HOME
VEGETABLE GARDEN.
Bjr W. R. BEATTIE. Assistant Hortkal
tarist, Bareaa of Plant Industry,
Dcpartmcat ol Arrkullurt.
BT means of the home garden the
production of the vepetabl
uppljr for the family ta direct
ly under control and In many
ease la the only way whereby clean,
freoh produce may be aecured.
The work ef caring for a garden ta
usually done at arwre times, and for
this reason alone the location should
be near the dwelling. Many persona
prefer to plant the garden in a differ-
a rnnt hud or cacliflowkh.
ent location every fire or six years. A
gentle slope toward the south or south
east Is most desirable for the produc
tion of early crops. It Is an advantase
to have protection on the north and
northwest
Good natural dralnace of the garden
area Is of prime Importance. The land
should hare sufficient fall to drain off
surplus water during heavy rains, but
the fall should not be so great that the
soil will be washed. The surface of
the garden should not contain depres
sions. Waste water from surround
ing land should not flow toward the
garden, and the fall below should be
such that there will be no danger of
flood water backing up. The garden
should not be located along the banks
of a stream that will be liable to over
flow during the growing season.
A good fence around the garden plot
Is almost indispensable.
Where the work Is to be done mainly
by means of horse tools the arrange
ment should be such as to give the
longest possible rows, and straight out
lines should be followed. For hand cul
tivation the arrangement can be quite
different Horse cultivation la recom
mended whenever possible.
The second matter for consideration
Is the location of permanent crops and
small fruits. The area devoted to the
hotbed, cold frame and seed bed should
be decided upon, but these may be
shifted more or less from year to year
or located in some convenient place
outside of the garden. If a part of the
land Is low and moist such crops as
celery, onions and late cucumbers
should be placed there. If part of the
soil Is hich, warm and dry, that is the
proper location for early crops and
those that need quick, warm soli. The
land may be occupied at all times.
There are very few soils that are not
Improved by some form of drainage.
Autumn Is the time for plowing bard
or stiff clay soils, especially if In a
part of the country where freezing
takes place. Bandy loams and soils
that contain a large amount of humus
may be plowed in the spring, but the
work should be done early In order
that the soil may settle before plant
ing. In the southern states this proc
ess must be accomplished by means of
frequent cultivations. It la desirable
to plow the garden early.
Sandy soils will bear plowing much
earlier than heavy clay soils. In the
garden greater depth of plowing should
be practiced than for ordinary farm
crops. Subsolllng will be found advan
tageous In most cases. Hand spading
should be resorted to only in very small
gardens or where it is desirable to pre
pare a small area very thoroughly.
After plowing the neit Important
step is to Bmooth and pulverize the
soil. The pulverizing process should
extend as deep as the plowing. Some
gardeners prefer to cut the land thor
oughly with a disk harrow before plow
ing, so that when it is turned by the
plow the bottom soil will be fine and
mellow. After the plow the dink or
cutting harrow Is again brought into
play and the pulverizing process com
pleted. If the soil Is a trifle too dry
and contains lumps It may be neces
sary to use a roller or clod crusher.
For garden crops there is no fer
tilizer that will compare with good,
well rotted barnyard manure. Chick
en, pigeon and sheep manures rank
high as fertilizers. The manure from
fowls is especially adapted for drop
ping In the hills or rows of plants.
Market gardeners frequently apply
2,500 pounds of high grade fertilizer
per acre each year.
Many of the garden seeds lose their
vitality after one year's time.
Throughout the northern states it Is
desirable to start plants of certain
crops before the danger of frost has
passed. The simplest method of start
ing a limited number of early plants
Is by means of a shallow box placed
. In a south window of the dwelling.
I After the plants appear the lxi should
be turned en.h day to prevout Uia
plants drawing toward the light
The most common method of start
tng rarly plant lu the north Is by
moans of hotbed. In the north the
ootUnl ahould b started lu February
or early In March. It Is desirable to
have a supply of straw or loose ma
nure on hand to throw over the bed
In case of extremely cold weather.
I hiring bright days the hotbed will
heat very quickly from the sunshine on
the glass, and It will be necessary to
ventllnte during the early morning by
slightly raising the sash on the oppo
site side from the wind. Car should
lie taken tn ventilating to protect the
plants from draft of cold air. To
ward evening close the sash.
Hotbeds should be watered on bright
days and In the morning only. After
watering, the bed should be well vn
tllated.
In the north the use of the cold
frame Is f.r hardening off plants that
have been started In the hotbed, pre
paratory to setting them In the garden.
In the south the cold frame Is made to
take the place of the hotbed In start
ing early plants.
Good soil for a seed bed, a apeclally
prepared place for starting plants, con
sists of oue part of well rotted manure,
two parts of good garden loam or rot
ted sods and one part of sharp, flu
sand. The manure abould be thorough
ly rotted, but It should not have been
exposed to the. weather and the
strength leached out of It The addi
tion of leaf mold or peat will teud to
make the soil better adapted for seed
bed purposes. Mix all the tugredtruta
together In a heap, stirring well with a
shovel, after which the soli should be
sifted and placet! In boxes or In the bed
ready for sowing the seed.
Weed seeds and the spores of fun
gous diseases may be killed by placing
the soli In pans and baking It for an
hour In a hot oven.
No definite rule can be given for the
depth to which seeds should be plant
ed. In all cases the depth should be
uniform. The seed bed should be nei
ther dry nor too wet.
l'lants grown lu a house, hotbed or
cold frame will require to tie hardened
off before planting In the garden.
Hardening off Is usually accomplished
by ventilating freely and by reducing
the amount of water applied to the
plant bed. The plant bed should not
become too dry.
Some plants require protection from
the direct rays of the sun in summer
or from cold in whiter, nud there are
many that need special protection
while they are quite small. Seedlings
of many of the garden crops are un
able to force their way through the
crust formed on the soil after heavy
rains, and it Is necessary either to
break the crust with a steel rake or
soften It by watering.
For protecting plants from cold In
winter several kinds of materials are
used, such as boards, cloth, pine
boughs, straw, manure or leavea.
There are a number of crops of a trop
ical nature that may be grown far
north, provided they are properly pro
tected during the winter.
Several of the annual crops can be
matured much earlier In the spring If
they are planted In the autumn and
protected during the winter. A mulch
of manure, straw or leaves forms a
good protection, but care should be
taken that the mulch does not contain
seeds.
Frequent shallow cultivation should
be employed fr most garden crops,
and during dry weather the depth
should not exceed two Inches. By
keeping the surface soil well stirred
what Is termed a "dust mulch" Is
formed, and, while this layer of fine
ly divided soil will become quite dry,
It prevents the escape of moisture
through the pores of the soli. A mulch
consisting of flue manure, clippings
from the lawn or any similar material,
spread to a distance of ten or twelve
inches around the plants, will preserve
the moisture, but the mulch should not
be so heavy as to exclude the air.
A crust forming over the soil after a
rain or watering is detrimental to
plant growth and should be broken up
as soon as the land can be worked. To
CHOSB SECTIOS OF PSRMiJtlWP HOTBED
WITH KNLAHOKU PIT.
determine when the soil Is sufficiently
dry for cultivation apply the usual test
of squeezing in the hand. If the soil
adheres in a ball it is too wet
There are a number of one horse culti
vators that are especially adapted for
work in the garden. The hand tools
should Include a spade, a spading fork,
a cut steel rake, a ten foot measuring
pole, a line for laying off rows, a stand
ard hoe. a narrow hoe, dibbles, a trow
el, an assortment of hnnd weeders, a
watering can, a wheelbarrow, and if
the work is to be done largely by hand
the outfit should also include some
form of wheel hoe.
In the control of Insects and diseases
that Infest garden crops it is often
possible to accomplish a great amount
of good by careful sanitary manage
ment. In the autumn any refuse that
remains should be gathered and placed
in the compost heap or burned if dis
eased or infested with Insects. Several
of the garden insects find protection
during the winter under boards and
any loose material that may remain In
the garden. Dead vines or leaves of
plants are frequently covered with dis
ease spores and should be burned.
gfF "mwwwp waajw r jjNa
A SANITARY FOUNTAIN.
Equipped With Bubbling Cups That
Can Be Lifted ts ths Lips.
The one great disadvantage of the
ordinary bubbling cup sanitary foun
tain Ilea lu the fact that the drinker,
whether they be men, womeu or chil
dren, tall, short, fat or thin, must lae
their lip to the cup Instead of placing
the cup to the lips.
In an endeavor to remedy this disad
vantage on sanitary drinking foun
tain manufacturer has designed a bub
bler which may be raised to th height
BASIT1KT DH1NKIMU Fol'HTAIN.
of the Hi's, so that the user may stand
In a perfectly easy and uatural posi
tion while drlukltig. This Is mad pos
sible by a hose ami cup arrangement,
the hose consisting of a double tube.
The Inner tube ts the feed nip for the
bubbler, and the outer tube acts as n
waste pipe, carrying away the surplus
water while the person Is drinking
The flow of water through the Inner
tui'o Is coutiuuou", no matter what the
position of the cup. but when the eup
Is lowered Into its position lu the foun
Uin baslu the water dons over It and
discharges Into the basin Instead of
being carried away by (he outer tube.
Detecting Thunderstorms,
With Instruments Installed at the
Lyons observatory M. Flajolet has
noted atmospheric electrical disturb
ances when these were at a consider
able dlstauce. and in some cases storms
were observed wheii they were nr
much as 300 miles off. He used a mod
tiled wireless telegraphy out tit and
fouud that an electrolytic detector was
not good for this kind of work, as It
needs to be left constantly on the cir
cuit and hence gets out of order. A
mineral detector made with sulphide
of lead and flue roper points answered
very well, however, and It Is as sensi
tive as the other type. A relay could
be used to take the storm signals, but
when the atmospheric effect was fur
off the curreut was much weaker and
had to be received by a sensitive gal
vanometer with photographic register
ing. In this way he could observe the
effects of storms at great distances
which would take at least twenty-four
hours to arrive.
Concerning Lightning Rods.
Experts now consider that there Is
more danger from lightning to any
thing standing alone than to any
building In a city. The theory Is
that the many points offered by the
city buildings tend to conduct a slleut
discharge constantly from the atmos
phere. Thus the tentlnl differences
and the static force never IrtN-ome as
great over a city as they do In the
oien where there Is no opportunity
for such continuous discharge. The
force of the lightning depends upon the
potential difference It seems, there
fore, that lightning rods would be of
much more benefit In the country than
In a city. Again, when the enormous
force and volume of a lightning dis
charge Is considered. It Is doubtful If
a small rod could have the capacity to
convey so much current, although It
might help some. Cleveland I'laln
Dealer.
A Railway Ua Mount Popocatepetl.
It Is planned to run an electric rail
way up to the volcanic crater of th
famous Mount Popocatepetl, Mexico,
for the primary purpose of transact
ing the sulphur, of which this crater
Is one or the world's greatest sources,
to the base of the mountain. Inci
dentally the railway will also be used
to carry tourists. Between the alti
tudes of 7,000 and 15jOO feet It will
be operated as an ordinary traction
road, but above this the acclivity is
too great to be so mounted, and the
remainder of the distance to the sum
mit which Is 17,71)4 feet above sea
level, will be by cog road.
Decarbonization of Motor Cylinders.
A new method of decarbonizntlon of
gasoline engine cylinders. Imported
from England and giving promise of
considerable success In the eradication
of carbon deposit troubles, consists of
Injecting oxygen Into the cylinders by
menus of a special apparatus. The cyl
inders are first warmed by running the
engine a few minutes, and then, on the
application of a llaine. the oxygen
combines with the cnrlion until the
whole is burnt away. No dismantling
of the engine Is necessary In this
method of decarbonizntlon. which
means a saving of time and trouble.
How to Drive Nails to Avoid Splitting.
When It Is necessary to drive nnils
In places where there Is danger of
splitting and a drill of the proper size
Is not at hand for starting a hole,
simply Hie or grind the point of the
nail to a chisel edge instead of the
regular four sided point, and drive the
nail with the sharp edge thus made
cutting across or at right angles to
the grain of the wood.
I'll I U llll 'lil l
"Such shipments mean StuJehaker
has the confidence of the farmer'
Every year over one hundred thousand horse
driven vehicle are sold by SluJehal(er, Over million
Studebaker vehicle ara always in use. Stop and
think what that mean.
Thi. enormoua output mean that Farmer the
men who know depend upon SluJtbol(r wagon lo
do their work.
And a StuJehaker wagon never fail. It i always
ready to do big day' work and to keep on doing
it. There ara thousand of Studebaker wagon that
have been in service from 20 to 40 years,
A 5ftiaVMr waann is real buunra tMH. Wheat, bo.lv,
frame, ailra and running grr h.ve been letted aad wnaaiad by
ein. You run buy cheaper wagons but they're not StuMJttt
nor will they but kk StvJtiJt wagons,
Whrthr in city, town or country, h buetneae or pUaaura,
there ia a SluJtioktr vehicle ta moat your tmjuiiamaitfa. farm
wogurta, Irutka, contractor' vagona, bumpaa, eurraya, runabouta,
pony carnage, btuineaa and delivery wagons aa h the beet ul lis
kind. Studcbaior barncaa alio, ol (vary description.
Set our Plata w vtilt ,
STUDEBAKER South Bend. Ind.
wtwr vpk
D. P. Adamson & Co.,
Druggist!
For Drugs, Patent Medicine, Chemicals
Lowney's Candies, Ice Cream Soda, Sta
tionery and Prescription see
D. P. Adamson & Co.
DeLAVAL
Cream Separators
Sold on Easy Terms
Pioneer
Prineville, Oregon
excursions cast.
Daily, May 28 to September 30
Return limit October 31. Choice of route and bIod over in each
Choice of
direction.
LOW ROUND
Baltimore 1107.50
Honton 110.00
liuffalo 92.00
Chicago 72.50
Colorado Springs 55.00
Denver 55 00
Deg Moines 05.70
Detroit 83.50
Duluth (10.00
Indianapolis 79.90
Kansas City... C0.00
LIMITED TRAINS EAST
The train leaving Bond 6:45 a, m., Redmond 7:24 a. m., Terre
bonne 7:36 a. m., Culver 8:09 a. m., Metolius 8:30 a. m., Madras 8:40
a. m., Maupin 10:48 a. m., makes direct connection at Fallbridgo with
limited train eaBt via Spokane, Portland & Seattle Railway.
Train schedules and other details will be furnished on request.
Baggage checked and Bleeping car accommodations arranged through
to destination if desired.
U. II. CROZIER,
II. BAUKOL, Ajrent, Asst. Gen'l Pass. Ajrent, Portland, Ore.
Redmond, Ore, W. C. WILKKS,
5-1-tf Asst. Gen'l Freight & PasB. Agt., Portland, Ore.
rmroo Pauaa Kansas cut iwii
AL1 LAH.S CnV Mtl ntlMtol PuKrLaMl.oka.
Cream Co.
r- . i
regonThRy.
CENTRAL OREGON LINE
TRIP FARES
Milwaukee $ 72.50
Minneapolis 60.00
New York 108.50
Omaha (iO.OO
Philadelphia 108.50
Pittsburgh 91.50
St. Louis 70.00
8t. Paul (iO.OO
Toronto 92.00
Washington 107.50
Winnepeg 60.00
Sunshine Lamp
iMtK'amll Power
FREE
1 t Trv In Vm Own Noma
T-V ' Ul liTht
Si - .wr.. llJ at 11
Mi, iitiW. hf IM A f.lttl ."fcL.,A
wir H. mm it tgi.i ft-.. LaTj;
I mmttmm aaaUa4V Atwyiylw li I at".
COSTS 1 CERT A RICHTI-x, i 1
. W HI pay rW IIMlf la nln.tr day. I I A . I
t.at malla lama la lha M aa mm4
Na wtaa. aa ahlmaav, aa atanil.1 f
(raabla, aarflrt. aa aUr. aa amok. I a. M
tiuaraalaad t yaata, foa MALa Hl
tiuaraaiaad yaata, fuaVaLalul
Norma I'. Ilrlkiiap Jr., Agl, 1'rltif vttlar.
r
"RECEPTION"
Champ Smith, Propr
Imported and Domestic
Cigars
H Famous Whukiet
J OIJ Crow; I lemiitnge; Red
1 Top Rye; Yellow Stone;
J Canndian Cluh; Cream
Rye; James E. Pepper;
1 Moore's Malt
ij Porter, Ale and Olympia
4 Draft Beer on Tap.
4
Imported Wines and
Liquors.
4
The Brosius Bar
Finest Brand of Wine,
Liquor and Cigar.
LAGER BEER ON DRAUGHT
F. E. BROSIUS, Proprietor
I'lilma tiinlco goal, we ran
antl aliifitlil,
V (ink-lit tn (ob irk to Hid kikxIh;
Kor llm frlluw who ilnyn, In tlivxi
molcrn iliiv,(
la the man who iMivern the)
yooiU.
We am livro ami ara ilttllvurlnK
Ilia K'xulii. am) you wiMli to lie
liown roniB In we are reaily to
allow you that we do H'XI work,
I'ortmita, Copvinn ami Kiilaridnn,
Aleo Amattier KininMiiK.
Lafler's Studio
We at rive to pli-nao
Fruit Trees!
Central Oregon Crown
The only kind you can nllurd
to plant. ILLUSTRATED
-.-.TALOGUE FREE. Wrlte
for one. I'rlc low enough
to Biirprlse you.
Lafollette Nursery Co.
Prineville, 8 0 . Oregon
The Oregon Bar
At th Old Stand
G. W. Wiley & Co., Prps
All kinds of Choice Liquors
Wines and Cigars.
Famous Ranier Beer in
Bottles and on Draft.
P