HOME COURSE IN SCIENTIFIC AGRICULTURE FIFTH ARTICLE HOME VEGETABLE GARDEN. Bjr W. R. BEATTIE. Assistant Hortkal tarist, Bareaa of Plant Industry, Dcpartmcat ol Arrkullurt. BT means of the home garden the production of the vepetabl uppljr for the family ta direct ly under control and In many ease la the only way whereby clean, freoh produce may be aecured. The work ef caring for a garden ta usually done at arwre times, and for this reason alone the location should be near the dwelling. Many persona prefer to plant the garden in a differ- a rnnt hud or cacliflowkh. ent location every fire or six years. A gentle slope toward the south or south east Is most desirable for the produc tion of early crops. It Is an advantase to have protection on the north and northwest Good natural dralnace of the garden area Is of prime Importance. The land should hare sufficient fall to drain off surplus water during heavy rains, but the fall should not be so great that the soil will be washed. The surface of the garden should not contain depres sions. Waste water from surround ing land should not flow toward the garden, and the fall below should be such that there will be no danger of flood water backing up. The garden should not be located along the banks of a stream that will be liable to over flow during the growing season. A good fence around the garden plot Is almost indispensable. Where the work Is to be done mainly by means of horse tools the arrange ment should be such as to give the longest possible rows, and straight out lines should be followed. For hand cul tivation the arrangement can be quite different Horse cultivation la recom mended whenever possible. The second matter for consideration Is the location of permanent crops and small fruits. The area devoted to the hotbed, cold frame and seed bed should be decided upon, but these may be shifted more or less from year to year or located in some convenient place outside of the garden. If a part of the land Is low and moist such crops as celery, onions and late cucumbers should be placed there. If part of the soil Is hich, warm and dry, that is the proper location for early crops and those that need quick, warm soli. The land may be occupied at all times. There are very few soils that are not Improved by some form of drainage. Autumn Is the time for plowing bard or stiff clay soils, especially if In a part of the country where freezing takes place. Bandy loams and soils that contain a large amount of humus may be plowed in the spring, but the work should be done early In order that the soil may settle before plant ing. In the southern states this proc ess must be accomplished by means of frequent cultivations. It la desirable to plow the garden early. Sandy soils will bear plowing much earlier than heavy clay soils. In the garden greater depth of plowing should be practiced than for ordinary farm crops. Subsolllng will be found advan tageous In most cases. Hand spading should be resorted to only in very small gardens or where it is desirable to pre pare a small area very thoroughly. After plowing the neit Important step is to Bmooth and pulverize the soil. The pulverizing process should extend as deep as the plowing. Some gardeners prefer to cut the land thor oughly with a disk harrow before plow ing, so that when it is turned by the plow the bottom soil will be fine and mellow. After the plow the dink or cutting harrow Is again brought into play and the pulverizing process com pleted. If the soil Is a trifle too dry and contains lumps It may be neces sary to use a roller or clod crusher. For garden crops there is no fer tilizer that will compare with good, well rotted barnyard manure. Chick en, pigeon and sheep manures rank high as fertilizers. The manure from fowls is especially adapted for drop ping In the hills or rows of plants. Market gardeners frequently apply 2,500 pounds of high grade fertilizer per acre each year. Many of the garden seeds lose their vitality after one year's time. Throughout the northern states it Is desirable to start plants of certain crops before the danger of frost has passed. The simplest method of start ing a limited number of early plants Is by means of a shallow box placed . In a south window of the dwelling. I After the plants appear the lxi should be turned en.h day to prevout Uia plants drawing toward the light The most common method of start tng rarly plant lu the north Is by moans of hotbed. In the north the ootUnl ahould b started lu February or early In March. It Is desirable to have a supply of straw or loose ma nure on hand to throw over the bed In case of extremely cold weather. I hiring bright days the hotbed will heat very quickly from the sunshine on the glass, and It will be necessary to ventllnte during the early morning by slightly raising the sash on the oppo site side from the wind. Car should lie taken tn ventilating to protect the plants from draft of cold air. To ward evening close the sash. Hotbeds should be watered on bright days and In the morning only. After watering, the bed should be well vn tllated. In the north the use of the cold frame Is f.r hardening off plants that have been started In the hotbed, pre paratory to setting them In the garden. In the south the cold frame Is made to take the place of the hotbed In start ing early plants. Good soil for a seed bed, a apeclally prepared place for starting plants, con sists of oue part of well rotted manure, two parts of good garden loam or rot ted sods and one part of sharp, flu sand. The manure abould be thorough ly rotted, but It should not have been exposed to the. weather and the strength leached out of It The addi tion of leaf mold or peat will teud to make the soil better adapted for seed bed purposes. Mix all the tugredtruta together In a heap, stirring well with a shovel, after which the soli should be sifted and placet! In boxes or In the bed ready for sowing the seed. Weed seeds and the spores of fun gous diseases may be killed by placing the soli In pans and baking It for an hour In a hot oven. No definite rule can be given for the depth to which seeds should be plant ed. In all cases the depth should be uniform. The seed bed should be nei ther dry nor too wet. l'lants grown lu a house, hotbed or cold frame will require to tie hardened off before planting In the garden. Hardening off Is usually accomplished by ventilating freely and by reducing the amount of water applied to the plant bed. The plant bed should not become too dry. Some plants require protection from the direct rays of the sun in summer or from cold in whiter, nud there are many that need special protection while they are quite small. Seedlings of many of the garden crops are un able to force their way through the crust formed on the soil after heavy rains, and it Is necessary either to break the crust with a steel rake or soften It by watering. For protecting plants from cold In winter several kinds of materials are used, such as boards, cloth, pine boughs, straw, manure or leavea. There are a number of crops of a trop ical nature that may be grown far north, provided they are properly pro tected during the winter. Several of the annual crops can be matured much earlier In the spring If they are planted In the autumn and protected during the winter. A mulch of manure, straw or leaves forms a good protection, but care should be taken that the mulch does not contain seeds. Frequent shallow cultivation should be employed fr most garden crops, and during dry weather the depth should not exceed two Inches. By keeping the surface soil well stirred what Is termed a "dust mulch" Is formed, and, while this layer of fine ly divided soil will become quite dry, It prevents the escape of moisture through the pores of the soli. A mulch consisting of flue manure, clippings from the lawn or any similar material, spread to a distance of ten or twelve inches around the plants, will preserve the moisture, but the mulch should not be so heavy as to exclude the air. A crust forming over the soil after a rain or watering is detrimental to plant growth and should be broken up as soon as the land can be worked. To CHOSB SECTIOS OF PSRMiJtlWP HOTBED WITH KNLAHOKU PIT. determine when the soil Is sufficiently dry for cultivation apply the usual test of squeezing in the hand. If the soil adheres in a ball it is too wet There are a number of one horse culti vators that are especially adapted for work in the garden. The hand tools should Include a spade, a spading fork, a cut steel rake, a ten foot measuring pole, a line for laying off rows, a stand ard hoe. a narrow hoe, dibbles, a trow el, an assortment of hnnd weeders, a watering can, a wheelbarrow, and if the work is to be done largely by hand the outfit should also include some form of wheel hoe. In the control of Insects and diseases that Infest garden crops it is often possible to accomplish a great amount of good by careful sanitary manage ment. In the autumn any refuse that remains should be gathered and placed in the compost heap or burned if dis eased or infested with Insects. Several of the garden insects find protection during the winter under boards and any loose material that may remain In the garden. Dead vines or leaves of plants are frequently covered with dis ease spores and should be burned. gfF "mwwwp waajw r jjNa A SANITARY FOUNTAIN. Equipped With Bubbling Cups That Can Be Lifted ts ths Lips. The one great disadvantage of the ordinary bubbling cup sanitary foun tain Ilea lu the fact that the drinker, whether they be men, womeu or chil dren, tall, short, fat or thin, must lae their lip to the cup Instead of placing the cup to the lips. In an endeavor to remedy this disad vantage on sanitary drinking foun tain manufacturer has designed a bub bler which may be raised to th height BASIT1KT DH1NKIMU Fol'HTAIN. of the Hi's, so that the user may stand In a perfectly easy and uatural posi tion while drlukltig. This Is mad pos sible by a hose ami cup arrangement, the hose consisting of a double tube. The Inner tube ts the feed nip for the bubbler, and the outer tube acts as n waste pipe, carrying away the surplus water while the person Is drinking The flow of water through the Inner tui'o Is coutiuuou", no matter what the position of the cup. but when the eup Is lowered Into its position lu the foun Uin baslu the water dons over It and discharges Into the basin Instead of being carried away by (he outer tube. Detecting Thunderstorms, With Instruments Installed at the Lyons observatory M. Flajolet has noted atmospheric electrical disturb ances when these were at a consider able dlstauce. and in some cases storms were observed wheii they were nr much as 300 miles off. He used a mod tiled wireless telegraphy out tit and fouud that an electrolytic detector was not good for this kind of work, as It needs to be left constantly on the cir cuit and hence gets out of order. A mineral detector made with sulphide of lead and flue roper points answered very well, however, and It Is as sensi tive as the other type. A relay could be used to take the storm signals, but when the atmospheric effect was fur off the curreut was much weaker and had to be received by a sensitive gal vanometer with photographic register ing. In this way he could observe the effects of storms at great distances which would take at least twenty-four hours to arrive. Concerning Lightning Rods. Experts now consider that there Is more danger from lightning to any thing standing alone than to any building In a city. The theory Is that the many points offered by the city buildings tend to conduct a slleut discharge constantly from the atmos phere. Thus the tentlnl differences and the static force never IrtN-ome as great over a city as they do In the oien where there Is no opportunity for such continuous discharge. The force of the lightning depends upon the potential difference It seems, there fore, that lightning rods would be of much more benefit In the country than In a city. Again, when the enormous force and volume of a lightning dis charge Is considered. It Is doubtful If a small rod could have the capacity to convey so much current, although It might help some. Cleveland I'laln Dealer. A Railway Ua Mount Popocatepetl. It Is planned to run an electric rail way up to the volcanic crater of th famous Mount Popocatepetl, Mexico, for the primary purpose of transact ing the sulphur, of which this crater Is one or the world's greatest sources, to the base of the mountain. Inci dentally the railway will also be used to carry tourists. Between the alti tudes of 7,000 and 15jOO feet It will be operated as an ordinary traction road, but above this the acclivity is too great to be so mounted, and the remainder of the distance to the sum mit which Is 17,71)4 feet above sea level, will be by cog road. Decarbonization of Motor Cylinders. A new method of decarbonizntlon of gasoline engine cylinders. Imported from England and giving promise of considerable success In the eradication of carbon deposit troubles, consists of Injecting oxygen Into the cylinders by menus of a special apparatus. The cyl inders are first warmed by running the engine a few minutes, and then, on the application of a llaine. the oxygen combines with the cnrlion until the whole is burnt away. No dismantling of the engine Is necessary In this method of decarbonizntlon. which means a saving of time and trouble. How to Drive Nails to Avoid Splitting. When It Is necessary to drive nnils In places where there Is danger of splitting and a drill of the proper size Is not at hand for starting a hole, simply Hie or grind the point of the nail to a chisel edge instead of the regular four sided point, and drive the nail with the sharp edge thus made cutting across or at right angles to the grain of the wood. I'll I U llll 'lil l "Such shipments mean StuJehaker has the confidence of the farmer' Every year over one hundred thousand horse driven vehicle are sold by SluJehal(er, Over million Studebaker vehicle ara always in use. Stop and think what that mean. Thi. enormoua output mean that Farmer the men who know depend upon SluJtbol(r wagon lo do their work. And a StuJehaker wagon never fail. It i always ready to do big day' work and to keep on doing it. There ara thousand of Studebaker wagon that have been in service from 20 to 40 years, A 5ftiaVMr waann is real buunra tMH. Wheat, bo.lv, frame, ailra and running grr h.ve been letted aad wnaaiad by ein. You run buy cheaper wagons but they're not StuMJttt nor will they but kk StvJtiJt wagons, Whrthr in city, town or country, h buetneae or pUaaura, there ia a SluJtioktr vehicle ta moat your tmjuiiamaitfa. farm wogurta, Irutka, contractor' vagona, bumpaa, eurraya, runabouta, pony carnage, btuineaa and delivery wagons aa h the beet ul lis kind. Studcbaior barncaa alio, ol (vary description. Set our Plata w vtilt , STUDEBAKER South Bend. Ind. wtwr vpk D. P. Adamson & Co., Druggist! For Drugs, Patent Medicine, Chemicals Lowney's Candies, Ice Cream Soda, Sta tionery and Prescription see D. P. Adamson & Co. DeLAVAL Cream Separators Sold on Easy Terms Pioneer Prineville, Oregon excursions cast. Daily, May 28 to September 30 Return limit October 31. Choice of route and bIod over in each Choice of direction. LOW ROUND Baltimore 1107.50 Honton 110.00 liuffalo 92.00 Chicago 72.50 Colorado Springs 55.00 Denver 55 00 Deg Moines 05.70 Detroit 83.50 Duluth (10.00 Indianapolis 79.90 Kansas City... C0.00 LIMITED TRAINS EAST The train leaving Bond 6:45 a, m., Redmond 7:24 a. m., Terre bonne 7:36 a. m., Culver 8:09 a. m., Metolius 8:30 a. m., Madras 8:40 a. m., Maupin 10:48 a. m., makes direct connection at Fallbridgo with limited train eaBt via Spokane, Portland & Seattle Railway. Train schedules and other details will be furnished on request. Baggage checked and Bleeping car accommodations arranged through to destination if desired. U. II. CROZIER, II. BAUKOL, Ajrent, Asst. Gen'l Pass. Ajrent, Portland, Ore. Redmond, Ore, W. C. WILKKS, 5-1-tf Asst. Gen'l Freight & PasB. Agt., Portland, Ore. rmroo Pauaa Kansas cut iwii AL1 LAH.S CnV Mtl ntlMtol PuKrLaMl.oka. Cream Co. r- . i regonThRy. CENTRAL OREGON LINE TRIP FARES Milwaukee $ 72.50 Minneapolis 60.00 New York 108.50 Omaha (iO.OO Philadelphia 108.50 Pittsburgh 91.50 St. Louis 70.00 8t. Paul (iO.OO Toronto 92.00 Washington 107.50 Winnepeg 60.00 Sunshine Lamp iMtK'amll Power FREE 1 t Trv In Vm Own Noma T-V ' Ul liTht Si - .wr.. llJ at 11 Mi, iitiW. hf IM A f.lttl ."fcL.,A wir H. mm it tgi.i ft-.. LaTj; I mmttmm aaaUa4V Atwyiylw li I at". COSTS 1 CERT A RICHTI-x, i 1 . W HI pay rW IIMlf la nln.tr day. I I A . I t.at malla lama la lha M aa mm4 Na wtaa. aa ahlmaav, aa atanil.1 f (raabla, aarflrt. aa aUr. aa amok. 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