THE WEST SHORE.
6?
population apnroximatiug 100, and contains a uniuu doxt
hotel, several stores, etc Soatoo is a Btation on the
Northern Pacific, where the Territorial Ponitontiary is
located. Au iiuiueuse sash and door factory, supplied
with the latest and best maohinory, has just been estab
lished there, the intention being to employ convict labor.
Yelra is another station on the Northern Paoifio, whore
two stores, saloon and a blacksmith shop are located.
This is the shipping point for Yelni Prairio, ono of the
noted agricultural regions of the Sound. Sovon milos
southeast of Tenino are tho Cherry Hill Coal Minos,
owned by J. W. Sprague and It Wingato, who are the
chief stockholders in the 0. & C. V. R. R This road
will be extended to the minos the coming spring, and ooal
will be conveyed to Olympia for shipment The coal is
of a superior quality, and these gontlemen have ainplo
capital. Their railroad pays a largor porcontago on its
cost than any other in this region, and the extension will
give it still greater profits.
It is evident that Thurston muHt in the coining years
increase largely in population and wealth, since she has
land for the homesteader, timbor and water xwer for the
manufacturer, and a good soajHjrt town from which her
products may be shipped to the world's markets.
BLACK WALNUT CULTURE.
AT a meeting of the Indiana State Board of Agricul
ture, Mr. W. H. Ilagan road a paper on black wal
nut in which he gave the following directions for planting
and cultivating: Prepare your ground by breaking and
harrowing in the fall. Furrow it off each way as you
would for corn, except that the rows should be alxmt
seven feet apart Take the nut fresh from the troos it
is not necessary that they should be hullod placing two
nuts in each crossing. This is to ensure gotting a good
stand. The nuts should be ooverod very shallow, just
enough earth to hide tliera. In the spring the land
should be furrowed oil midway between tho rows of nuts,
and the spaces planted with oorn or potatoes. Cultivate
as you would a crop of corn, by cross plowing, being
careful to give the young troos a fair chance and good,
cloan culture. The second spring thin out your plants
to one tree to the hill. If thore are spaces entirely miss
ing, thoy may be filled by transplanting from the hills
containing duplicates. The second, and perhaps tho
third, year it will pay to cultivate oorn botwoon the rows,
after which the trees should be regularly cultivated until
thoy fully occupy the ground, so as to keep down by their
shade all weeds and grass.- The period at which cultiva
tion may be discontinued cannot be definitely stated, as
much will dopond upon the character of the seasons and
quality of the soil. Of course, seven foot each way will
be too close for pormnnont trees; but as they will protect
each other when small, and make much better growth, it
is preferable to have thoin closely planted. Whon they
begin to grow, the alternate tree in each row may bo re
moved. The tree thus removed will be of sufficient size
to be useful in various ways on the farm. A second
thinning will, in a few years, be necessary.
STEPTOE AND WRIGHT'S CAMPAIGNS.
1ROM the fall of 1855 to tho summer of 1856 an Iudian
war raged along the Columbia Rivor. The disaf
fected tribes oouttinUnl ut Hie Yakima, KliukiluU, Du
Chutes, Walla Wallas, Palousos, Spokaues, and portions
of tho Cayuses, Ceour d'Alonos and others, not all of
which engagod in active hostilities. Those tribes could
have put in tho Sold from three to four thousand war
riors, and had thoy combined in fact, as was then foarod
and bolioved by the pooplo, the ooiiHoquoncos would havo
boon fearful to contemplate As it was, thoir hostility
was manifested in spaHinodio and diHoonoortod acts, ohiolly
on the defensive against strong bod ins of voluutooni
which invadod Eastern Oregon and Eastern Washington
from the Willamette Valley and Fugot Sound. Gonoral
Wool, Commandor-in-Chief of tho Department of tho
Paoifio, was not in sympathy with tho hostilo measures of
the Territorial authorities, and rofuHod to pormit tho
regular troops stationed at Tho Dallos, Vanoouvor and
Fort Stoilaooom to participate in these offensive cam
paigns, restricting thorn to purely defensive operations,
for the purM)so of protecting tho settlements from attack.
His reasons for so doing were that the hostilos wore not
solely to blame for the condition of affairs; that troatios
which they were accused of violating had nover Irnon
ratifiod by Congress and wore not yot in effect; and that
in tho winter snason a foroo stationed at strategical points
was ample protection from invasion of tho settlements by
tho disaffected trilos were such action contemplated by
them. lie, however, ordored tho Ninth Infantry to tho
Columbia, and plaood Colonel Georgo Wright in com
mand of all tho regulars in this region, himself remain
ing nt department howlqnartors in San Francisco.
After the volunteers had maintainod thomsolvos in
the Walla Walla country as long as possible, and made
in the spring of 185(1 an ineffectual campaign north of
Snake River, owing to tho fact that tho Indians retired
before them and refused to risk a battle, they returned
home and disbanded. Colonel Wright then arranged a
cessation of hostilities on tho ground of mutual forgive
noss for past conduct, and tho war was apparently over.
A Bomblance of peaoo prevailed everywhere. A strong
forco of regulars occupied tho Walla Walla country and
endeavored, whilo tho treaties wore lming ground through
the official mill at Washington, to stand as a bulwark
between tho two races, and prevent either from infringing
on the rights of tho other. A small saw mill was taken
up in tho spring of .1857, and lumber cut for the erection
of barracks and officers' quarters, which were built within
tho proseut limits of tho city of Walla Walla. In the
command of this post was Lieutenant-Colonel E. J. Stop
too, tho garrison consisting of several companies of tho
Ninth Infantry. Tho Indians were still in a hostilo
frame of mind, and the prosonco of the troops in their
country was distasteful to them, the feeling extending to
and affecting tho ir'Am as far north as tho Spokane.
This fooling is revealed in a letter written April 15, 1857,
by Father A. IIookon,of tho Flathead Mission, addressed
to a brother priest A paragraph of that epistle says: