THE WEST SHORE.
February, 1881.
38
HOW HANDLES ARE MADE,
Very llttU hu ever bean wri'ten or published
relating to this Industry. Nevertheless it hu
taken wonderful slridw ul grown to mammoth
proportion! during the put decade. More than
$5,000,000 worth of handles and other oommod
IUm manufactured in direct connection with
this Industry, are turned out (vary yew, When
we oome to ooneider that every home, etore,
manufactory, and barn in this broad land hu
from live to twenty handlee in every day use,
we will not be surprised, or think the above
llgurw overdrawn. It is our intention, however,
to ooorine ourealvee more especially to the man
ufacture nf implement handlee in this article.
In the Drat plane, it if essential that the man
ufactory should be situated in a locality where
can be found an abundanue of white ash, hick
ory, or maple timber. The log are out in bolt
of from four to twenty feet long, according to
the length of the handle to be mules then
drawn to the factory and sawed into plank.
Here, great care must be exercised to saw the
timber with particular relerenoe to the grain.
(July uwyera of years of eiperlenoaand adepts
in their particular line should be employed.
The durability and value of the handle depend
largely upon the Ilrst sawing.
The planks are sawed, out off, mails of a uni
form length, and taken to the lalheto be turned.
Hut a few years ago, a hundred llnished handles
wu considered an unusually good day's work
fur a single man to-day, oue man with a gauge
lathe, is callable of turning out from seven to
1.200 per diem, according- to the length and
hi of the handles. '1 he handles are next
taken to the chucking machine, where the hip
end it rounded and chucked i the bottom is at
the ume time seised or chucked to lit the fer
rule. This is rapidly dona, one man being able
to chuck half a oarload per day. It should be
remembered that the haudles are all turned
while the timber is yet green. Alter the ohuok
ing process, they are transferred to the dry kiln
to be seasoned. If the handles are to be bent,
they are steamed and plaoed in forms to oool,
alter which they are taken to the finishing room
and polished on sand bolt. I ml wertiil WorUl,
HaHU Soar r a Cold lWxjw.-Mr. It, P.
Fairlhorn, I'b. II., hu contributed the following
recipe to the IhnwiMt CtmUtr ; A good hard
soap cm be euily produced if four lbs. of olive
or sweet almond oil mixed with two lbs. of soda
lye, of the strength ol 30' ltaume, are stirred
unlU of the onosMteno of thick paste, when it
should be poured into molds, oovsred by several
folds of muslin and kept in a warm room (or 20
hour. Hy Una treatment the prooees of uponi
Boation, or union of the aoida in the oils with
the alkali, is complete. When these materials
are Oret mixed the temperature of the mau
rise, and in order to effect the entire union of
ingredient so M to form the oompound called
soap, it ia neoeeaary that the heat thus gener
ated should be maintained for some time, henoe
the necessity for covering the mollis and keeping
them ia a warm room, lie hu found that it ia
deairabla to use oil that ia slightly rancid, or,
II (re I rum rancidity, to add about 10 of oil
that hu become to. (til that ia perfectly sweet
requires two or three days to e fleet win
woo.
eponibea-
rMuTtMiftArNtmi rut Cu NoMiwrHaat. J ans
ae hu bees Induce,!, by hta late novel expert,
aseota, to undertake photographs of the ohro
MMpoer. He allow the aolar luminous action
to oonUnue so long that the aolar image be
oaM positive to the very otroamloreooo, with
outgoing beyond it. The ohroeaotphero le then
shown la the (ons of a dark ring, with the
tbiekaces of r or 10 He hu compared post,
tiv aad smativs aolar photograph, which
were) obtained oa the) aasM day and with the
a use ioatrssaeatl the Maanremaat of the
4 cswttr aboere that the dark ring ia question
I wholly osts.de of th aolar diek.-t'swmi
iWsa.
A Nw Pbopxbtv iw Bgtniioii. M. Blond
lot hu communicated the results of lome in
vestigation on a new property of selenium, whioh
is of timely interest In view of the famous re
searches ol Bell and Tainter. M. Blondlot fiadn
that when a piece of annealed selenium is con
nected to one pole of a l.ipptnann capillary
electrometer, by means of a platinum wire, ana
a plate of platinum is similarly connected to the
other pole, a comparatively powerful electric
current is developed by rubbing the selenium
against the platinum plate, u is shown by the
delleotion on the electrometer scale. Mere con
tact between the selenium and the metal pro
duces oo deviation from the xero; but the act
ol rubbing readily givetan electromotive force
equal to that of a sulphate of oopper call. As
if to take the effect still further out of the cate
gory of those already recognized, M. Blondlot
hu verified the facte that neither the rubbing
of two metals against each other, nor an isolat
ing substance against a metal, nor two isolating
subatanoes, can produce a change in the capillary
electrometer. The current flows through the
electrometer from the unrubbed to the rubbed
surface of the selenium. Now a thermo-eleotrio
ourrent set up by heating a selenium-platinum
junction would, u M. Blondlot points out, flow
through the electrometer from the hot selenium
surface to the cold one, or in precisely the op
posite direction; henoe, the novel effect oannot
be due to heat developed by the friction.
I.kakn to Hi.KKi'. The true art of sleeping is
the power to shut one's self within one's self
under any circumstances. The man who can
thus take rest is refreshed and strengthened un
der many circumstances which would keep other
people weary aud wakeful. He is master of
every situation u regards his own rest. Some
men, by long habit, find themselves able to take
sleep with the ume eaae that others would take
a glass of wster. They can sleep either while
perched on a high stool or rattling along in a
railroad oar at 40 miles an hour. The economy
ol wear and tear on the lives of such people u
wonderful. The man who oannot sleep unleu he
hu tint removed his clothes, put out the light
and climbed into his bed is at a great disadvan
tage, Urester yet is his disadvantage if he oan
sleep in no bed but his own. There are some
who are poaaossed with the notion that their
own bed ia the only one in which they oan slum-
uer. t ncu people are utterly wretched when
traveling, or obliged to absent themielve fiom
home oo buainess. But he who hu
himself to slevp.oan enjoy that boon at any time
or place, and is made better and happier
111 VU J,
Nw Patesth.-Dewey ft Co.' BriMTino
rx I atent Agenoy has rcoeived official notice
of the issue of the followiog patents to I'aoiflo
oout inventors, for the week ending January
18, 1S81:
250.708. wink ntih.t V II o n .
2.10.73O, or separator, E. W. Stephens, & F
,ui, inm enuar pail, J. I. moll, Sacra
mento, tat SM.stS. ooraet futeoing, Isidor
AT f?-1 Cr,,E Ul-' a3u.8u- g'" (land-
a. o. an r.ps, aiammoth Ulty, taL
January 23, 8M.-23o,3, oar brake, E. ft
J. K Daws. IW Bluir. Cat, 237.011, glove,
0. UuilUrd. H. K. 237,015. bule stopper,
Hgele Haa Joee, Cal. 2:t,8tW, music chart,
Minna Knann. H I? .!? n'li ?
- - in .. "i rruiaior, 4.
XUrrjlt , A. Ford 8. K.i 237.038. ironing
boa.d.M. Miles, udroy. Cel. 230 907. plow"
U Mowrey, ritocklon, Cai 230.934, aarrinr
"Uaa. Rii I .k.ll t .
. w a now wnose
T . t - ' . , sir i i now are my
ahowl ery liU of you to oall 'm ferry
T . Ji1,dB,, y '""y bo'. Mrc,y.0 nS
asderstood me-'fairy boot.' I aaid, my dear
BOYS AND CIGAKETTE3.
Physicians and moralist alike are pained br
the spectacle.growing mora common every day,of
palc-laced lads.rangirjRin age from IB to 20ycar,
who are puffing their little live away in ciga
rette smoking. Day anil night they throng tha
streets, where the peculiarly offensive odor gen
erated by cigarettes made ot cheap paper and
bad tobacco renders their smoking u obnoxiou
to others u it is hurtful to themselves. Every
evening before the door of the theaters, they
raise a oloud ot loul smoKe tnai is equally inju
rious to their own riokety constitutions and to
the nose of their victims. Doubtless, also,
they carry their pernioious habit into their
home when they are old enough to do so
without risk of the spanking they deserve thus
still further doing harm to themselves and mak
ing other people uncomfortable.
The cheap cigarette is a modern invention.
and a peculiarly vioious one. Twenty year
ago, when the oigarette all oame from Cuba and
were wrapped in rice paper, smoking tbein did
no great harm. Moreover, being made of Hon-
radez, or some brand of equally strong tobacco,
only a boy of stout stomach could smoke mora
than two or three of them at a time. But to
meet the boyish demand oigarette are sold now
adays both aheap and weak. They are made of
mild, often bad tobacco, and lor the most part
they are wrapped in ordinary white paper.
Hice paper wrappings necessarily inoreue the
cost, and the boy who wishes to prove by tha
ordeal of smoke that he is not a boy but a man,
much prefer the article that he oan get tha
most of for hi money. Moreover, the boy doe
not know the difference apparent t the light
between rice paper and ordinary paper, any
more than he know that while rice paper burn
away with scarcely any smoke at all, common
paH r burns with a foul smoke that out like a
saw into tha chest and throat. So he spends
hia money on cheap cigarettes and makes every
body around him uncomfortable while be
smokes himself away into an untimely grave.
Of course, the boys do not intend to (in
agaimt themselves and their neighbors. They
do not realize what a bad smell their nuty lit
tle oigarette make, and they are very far from
knowing what urious injury the smoke from
them inlliot upon their throats and bronohial
tubes and lungs. They smoke in innooenoy,
not knowing what they do, but most earnwtly
believing that their smoking makes men of
them. Dowu in the depth of their heart tha
most of them have no sincere affection for smok
ing ) and in the depth of their stomachs, they
not nnfrtquently entertain a feeling of positive
aversion toward it. But they hang on to their
pestilent habit with a persistency that, in a bet
ter oauae, would be worthy of all praise, stifling
the dictate of conscience and aswrting a bad
mwtery over the rebellion of tha flwh. And,
if reasoned with, they answer in the word of
dear John Leech' bad boy, " But what is a fel
low to do, when all tha men of hi own ago
smoke ? "
The Cham Coal Mini Firi. Adviow from
Victoria are to the effect that the fir in .the
Chase mine hu burned through the roof of tha
No. 2 chamber, and is burning at a (earful rat
in the slate stratum above. Owing to tha in
tense heat and dense smoke it is impossible to
asoertain the extent of tha Bre, or tha direction
in which it is traveling. Tha lire engine, bow
aver, I kept constantly at work day and night,
but owing to the pcouliar position of tha lira tha
streams oan only be sent up among tha flamw
at interval. Soma iodine to tha opinion that .
tha lire hu (truck a "pocket of coal" other
that lb Mams have split and tha fir ia now in
another seam of ooaL It is almost impowibl
to state the exact nature of the lire, (or nearly
every person working in the mine hu a differ
ant opinion from his fellow-workman. On
thing is oertaini the firs is raging and, beyond
oauaing a heavy daily expenditure of funds, is
ailn Peat anxiety to tha officers of tha
oompeny and to oitiatas generally.