❋ ✁✂❆❨✱ ✄☎✆❨ ✝✞✱ ✝✟✶✽
❚✠✡ ☛☞✌✡✍✎✡✍
Debate in the Era of Social Media
❡✥✑✕✖✗✖✣✛ ✢✘✔✏✜✓✚✔ ✔✖✥✘❡✚✘❡✔✫
✯✑❡ ✘✕✧❡✕✚✘✖✕ ✖✦ ✚✑❡ ✓✏✘✕✚✘✕✣ ✓✏❡✔✔
✘✕ ✚✑❡ ✷➧✚✑ ✥❡✕✚✜✏✛ ❡✕✒✙✗❡✢ ✚✑❡ ✏✒✓✘✢
✔✓✏❡✒✢ ✖✦ ✕❡✇ ✘✢❡✒✔✫ ■✚ ✑❡✗✓❡✢ ✜✔✑❡✏ ✘✕ ✚✑❡
✤❡✦✖✏✪✒✚✘✖✕ ✒✕✢ ✚✑❡ ✤❡✕✒✘✔✔✒✕✥❡✮ ✜✓❡✕✢✲
✘✕✣ ❡✳✘✔✚✘✕✣ ✘✕✔✚✘✚✜✚✘✖✕✔✫
✯✑❡ ■✕✚❡✏✕❡✚ ✒✕✢ ✔✖✥✘✒✗ ✪❡✢✘✒ ✓✗✒✚✦✖✏✪✔
✒✏❡ ✚❡✥✑✕✖✗✖✣✘❡✔ ✒✔ ✢✘✔✏✜✓✚✘✧❡ ✒✔ ✿✜✚❡✕✲
✙❡✏✣✼✔ ✓✏❡✔✔✫
★✒✥❡✙✖✖✬✮ ➨✖✜✯✜✙❡✮ ■✕✔✚✒✣✏✒✪✮ ✯✜✪✲
✙✗✏ ✒✕✢ ✯✇✘✚✚❡✏ ✑✒✧❡ ✙❡❡✕ ✒✏✖✜✕✢ ✦✖✏
✖✕✗✛ ✒ ✢✖✰❡✕ ✖✏ ✔✖ ✛❡✒✏✔✫ ➩✜✚ ✚✒✬❡ ✒ ✪✖✲
✪❡✕✚ ✚✖ ✏❡t❡✥✚ ✑✖✇ ✚✑❡✔❡ ✚✖✖✗✔ ✒✗✏❡✒✢✛
✘✪✓✒✥✚ ✧✘✏✚✜✒✗✗✛ ❡✧❡✏✛ ✒✔✓❡✥✚ ✖✦ ✛✖✜✏
✢✒✛✲✚✖✲✢✒✛ ✗✘✦❡✫ ✯✑❡ ➫✜✒✕✚✘✚✛✮ ✔✓❡❡✢ ✒✕✢
❡✒✔❡ ✖✦ ✘✕✦✖✏✪✒✚✘✖✕ t✖✇ ✒✏❡ ✒✔✚✖✕✘✔✑✘✕✣✫
■✕✢❡❡✢✮ ✘✚✼✔ ✇✑✛ ✇❡ ✑✒✧❡ ❡✪✙✏✒✥❡✢ ✚✑❡✔❡
✕❡✇ ✚❡✥✑✕✖✗✖✣✘❡✔ ❤ ✚✖ ❡✒✔✘✗✛ ✥✖✕✕❡✥✚
✒✕✢ ✥✖✗✗✒✙✖✏✒✚❡ ✇✘✚✑ ✦✏✘❡✕✢✔✮ ✦✒✪✘✗✛ ✒✕✢
✥✖✗✗❡✒✣✜❡✔✫
✻✕✦✖✏✚✜✕✒✚❡✗✛✮ ✚✑❡✏❡ ✒✏❡ ✗❡✔✔ ✢❡✔✘✏✒✙✗❡
✥✖✕✔❡➫✜❡✕✥❡✔ ✖✦ ✚✑✘✔ ✓✖✇❡✏✫ ▼✒✏✬ ✯✇✒✘✕
✔✒✘✢✮➇✩ ✗✘❡ ✥✒✕ ✚✏✒✧❡✗ ✒✏✖✜✕✢ ✚✑❡ ✇✖✏✗✢
✒✕✢ ✙✒✥✬ ✒✣✒✘✕ ✇✑✘✗❡ ✚✑❡ ✚✏✜✚✑ ✘✔ ✗✒✥✘✕✣ ✜✓
✘✚✔ ✙✖✖✚✔✫➈❲✘✚✑ ✚✑❡ ■✕✚❡✏✕❡✚✮ ✚✑✒✚ ✗✘❡ ✥✒✕
✚✏✒✧❡✗ ✒✚ ✚✑❡ ✔✓❡❡✢ ✖✦ ✗✘✣✑✚ ✒✕✢ ✙❡ ✓✖✔✚❡✢
✒✕✢ ✏❡✓✖✔✚❡✢ ✚❡✕✔ ✖✦ ✚✑✖✜✔✒✕✢✔ ✖✦ ✚✘✪❡✔ ✘✕
✚✑❡ ✙✗✘✕✬ ✖✦ ✒✕ ❡✛❡✫
■✕ ✦✒✥✚✮ ✇❡ ✑✒✧❡ ✒ ✇✑✖✗❡ ✕❡✇ ✗❡✳✘✥✖✕ ✚✖
✢❡✔✥✏✘✙❡ ✚✑❡ ✜✕✔✒✧✖✏✛ ✒✔✓❡✥✚✔ ✖✦ ✚✑❡
✘✕✚❡✏✕❡✚ ✒✕✢ ✔✖✥✘✒✗ ✪❡✢✘✒ ❤ ✑✒✥✬✘✕✣✮
✔✓✒✪✮ ✏✒✣❡✲✚✇❡❡✚✘✕✣✮ ✓✑✘✔✑✘✕✣✮ ✥✗✘✥✬✙✒✘✚✮
t✒✪❡ ✇✒✏✔✮ ✚✏✖✗✗ ✦✒✏✪✔ ❤ ✚✖ ✕✒✪❡ ✒ ✦❡✇✫
❲❡ ✒✏❡ ✔❡❡✘✕✣ ✚✑❡ ✢✘✔✏✜✓✚✘✖✕ ✖✦ ✔✖✲
✥✘✒✗ ✪❡✢✘✒ ✓✗✒✛✘✕✣ ✖✜✚ ✘✕ ✏❡✒✗ ✚✘✪❡✫ ★✖✏
❡✳✒✪✓✗❡✮ ✇❡ ✕✖✇ ✬✕✖✇ ■✕✚❡✏✕❡✚ ✚✏✖✗✗✔
✢❡✗✘✙❡✏✒✚❡✗✛ ✓✗✒✕✚❡✢ ✦✒✗✔❡ ✕❡✇✔ ✔✚✖✏✘❡✔
✜✔✘✕✣ ✦✒✬❡ ✔✖✥✘✒✗ ✪❡✢✘✒ ✒✥✥✖✜✕✚✔ ✘✕ ✒ ✇✘✢❡✲
✏✒✕✣✘✕✣ ✒✕✢ ✥✖✕✥❡✏✚❡✢ ❡✦✦✖✏✚ ✚✖ ✢❡✏✒✘✗ ✖✜✏
✥✘✧✘✥ ✢✘✔✥✖✜✏✔❡✫
✭❡✕✫ ❉✒✕✘❡✗ ➭✒✚✏✘✥✬ ▼✖✛✕✘✑✒✕ ✖✕✥❡ ✔✒✘✢✮
➇➨✖✜ ✒✏❡ ❡✕✚✘✚✗❡✢ ✚✖ ✛✖✜✏ ✖✓✘✕✘✖✕✫ ➩✜✚ ✛✖✜
✒✏❡ ✕✖✚ ❡✕✚✘✚✗❡✢ ✚✖ ✛✖✜✏ ✖✇✕ ✦✒✥✚✔✫➈✯✖✢✒✛✮
✔✖✪❡✖✕❡ ✪✒✛ ✜✕✬✕✖✇✘✕✣✗✛ ✥✗✒✘✪ ➇✦✒✥✚✔➈
✦✏✖✪ ✇✑✒✚ ✘✔ ✢✘✔✣✜✘✔❡✢ ✒✔ ✒ ✗❡✣✘✚✘✪✒✚❡
✔✖✜✏✥❡✮ ✙✜✚ ✘✔ ✒✕✛✚✑✘✕✣ ✙✜✚✫
✯✑❡ ✒✕✖✕✛✪✘✚✛ ✖✦ ✚✑❡ ■✕✚❡✏✕❡✚ ✢✖❡✔✕✼✚
✖✕✗✛ ✪✒✔✬ ✘✕✦✖✏✪✒✚✘✖✕ ✔✖✜✏✥❡✔✫ ■✚ ✥✒✕
❡✪✙✖✗✢❡✕ ✘✕✢✘✧✘✢✜✒✗✔ ✚✖ ✙❡ ✙❡✗✗✘✣❡✏❡✕✚ ✒✕✢
✢✘✔✏❡✔✓❡✥✚✦✜✗✫✯✑✘✔ ✓✗✒✛✔ ✑✒✧✖✥ ✘✕ ✖✕✗✘✕❡
✢✘✔✥✜✔✔✘✖✕✔✫✯✏✖✗✗✔ ✇✘✗✗ ✓✖✔✚ ✘✕t✒✪✪✒✚✖✏✛
✪❡✔✔✒✣❡✔ ✚✖ ✢❡✗✘✙❡✏✒✚❡✗✛ ✔✚✒✏✚ ➫✜✒✏✏❡✗✔✮
✢❡✏✒✘✗ ✏❡✒✔✖✕✒✙✗❡ ✢❡✙✒✚❡✮ ✒✕✢ ✓✏✖✧✖✬❡
❡✪✖✚✘✖✕✒✗ ✏❡✒✥✚✘✖✕✔✫
✯✑❡ ✙✏❡✒✬✢✖✇✕ ✖✦ ✏❡✒✔✖✕✒✙✗❡ ✖✕✲
✗✘✕❡ ✢✘✔✥✜✔✔✘✖✕ ✘✕ ❡✒✏✗✛ ✻✔❡✕❡✚ ✣✏✖✜✓✔
×➽➶➮ ➴➹Ø➶➶➽➶
➱✃❐❒✃ ❮❒➱✃❰Ï
ÒÐ❒ÙÐÑÖÖ❐ÚÑÖÛÜÑÝ❒❮ÐÕ❰Ö
✓✏✖✪✓✚❡✢ ✒✚✚✖✏✕❡✛ ✒✕✢ ✒✜✚✑✖✏ ▼✘✬❡
✿✖✢✇✘✕ ✘✕ ✷➯➯✵ ✚✖ ✓✏✖✓✖✔❡ ✿✖✢✇✘✕✼✔ ▲✒✇➲
➇✩✔ ✒✕ ✖✕✗✘✕❡ ✢✘✔✥✜✔✔✘✖✕ ✣✏✖✇✔ ✗✖✕✣❡✏✮
✚✑❡ ✓✏✖✙✒✙✘✗✘✚✛ ✖✦ ✒ ✥✖✪✓✒✏✘✔✖✕ ✘✕✧✖✗✧✲
✘✕✣ ➳✘✚✗❡✏ ✒✓✓✏✖✒✥✑❡✔ ✷✫➈ ➳❡ ✔✒✇ ✘✕ ✗✖✕✣
✢✘✔✥✜✔✔✘✖✕✔✮ ✔✖✖✕❡✏ ✖✏ ✗✒✚❡✏✮ ✔✖✪❡✖✕❡ ✖✏
✔✖✪❡✚✑✘✕✣ ✇✖✜✗✢ ✙❡ ✥✖✪✓✒✏❡✢ ✚✖ ➳✘✚✗❡✏
✖✏ ✑✘✔ ✢❡❡✢✔✫ ✿✖✢✇✘✕ ✢✘✢ ✕✖✚ ✚✑✘✕✬ ✔✜✥✑
✥✖✪✓✒✏✘✔✖✕✔ ✇❡✏❡ ✒✗✇✒✛✔ ✇✏✖✕✣✫ ➳❡ ✇✒✔
✔✘✪✓✗✛ ✖✓✓✖✔❡✢ ✚✖ ✗✒✰✛✮ ✑✛✓❡✏✙✖✗✘✥ ✥✖✪✲
✓✒✏✘✔✖✕✔ ✚✑✒✚ ✦✏✜✔✚✏✒✚❡✢ ✢❡✙✒✚❡✫
➇✩✗✚✑✖✜✣✑ ✢❡✗✘✙❡✏✒✚❡✗✛ ✦✏✒✪❡✢ ✒✔ ✘✦ ✘✚
✇❡✏❡ ✒ ✗✒✇ ✖✦ ✕✒✚✜✏❡ ✖✏ ✖✦ ✪✒✚✑❡✪✒✚✘✥✔✮➈
✿✖✢✇✘✕ ✇✏✖✚❡✮➇✘✚✔ ✓✜✏✓✖✔❡ ✑✒✔ ✒✗✇✒✛✔
✙❡❡✕ ✏✑❡✚✖✏✘✥✒✗ ✒✕✢ ✓❡✢✒✣✖✣✘✥✒✗➲ ■ ✇✒✕✚❡✢
✦✖✗✬✔ ✇✑✖ ✣✗✘✙✗✛ ✥✖✪✓✒✏❡✢ ✔✖✪❡✖✕❡ ❡✗✔❡
✚✖ ➳✘✚✗❡✏ ✚✖ ✚✑✘✕✬ ✒ ✙✘✚ ✑✒✏✢❡✏ ✒✙✖✜✚ ✚✑❡
➳✖✗✖✥✒✜✔✚✫➈
✯✑❡✔❡ ✦❡✇ ❡✳✒✪✓✗❡✔ ✔✑✖✇ ✑✖✇ ✪✜✥✑
✪✖✏❡ ✢✘✦❞✥✜✗✚ ✖✓❡✕ ✒✕✢ ✑✖✕❡✔✚ ✢❡✙✒✚❡ ✥✒✕
✙❡ ✘✕ ✚✑❡ ❡✏✒ ✖✦ ✔✖✥✘✒✗ ✪❡✢✘✒✫✯✑❡ ✢✘✦❞✥✜✗✲
✚✘❡✔ ✥✒✕ ✥✒✜✔❡ ✪✒✕✛ ✓❡✖✓✗❡ ✚✖ ✢✘✔❡✕✣✒✣❡✫
■✕ ✦✒✥✚✮ ✒✥✥✖✏✢✘✕✣ ✚✖ ✒ ➭❡✇ ✤❡✔❡✒✏✥✑
♠❡✕✚❡✏ ✔✚✜✢✛✮ ➵➸ ✓❡✏✥❡✕✚ ✖✦ ✔✖✥✘✒✗ ✪❡✢✘✒
✜✔❡✏✔ ✒✏❡ ➇✇✖✏✕ ✖✜✚➈ ✙✛ ✚✑❡ ✒✪✖✜✕✚ ✖✦
✓✖✗✘✚✘✥✒✗ ✥✖✕✚❡✕✚➺ ➧➯ ✓❡✏✥❡✕✚ ❞✕✢ ✘✕✚❡✏✒✥✲
✚✘✖✕✔ ✇✘✚✑ ✖✚✑❡✏✔ ✑✖✗✢✘✕✣ ✖✓✓✖✔✘✕✣ ✓✖✗✘✚✘✲
✥✒✗ ✧✘❡✇✔ ➇✔✚✏❡✔✔✦✜✗ ✒✕✢ ✦✏✜✔✚✏✒✚✘✕✣➈➺
✸➻ ✓❡✏✥❡✕✚ ✔✒✛ ✔✜✥✑ ❡✕✥✖✜✕✚❡✏✔ ➇✗❡✒✧❡
✚✑❡✪ ✦❡❡✗✘✕✣ ✒✔ ✘✦ ✚✑❡✛ ✑✒✧❡ ❡✧❡✕ ✗❡✔✔ ✘✕
✥✖✪✪✖✕ ✚✑✒✕ ✚✑❡✛ ✚✑✖✜✣✑✚✫➈
■✦ ✓❡✖✓✗❡ ✢✘✔❡✕✣✒✣❡ ✦✏✖✪ ✖✚✑❡✏✔ ✇✑✖
✑✖✗✢ ✖✓✓✖✔✘✕✣ ✧✘❡✇✔✮ ✇❡ ✒✗✗ ✙❡✥✖✪❡ ✪✖✏❡
✘✔✖✗✒✚❡✢✫✩✔ ✪✖✏❡ ✓❡✖✓✗❡ ✣❡✚ ✚✑❡✘✏ ✕❡✇✔
✦✏✖✪ ✔❡✗✦✲✔❡✗❡✥✚❡✢ ✔✖✥✘✒✗ ✪❡✢✘✒ ✖✜✚✗❡✚✔
✚✑✒✕ ✦✏✖✪ ✓✏✘✕✚ ✪❡✢✘✒✮ ✇❡ ✑✒✧❡ ✕✒✏✏✖✇❡✏
✥✖✪✪✖✕ ✣✏✖✜✕✢ ✚✖ ✔✚✒✕✢ ✖✕✫ ■✦ ✇❡ ✔❡❡
✚✑❡✪✔❡✗✧❡✔ ✒✔ ✑✒✧✘✕✣ ✗❡✔✔ ✘✕ ✥✖✪✪✖✕ ✇✘✚✑
✖✚✑❡✏✔✮ ✚✑❡✕ ✇❡ ✙❡✥✖✪❡ ✪✖✏❡ ✦✏✒✣✪❡✕✚❡✢
✒✔ ✒ ✔✖✥✘❡✚✛✫
■ ✢✖✕✼✚ ✑✒✧❡ ✒✕ ✒✕✔✇❡✏ ✦✖✏ ✚✑❡ ✜✓✑❡✒✧✲
✒✗✔ ✇❡ ✒✏❡ ❡✳✓❡✏✘❡✕✥✘✕✣ ✒✔ ✒ ✔✖✥✘❡✚✛✫ ➩✜✚ ■
✚✑✘✕✬ ✇❡ ✥✒✕ ✔✑✒✏❡ ✔✖✪❡ ✙✒✔✘✥ ✏✜✗❡✔ ✖✦ ✚✑❡
✏✖✒✢ ✚✖ ✪✖✧❡ ✦✖✏✇✒✏✢➲ ➩❡ ✏❡✔✓❡✥✚✦✜✗✫ ➼✕✖✇
✛✖✜✏ ✔✖✜✏✥❡✔✫ ➩❡ ✔✬❡✓✚✘✥✒✗✫ ➼❡❡✓ ✒✕ ✖✓❡✕
✪✘✕✢✫✩✣✏❡❡ ✚✖ ✢✘✔✒✣✏❡❡✫
❲❡ ✪✜✔✚ ✒✗✗ ✏❡✪❡✪✙❡✏ ✚✑❡ ✔✜✥✥❡✔✔ ✖✦
✖✜✏ ✴➻✵✲✓✗✜✔ ✛❡✒✏✲✗✖✕✣ ❡✳✓❡✏✘✪❡✕✚ ✘✕
✔❡✗✦✲✣✖✧❡✏✕✒✕✥❡ ✢❡✓❡✕✢✔ ✜✓✖✕ ✒✕ ✘✕✦✖✏✪❡✢
✥✘✚✘✰❡✕✏✛ ✇✘✗✗✘✕✣ ✚✖ ✥✖✪❡ ✚✖✣❡✚✑❡✏ ✒✕✢
✢❡✙✒✚❡✫
❡✏✑✒✓✔ ✕✖ ✗✘✙❡✏✚✛ ✔✖ ✏❡✔✖✜✕✢✘✕✣✗✛
✢❡❞✕❡✔ ✖✜✏ ✤❡✓✜✙✗✘✥ ✚✑✒✕ ✚✑✒✚ ✖✦ ✦✏❡❡
✔✓❡❡✥✑ ❤ ✒ ✏✘✣✑✚ ✔✖ ✧✘✚✒✗ ✚✖ ✖✜✏ ★✖✜✕✢❡✏✔
✚✑✒✚ ✚✑❡✛ ❡✕✔✑✏✘✕❡✢ ✘✚ ✘✕ ✚✑❡ ★✘✏✔✚ ✩✪❡✕✢✲
✪❡✕✚ ✚✖ ✚✑❡ ♠✖✕✔✚✘✚✜✚✘✖✕✫❲❡ ✚✒✬❡ ✦✖✏
✣✏✒✕✚❡✢ ✚✑✒✚ ➇♠✖✕✣✏❡✔✔ ✔✑✒✗✗ ✪✒✬❡ ✕✖ ✗✒✇
✫ ✫ ✫ ✒✙✏✘✢✣✘✕✣ ✚✑❡ ✦✏❡❡✢✖✪ ✖✦ ✔✓❡❡✥✑✫➈ ✭✒✢✗✛✮
✘✕ ✚✑❡ ✏❡✒✥✚✘✖✕✒✏✛ ✚✘✪❡ ✘✕ ✇✑✘✥✑ ✇❡ ✗✘✧❡✮
✚✑✘✔ ✦✜✕✢✒✪❡✕✚✒✗ ✦✏❡❡✢✖✪ ✘✔ ✧❡✏✛ ✪✜✥✑
✒✚ ✏✘✔✬✮ ✒✕✢ ✦✏✖✪ ✦✖✏✥❡✔ ✚✑✒✚ ✖✕✥❡ ✑❡✗✢ ✚✑❡
✔✒✪❡ ✒✔ ✘✕✧✘✖✗✒✚❡✫
❖✕✥❡ ❞❡✏✥❡✗✛ ✢❡✦❡✕✢❡✢ ✘✕ ✒✗✗ ✙✜✚ ✚✑❡
✪✖✔✚ ❡✣✏❡✣✘✖✜✔ ✖✦ ✥✘✏✥✜✪✔✚✒✕✥❡✔✮ ✦✏❡❡
✔✓❡❡✥✑ ✑✒✔ ✙❡✥✖✪❡ ✇✘✢❡✗✛ ✒✥✥❡✓✚❡✢ ✙✛ ✦✒✏
✚✖✖ ✪✒✕✛ ✒✔ ✙❡✘✕✣ ✥✖✕✢✘✚✘✖✕✒✗ ✜✓✖✕ ✔✜✙✲
❥❡✥✚✘✧❡ ✘✕✚❡✏✓✏❡✚✒✚✘✖✕✔ ✖✦ ✇✑✒✚ ✔✓❡❡✥✑ ✘✔
✒✓✓✏✖✓✏✘✒✚❡ ✖✏ ✕✖✕✲✖✦✦❡✕✔✘✧❡ ❤ ✒ ✥✖✕✥❡✓✚
✚✑✒✚ t✘❡✔ ✢✘✏❡✥✚✗✛ ✘✕ ✚✑❡ ✦✒✥❡ ✖✦ ✚✑❡ ✦✖✜✕✢✒✲
✚✘✖✕✔ ✖✦ ✚✑❡ ★✘✏✔✚ ✩✪❡✕✢✪❡✕✚ ✓✏✖✚❡✥✚✘✖✕
✘✚✔❡✗✦✫
✯✑✘✔ ✘✔ ✔❡❡✕ ✥✗❡✒✏✗✛ ✘✕ ✚✑❡ ✢✒✘✗✛ ✢❡✙✒✚❡
✖✦ ✓✜✙✗✘✥ ✢✘✔✥✖✜✏✔❡✫ ✤❡✗✒✚✘✧❡✗✛ ✕❡✇ ✚❡✏✪✔
✗✘✬❡ ➇✑✒✚❡ ✔✓❡❡✥✑✮➈➇✚✏✘✣✣❡✏ ✇✒✏✕✘✕✣✔➈ ✒✕✢
➇✔✒✦❡ ✔✓❡❡✥✑ ✰✖✕❡✔➈ ✏❡✓✏❡✔❡✕✚ ❥✜✔✚ ✑✖✇ ✦✒✏
✢✖✇✕ ✚✑✘✔ ✢✒✕✣❡✏✖✜✔ ✏✖✒✢ ✖✜✏ ✔✖✥✘❡✚✛ ✑✒✔
✚✏✒✧❡✗❡✢✫
■✕ ✒ ✓✒✘✕✦✜✗ ✚✇✘✔✚ ✖✦ ✘✏✖✕✛✮ ✚✑✖✔❡ ✔✒✪❡
✔❡✣✪❡✕✚✔ ✖✦ ✔✖✥✘❡✚✛ ✇✑✖ ✓✜✔✑ ✦✖✏ ✚✑❡✔❡
✔✜✙❥❡✥✚✘✧❡ ✏❡✣✜✗✒✚✘✖✕✔ ✖✦ ✔✓❡❡✥✑ ✓✜✏✓✖✏✚
✚✖ ✙❡ ✓✏✖✓✖✕❡✕✚✔ ✖✦ ➇✚✖✗❡✏✒✕✥❡✮➈ ✇✑✘✗❡ ✒✚
✚✑❡ ✔✒✪❡ ✚✘✪❡ ✖✧❡✏✚✗✛ ✔❡❡✬✘✕✣ ✚✖ ✥❡✕✔✖✏
❡✳✓✏❡✔✔✘✖✕✫
◆✖✇✒✢✒✛✔✮ ✏✒✚✑❡✏ ✚✑✒✕ ❡✕✣✒✣✘✕✣ ✘✕
✢❡✙✒✚❡ ✙✒✔❡✢ ✜✓✖✕ ✗✖✣✘✥✒✗ ✪❡✏✘✚✮ ✢✘✔✲
✥✖✜✏✔❡ ✒✔ ✢❡✧✖✗✧❡✢ ✘✕✚✖ ✒✕ ✒✗✒✏✪✘✕✣
✒✏❡✕✒ ✇✑❡✏❡ ✒ ✔✜✙❥❡✥✚✘✧❡ ✖✦✦❡✕✔❡ ✏❡✔✜✗✚✔
✘✕ ✕✖✚ ✖✕✗✛ ❡✕✚✘✏❡✗✛ ✔✑✜✚✚✘✕✣ ✢✖✇✕ ✢❡✙✒✚❡✮
✙✜✚ ✒✗✔✖ ✒ ✬✕❡❡✲❥❡✏✬ ✒✢ ✑✖✪✘✕❡✪ ✒✚✚✒✥✬
✖✕ ✚✑❡ ✓❡✏✔✖✕ ❡✳❡✏✥✘✔✘✕✣ ✑✘✔ ✖✏ ✑❡✏ ✦✏❡❡
✔✓❡❡✥✑✫ ■✕ ✒ ✦✏❡✕✰✛ ✖✦ ✖✧❡✏✲✣❡✕❡✏✒✗✘✰❡✢
✑✛✓❡✏✙✖✗❡✮ ✔❡✗✦✲✒✓✓✖✘✕✚❡✢ ✔✓❡❡✥✑ ✓✖✗✘✥❡
✘✪✓✜✣✕ ✚✑❡ ✥✑✒✏✒✥✚❡✏ ✖✦ ✔✖✪❡✖✕❡ ✇✘✚✑
✇✑✖✪ ✚✑❡✛ ✢✘✔✒✣✏❡❡✮ ✇✘✚✑ ✒ ✙✏✖✒✢ ✙✏✜✔✑
✖✦ ✜✕✔✜✙✔✚✒✕✚✘✒✚❡✢ ✧✘✚✏✘✖✗✮ ✇✑✘✗❡ ✔✚✘✗✗
✖✚✑❡✏✔ ✖✦✦❡✏ ➇✔✒✦❡ ✔✓✒✥❡✔➈ ✚✖ ✓✏✖✚❡✥✚ ✓❡✖✓✗❡
✦✏✖✪ ✔✓❡❡✥✑ ✇✑✘✥✑ ✪✒✬❡✔ ✚✑❡✪ ✦❡❡✗
✜✕✥✖✪✦✖✏✚✒✙✗❡✫
❖✜✏ ✦✒✪✘✗✛ ✏❡✥❡✕✚✗✛ ❡✳✓❡✏✘❡✕✥❡✢ ✚✑❡
✢✒✕✣❡✏ ✓✖✔❡✢ ✙✛ ✒ ✔❡✣✪❡✕✚ ✖✦ ✔✖✥✘❡✚✛
✚✑✒✚ ✘✔ ✑✛✓❡✏✲✦✏✒✣✘✗❡ ✛❡✚ ✔✘✪✜✗✚✒✕❡✖✜✔✗✛
❡✪✙✖✗✢❡✕❡✢ ✙✛ ✚✑❡ ✒✕✖✕✛✪✘✚✛ ✓✏✖✧✘✢❡✢ ✙✛
✢✘✣✘✚✒✗ ✪❡✢✘✒✫
❉✜✏✘✕✣ ✚✑❡ ✴✵✷✸ ❡✗❡✥✚✘✖✕✮ ✪✛ ✕❡✇✗✛✲
✷✹✲✛❡✒✏✲✖✗✢ ✥✑✘✗✢ ❡✕✣✒✣❡✢ ✘✕ ✒✕ ❡✒✏✕❡✔✚
❡✦✦✖✏✚ ✚✖ ✦✜✗✗✛ ✘✕✦✖✏✪ ✑❡✏ ✔✖✖✕✲✚✖✲✙❡ ❞✏✔✚
✧✖✚❡✫ ✭✑❡ ✖✙✔❡✏✧❡✢ ✒ ✣✏✖✜✓ ✖✦ ✘✕✢✘✧✘✢✜✒✗✔
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❾❑❇ ❿❝❅❇♣✈❇♣ ♣❇❅❇♣✈❇❅ ❊❑❇ ♣P◗❑❊ ❊♦ ❃❳➒❁❅❊ ❅❁❝❅❂♣P❈❊P♦❄
♣❃❊❇❅ ❝② ◗P✈P❄◗ ❈♣❇❈❃P❳ ❃❄❳ ❱❃P❘ ❅❁❝❅❂♣P❝❇♣❅ ●s ❳❃②❅
❄♦❊P❂❇❩ ➓❇♣P♦❳P❂❃❘❅ ❈♦❅❊❃◗❇ ❈❃P❳ ❃❊ ❼❃ ❽♣❃❄❳❇✉ ❿♣❇◗♦❄
❷❹⑩❦s❩ ➓❁❝❘P❅❑❇❳ ➔♦❄❳❃②❅✉ →❇❳❄❇❅❳❃②❅ ❃❄❳ ❻♣P❳❃②❅
➣❇↔❂❇❈❊ ↕❇❂❩ ❶❦➙ ❝② →❇❅❊❇♣❄ ❬♦❱❱❁❄P❂❃❊P♦❄❅ ➛❄❂❩✉
r❍s❸ ❻P❢❊❑ ❣❊❩✉ ❼❃ ❽♣❃❄❳❇✉ ❿➀ ❷❹⑩❦s ➣①❣➓❣ ❶❷❷❙❶❸s➙
COPYRIGHT © 2018
A division of
➁➂➃➄➂➅➆ ➉➊➋➋➌➆➍➎➏➄➍➊➆➃ ➐➆➎➑
✖✕✗✘✕❡ ✙❡✏✒✚✘✕✣ ✒✕ ✒✏✚✘✔✚ ✒✕✢ ✢❡✪✒✕✢✘✕✣
✚✑✒✚ ✚✑❡ ✒✏✚✘✔✚ ✚✒✬❡ ✢✖✇✕ ✑❡✏ ✒✏✚✮ ✇✑✘✥✑
✥✖✕✔✘✔✚❡✢ ✖✦ ✓✑✖✚✖✣✏✒✓✑✔ ✖✦ ✒ ✪✖✢❡✗ ✏❡✓✏❡✲
✔❡✕✚✘✕✣ ✚✑❡ ✙❡✒✜✚✛ ✖✦ ✥✜✗✚✜✏❡✔ ✒✥✏✖✔✔ ✚✑❡
✇✖✏✗✢✫
▼✛ ✢✒✜✣✑✚❡✏ ✔✓✖✬❡ ✜✓ ✦✖✏ ✚✑❡ ✒✏✚✘✔✚
✺✇✑✖ ✗✘✧❡✢ ✔✚✒✚❡✔ ✒✇✒✛✮ ✒✕✢ ✇✑✖✪ ✔✑❡ ✑✒✢
✕❡✧❡✏ ✪❡✚♥ ✒✕✢ ✇✒✔ ✘✕✔✚✒✕✚✗✛ ✔✜✙❥❡✥✚❡✢ ✚✖
✑✒✚❡✦✜✗ ✚✑✏❡✒✚✔ ✜✕✓✒✏✒✗✗❡✗❡✢ ✙✛ ✒✕✛✚✑✘✕✣ ■
✑✒✢ ✔❡❡✕ ✙❡✦✖✏❡✫✯✑❡✛ ✗✘✬❡✇✘✔❡ ✢❡✪✒✕✢❡✢
✚✑✒✚ ✪✛ ✢✒✜✣✑✚❡✏ ✔✚✖✓ ✢❡✦❡✕✢✘✕✣ ✚✑❡ ✒✏✚✘✔✚
✒✕✢ ✘✪✪❡✢✘✒✚❡✗✛ ✚✒✬❡ ✢✖✇✕ ✒✕✛ ✔✜✓✓✖✏✚✲
✘✧❡ ✓✖✔✚✔✫
❲✑❡✕ ✪✛ ✢✒✜✣✑✚❡✏ ✓❡✏✔✘✔✚❡✢ ✘✕ ✔✒✛✲
✘✕✣ ✕✖ ✖✕❡ ✑✒✢ ✢✖✕❡ ✒✕✛✚✑✘✕✣ ✇✏✖✕✣✮
✖✕❡ ✘✕✢✘✧✘✢✜✒✗ ❤ ✇✑✖ ✗✘✧❡✢ ✒✥✏✖✔✔ ✚✑❡
✥✖✜✕✚✏✛ ❤ ✚✏✒✥✬❡✢ ✢✖✇✕ ✪✛ ✢✒✜✣✑✚❡✏
✑❡✏❡ ✘✕ ✻✕✘✖✕ ♠✖✜✕✚✛✮ ✦✖✜✕✢ ✖✜✚ ✇✑❡✏❡
✔✑❡ ✇✖✏✬❡✢ ✒✕✢ ✏❡✒✥✑❡✢ ✖✜✚ ✚✖ ✑❡✏ ✙✖✔✔✮
✢❡✪✒✕✢✘✕✣ ✚✑✒✚ ✔✑❡ ✙❡ ❞✏❡✢ ✦✖✏ ✑❡✏
✓✖✗✘✚✘✥✒✗ ✙❡✗✘❡✦✔ ✒✕✢ ✕✖ ✗✖✕✣❡✏ ✙❡ ✒✗✗✖✇❡✢
✚✖ ✇✖✏✬ ✒✏✖✜✕✢ ✥✑✘✗✢✏❡✕✫ ▼✛ ✢✒✜✣✑✚❡✏✼✔
✙✖✔✔ ✥✒✗✗❡✢ ✑❡✏ ✘✕ ✒✕✢ ✘✕✔✘✔✚❡✢ ✚✑✒✚
✔✑❡ ✏❡✪✖✧❡ ✒✗✗ ✏❡✦❡✏❡✕✥❡✔ ✚✖ ✑❡✏ ✓✗✒✥❡
✖✦ ❡✪✓✗✖✛✪❡✕✚ ✖✕ ✔✖✥✘✒✗ ✪❡✢✘✒✫ ■✚ ✇✒✔
✔✑✖✥✬✘✕✣ ✚✖ ✖✙✔❡✏✧❡ ✢✘✣✘✚✒✗ ✙✜✗✗✛✘✕✣ ✗❡✒✓
✖✦✦ ✖✦ ✚✑❡ ✔✥✏❡❡✕ ✒✕✢ ✘✕✚✖ ✑❡✏ ✏❡✒✗ ✗✘✦❡✫
✩✕✢ ✦✖✏ ✇✑✒✚✾ ★✖✏ ✪✛ ✢✒✜✣✑✚❡✏ ✜✔✘✕✣ ✑❡✏
✦✏❡❡✢✖✪ ✖✦ ✔✓❡❡✥✑ ✚✖ ✒✓✓✏✖✓✏✘✒✚❡✗✛ ✔✓❡✒✬
✜✓ ✦✖✏ ✒✕✖✚✑❡✏ ✇✖✪✒✕ ✇✑✖ ✇✒✔ ✙❡✘✕✣
✧✘✥✘✖✜✔✗✛ ✙❡✏✒✚❡✢ ✦✖✏ ✜✔✘✕✣ ✑❡✏ ✦✏❡❡✢✖✪ ✖✦
❡✳✓✏❡✔✔✘✖✕✫
✯✑✘✔ ✣✏❡✒✚ ✥✖✜✕✚✏✛ ✖✦ ✖✜✏✔ ✇✒✔ ✦✖✜✕✢❡✢
✜✓✖✕ ✚✑❡ ✥✖✕✥❡✓✚ ✖✦ ✒ ➇✦✏❡❡ ✪✒✏✬❡✚✓✗✒✥❡ ✖✦
✘✢❡✒✔✫➈
✯✑❡ ✦✏❡❡ ❡✳❡✏✥✘✔❡ ✖✦ ✔✓❡❡✥✑ ✘✕ ✓✜✙✗✘✥
✢✘✔✥✖✜✏✔❡ ✘✔ ✒✙✔✖✗✜✚❡✗✛ ✧✘✚✒✗ ✚✖ ✒ ✦✜✗✗✛
✦✜✕✥✚✘✖✕✘✕✣ ✦✏❡❡ ✔✖✥✘❡✚✛✮ ✒✕✢ ✒✏✚✘❞✥✘✒✗✮
✔✜✙❥❡✥✚✘✧❡ ✔✑✒✥✬✗❡✔ ✜✓✖✕ ❡✳✓✏❡✔✔✘✖✕ ✔❡✏✧❡
✖✕✗✛ ✚✖ ✏❡✢✜✥❡ ✖✜✏ ✗✘✙❡✏✚✛✮ ✜✗✚✘✪✒✚❡✗✛ ✑✜✏✚✲
✘✕✣ ❡✧❡✏✛ ✪✒✕✮ ✇✖✪✒✕ ✒✕✢ ✥✑✘✗✢✮ ✒✕✢ ✖✜✏
✕✒✚✘✖✕ ✒✔ ✒ ✇✑✖✗❡✫ ✿✖✧❡✏✕✪❡✕✚✒✗ ✓✖✇❡✏
✢❡✏✘✧❡✔ ✖✕✗✛ ✙✛ ✚✑❡ ❡✳❡✏✥✘✔❡ ✖✦ ✥✖❡✏✥✘✖✕✮
✒✕✢ ✗✘✙❡✏✚✘❡✔✮ ✖✕✥❡ ✗✖✔✚✮ ✔✗✘✓ ✘✕✚✖ ✚✑❡ ✓✒✣❡✔
✖✦ ✑✘✔✚✖✏✛ ✇✘✚✑✖✜✚ ✦✜✏✚✑❡✏ ✔✚✏✜✣✣✗❡ ✚✖
✏❡✘✕✔✚✒✚❡ ✚✑❡✪✫
❖✜✏ ✥✖✜✕✚✏✛ ✘✔ ✔✚✏✖✕✣❡✏ ✚✑✒✕ ✚✑✘✔ ✕❡✇✲
✦✖✜✕✢ ✦✏✒✣✘✗✘✚✛ ✘✪✓✖✔❡✢ ✙✛ ✚✑❡ ✪✘✕✖✏✘✚✛✫
▲❡✚✼✔ ✏❡✪❡✪✙❡✏ ✚✑✒✚ ✒✕✢ ✔✓❡✒✬ ✖✜✏ ✪✘✕✢✔
✇✘✚✑ ✏❡✔✓❡✥✚✮ ✇✑✘✗❡ ✦✜✗✗✛ ✒✗✗✖✇✘✕✣ ✖✚✑❡✏✔
✚✑❡ ✔✒✪❡ ✏✘✣✑✚✫
STAFF
SUBSCRIBE AND SAVE
❀♦❁ ❂❃❄ ❅❃✈❇ ❁❈ ❊♦ ●❍❏ ♦❢❢ ❊❑❇ ❅P❄◗❘❇❙❂♦❈②
❈♣P❂❇ ❯P❊❑ ❑♦❱❇ ❳❇❘P✈❇♣②❩
❬❃❘❘ ❭❪❫❴❵❛❜❴❜❫❛❫ ❊♦ ❅❁❝❅❂♣P❝❇❩
❣❊♦❈❈❇❳ ❃❂❂♦❁❄❊ ❝❃❘❃❄❂❇❅ ❘❇❅❅ ❊❑❃❄ ✐❦ ❯P❘❘
❝❇ ♣❇❢❁❄❳❇❳ ❁❈♦❄ ♣❇❧❁❇❅❊❩
➽➾➚➪➾ ➶➹➘➴➷➶➬➮
➱✃❐❒✃ ❮❒➱✃❰Ï ÐÑÒ➱ÓÔ❐❮Õ✃Ö
THE OBSERVER
❾❑❇ ❿❝❅❇♣✈❇♣ ♣❇❊❃P❄❅ ♦❯❄❇♣❅❑P❈ ❃❄❳ ❂♦❈②♣P◗❑❊
❈♣♦❊❇❂❊P♦❄ ♦❢ ❃❘❘ ❅❊❃❢❢❙❈♣❇❈❃♣❇❳ ❄❇❯❅ ❂♦❈②✉ ❃❳✈❇♣❊P❅P❄◗
❂♦❈②✉ ❈❑♦❊♦❅ ❃❄❳ ❄❇❯❅ ♦♣ ❃❳ P❘❘❁❅❊♣❃❊P♦❄❅❩ ❾❑❇② ❱❃②
❄♦❊ ❝❇ ♣❇❈♣♦❳❁❂❇❳ ❯P❊❑♦❁❊ ❇↔❈❘P❂P❊ ❈♣P♦♣ ❃❈❈♣♦✈❃❘❩
Toll free (Oregon):
Regional publisher.........................Karrine Brogoitti
Home delivery advisor.................Amanda Fredrick
General manager/
Regional operations manager ........Frank Everidge
Customer service rep ..................... Mollie Lynch
Advertising representative..................Karen Fye
r❙⑩ss❙❍❶❶❙●rrs
Fax: ❦❍r❙❷❸●❙❹⑩s❍
Regional audience
development director...............................Kelli Craft
Advertising representative...........Juli Bloodgood
❄❇❯❅❺❘❃◗♣❃❄❳❇♦❝❅❇♣✈❇♣❩❂♦❱
Email:
Editor ..........................................Cherise Kaechele
Advertising representative.................. Amy Horn
Website:
News clerk....................................Lisa Lester Kelly
Graphic design supervisor........... Dorothy Kautz
Sports editor .......................................Ronald Bond
Graphic design ..........................Cheryl Christian
Reporter................................................Dick Mason
Lead pressman................................. Chris Dunn
Reporter.............................................. Audrey Love
Pressman ....................................Jay Magnuson
Reporter............................................. Max Denning
Distribution center supervisor.......... Larra Cutler
Classifieds ........................................ Devi Mathson
Distribution center........................Terry Everidge
Customer service rep ................Sharon Magnuson
Distribution center.......................... Sally Neaves
❯❯❯❩❘❃◗♣❃❄❳❇♦❝❅❇♣✈❇♣❩❂♦❱
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