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About La Grande evening observer. (La Grande, Or.) 1904-1959 | View Entire Issue (Aug. 1, 1932)
CITY EDITION rmU ImiiMiI Fw un Win ferric Only Ntwapatwr Printed In La Graadr Covering Union ud Wallowa Counties WYWt SIX PAGES TOD AY VOLUME 30 aTFMBFR ASSOCIATED PRESS AMD A. B. C. LA GRANDE, OREGON, MONDAY, AUGUST 1, 1932 EASTERN OREGON'S LEADING NKWWArKR NUMBER 286 wMm Ship 71 HARVESTING OF CROP IS COMPLETED Fifty-One, Carloads of Bings Sent to. Mar-, kets in the East. ROYAL ANNES TO COAST CANNERIES Two, -Hundred and Fifty - JLVLen and Women km ' ployed in Packing Plants During Last Two Weeks With 61 carloads of Union county Bings' shipped to Eastern markets and more than 20 cars of Royal Annea delivered, to coast canneries, the an nual Union county cherry harvest is at an end. Growers Monday described the yield as a more than ordinarily heavy one, with a fine quality of fruit. What prices the Bings will bring on the 1 Eastern marts could not be known, ' but it was generally felt that, consid ering the present price level, the cherry return would be a little more satisfactory than had originally been expected. Bings were shipped to Chicago, New Yor)c. Boston, Minneapolis, and a number of other Eastern and Mid dle Western centers. Most of the Royal Anne crop was purchased by canneries in Salem. , . Approximately. 260 men and women were -employed ...by - packing firms throughout the county during the in tensive shipping period which lasted , (Continued on Page Three OPPONENT OF SCHOOL MOVING PLAN IS HERE . School board directors and the di rectorate of the chamber of com merce met last night with . F. H. Young, state publicity chairman of the School Tax Saving ' association an organization - opposed" - to- the movement to consolidate the Oregon Institutions of higher learning, ab ollBh the Monmouth Normal school and convert the La Grande - and Ashland normal schools Into Junior colleges. Mr. Young went Into the Idea of the organization he represents, seeking-to acquaint the La Grande men In attendance with the facts of the case. He answered numerous ques tions during the session, which was turned Into a general discussion of the situation as regards the consoli dation plan.. Pendleton Wheat Growers Organize PENDLETON, Ore., Aug. 2 (P) Or ganized for the purpose of discour aging the sale of wheat until the price Improves, a committee of ranch ers, service clubs and business men today elected D. H. Nelson president of the group, and J. De Wilde, secre tary. - Both are Umatilla county ranchers. Fashioned after the "Dakota plan" of operation, the organization will work to obtain loans from the recon struction finance corporation and to win the cooperation of bankers, the while striving to bring about a bet ter price for wheat. Aged Justice Of Peace Will Wed EVANSTON. 111., Aug. 2 lip) Ro mance has finally caught up with Evanston's 79-year-old Justice of the peace, who has performed nearly 1700 marriages. He announced last night he was going to marry a red-haired woman next Saturday. The brlde-to-bo Is Mrs. Emmy Chrlstensen, 41, who apparently meets all the requirements of a "per fect woman" as described by the Jus tice some months ago when he held public bids for a Wile, asserting that none except red-heads need apply. He received more than 250 re sponses. 4 WEATHER FORECAST Oregon: Fair tonight and Wednesday; warmer northeast portion; moderate north wind offshore. WEATHER TODAY 7 a. m. 59 above. Minimum: 48 above. Condition: Clear. WEATHER YESTERDAY Maximum 79, minimum. 60 above. Condition: Clear. Range 23 degrees. WEATHER AUG. 2, lfttl Maximum 97, minimum 66 above. Condition: Clear. Range 41 degrees. Cars of 167 Temporary Licenses Issued Here on Monday Sheriffs Office Busy With Applications From' JVLo tQrists More Requests Received Today. One hundred sixty-seven Union county automobiles which were using 1931-32 license plates on unday, were equipped with temporary li censes by last night, Indicating they had applied for 1932-33 license plates through the sheriff's office. According to Sheriff Jesse Brcshears, Monday was an unusually busy day due to the rush for license plates, and he reported that a considerable number of applications also were made this morning. When the ap plication Is sent through the sheriff's offlco, a temporary license Is Issued so that the driver nay continue op erating his car until the regular li cense plates arrive from Salem. The state policemen are doing prac tically alt of the checking on old li cense plates In this section, which In cludes Union and Wallowa counties, and reports are that a large number of warnings were Issued yesterday. Carters Enjoy Golden Wedding Day At Home The Lamar Carter home on North Alder, by tho Grande Rondc river, was rich In memories today as Mr. and Mrs. Carter looked back over a (Continued on Page Four) Camp Fire Girls In Camp at Cove La Grande Camp Flro girls, 42 strong, partook of their first meal to gether at txte annual outing at the Cove EplBcopal church grounds at noon yesterday, and followed that with their initial afternoon of games and Camp Fire work. Following the evening' dinner a campflre was en Joyed. As part of the entertainment Helene Price, guardian led In a group sing and gave a Ufesavlng demonstra tion. The meals were prepared yes terday by mothers from Marguerite Hesse's group. They were Mrs.,. Clyde Peterson, Mrs. H. O. Avery and Mrs. Floyd Purdy. Mothers from differ ent groups will arrange the lunch each day. It was announced this morning that arrangements for women to do the camp cooking on Thursday and Friday have not yet been made. Moth ers from any group or any women who would like to help the camp in this way are asked to notify Miss Madeline Larson, Camp Fire leader here, at the La Grande hotel. LA GRANDE BAND TO GIVE CONCERT FRIDAY NIGHT With a program of popular fa vorites, the La Grande band will give a concert Friday night at Triangle park, Director Andrew Loney Jr. announced today. Tho organization will play the open ing number at 8:15 o'clock. Ad ditional details will be announc ed later. Second Bonus Army Death Occurs Mrs. Wright Will Teach Swimming The La Grande Lions club has com pleted arrangements whereby Mrs. J. E. Wright will give swimming In structions to non-swimmers and be ginners every Monday, , Wednesday and Friday afternoon from 2 to 4 o'clock at Crystal plunge, which Is being operated on a non-profit basis by the club. The first hour will be for begin ners and the second for those needing additional Instruction. - The Instruction will be free of charge. The first class will be held tomorrow afternoon. Supreme Court In August' Vacation SALEM, Aug. 2 (Ft The state su preme court recessed last night for the month of August following the handing don of several opinions de cided upon during the past week. The court will resume deliberations Sopt. 1. Most of the Justices will remain In Salem and will be on hand for emergency cases, it was announced. SOCIALIST PARTY FILE 3 SALEM, Aug. 2 lPt The Socialist party today filed Its petition with the secretary of state to function as a po litical party. Tho petitions had 13.658 names, several thousand in excess of the number required. The Socialists functioned as a party last In 1920. DEPUTY SHERIFF ARRESTED NEW YORK. Aug. 2 Deputy Sheriff Vincent Olynn. a nephew of former Governor Alfred E. Smith, was arrested on a charge of homicide to day after shooting and killing Walter Edward We be I Jr. for whom he had a warrant charging contempt of court. Cherries 2 POLICEMEN EXONERATED OFSLAYINGS George Shinault and Miles . Znamenacek Freed By Washington Jury. NO CHARGE FILED FOR VETS' DEATH In Meantime, District At torney Rover, After In vestigation, Releases 14 Radicals. WASHINGTON, Aug 2 VP) Two Washington policemen were exoner ated today by a coroner's Jury for the shooting of two bonus marchers. The Jury found that Policemen George E. W. Shinault and Miles Zna menacek shot and killed William J. Hushka of Chicago, and Eric Carl son of Oakland, Cal., while fulfilling their duties as police officers during the riots Thursday on Pennsylvania avenue. , . The decision was read' to the of ficers after they had attended the hearing at the city morgue.' ' Znamenacek had voluntarily taken the stand and related how he had shot Carlson, but Shinault did not take the stand. (Continued on Pago Throe) 25 ORGANIZE NEW MUSIC CLUB HERE Object of Group is to . In crease Community In-; ; J rarest in music. A new clty-wlde musical organisa tion to be known as the La Grande Recital club, was formed last night at a meeting of local musicians and students of music, which was held In (Continued From Page Four) Senator McNary Returns to Home PORTLAND. Aug. 2 m Senator and Mrs. Charles L. McNary, home from Washington, D. C, stopped in Portland today long enough to have breakfast, and then continued on to Salem where they will spend the rest of the Bummer. - Senator McNary declared the ses sion of congress Just ended was the most important since the World war. V. S. Will Attend Economic Parley WASHINGTON, Aug. 2 (fl) The United States today accepted an. In vitation to an economic conference with European nations. NEW RECORD M. (Ilabe) t)Mrlkwn, the Texas Rlrl, carried her sensational per fcirmanm rlrht Into the Olym pics when, on her first tons of the Javelin, she made a new world rmrnl of 14.1 fret i Inrhes, heating the former mark by orer 11 feet. It won first for her. ART DISPLAY BY AMERICA INS HONORS Lion's Share of Awards in Olympic Exhibition go : to United States. i OLD COUNTRY ART ' IN COMPETITION Three Firsts, Four Sec onds and a Third Go to U. S. Four Other Nar tions Get One First Each LOS ANGELES, Aug. 2 UP Art exhibits from the United States en tered In the Olympic fine arts dis play' received the lion's share of awardB In Judging completed today. The American artists drew three first prizes, four second prizes and a third prize. Seven received honor able mention. Poland captured a first and second prize - and drew three honorable mention awards,.. Fourteen other countries divided the remainder of awards, England, France and Sweden each receiving a first prize, Denmark and Hungary each a second prize, Germany two third prizes and Belgium, Canada, Czech-Slovakia and Holland each a third prize. ' . 5 Competition was In art, painting, sculpture, drawings, prints, medals and reliefs, town planning architec ture and architectural designs. FARM STRIKE PROPOSED IN MIDDLE WEST DES MOINES, la,, Aug. 2 VP) Farmers of middle-western states will attempt to Improve their own status through Institution of a strike or "farmers holiday" beginning Aug. 16, MUo Reno, head of an association backing the movement, said today. Declaring that there la nothing revolutionary or un-American In the move, Reno explained It as an attempt to raise the price obtained by farmers for produce abovo the cost of produc tion by abstaining from selling and buying. over, a" period of at least 30 days. Reno president of the Na tional Farmers Holiday association. Half a million, mid-west farmers have already signed or are signing pledges to follow the conditions of the strike, Reno said. Brownell Hearing Set For Tomorrow PORTLAND, Aug. 2 VP) Cyril O. Brownoll, Insurance man and former state representative, will be given a preliminary hearing In district court here Wednesday on a charge of grand larceny for Blleged theft of petitions for the proposed consolidation of Oregon's schools of higher learning. Eight witnesses have been sub poenaed. They Include Henry Zorn, of Aurora, and Hector MacPhcrson, of Albany, sponsors of the proposed in itiative measure. Veteran With 18 Months Service Overseas Dies By the AiWKdaled 1'rrwi Hope, fear and death camped, with the B. E. P. today. As the tatterdemalion host chewed dubious beans In squalor at Johns town, Pa It heard of tho death of a second veteran, shot in last Thurs day 'a clash at Washington. Eric Carlson, 38, of Oakland, Cal., a vet eran of 18 months overseas service, died today In a Washington hospital of a bullet In the abdomen. Hope still was high among the 7000 men, women and children bi vouacked at Johnstown, that they might move to a permanent camp on a slto bought for a dollar near Waterbury, Md., but Gov. Albert C. Ritchie refused to sanction the plan. He called It "totally Impracticable" and said tho attorney general was considering means to prevent the scattered , bonus marchers from en tering the state. Disease Feared Over the Johnstown encampment, by the waters of a contaminated stream, hovered tho fear of pestil ence as well as starvation. But with alt their worries, the campers found time to discuss with satisfaction the demand by Senator McKcllar (D., Tenn.) for a congressional Investi gation of tho bonus army's eviction from the national capital by tear gas, fire and bayonet. "An act of vandalism" Senator McKcllar called It. In Washington an 1 1 -weeks-old-baby from the B. E. P. lay In a hos pital. Hla parents, who are from Pittsburgh, said he suffered a re lapse from an Illness when a gas bomb exploded near him. Another infant from the "army" died Sunday (Continued on Page Two) Paraguay, Bolivia LINA GRIEVES FOR JACK i ...... j . V- Hi Vis V -s j Tx Ltna Banquette, beautiful film actretw and dancer, who failed In . her attempt at suicide Jnst week. Hhe left a not addressed to "kick." meant presumably for Jack Dempsey. U. S. Business To France Hurt By Foreign Treaty PARIS, Aug. 2 (P) American busi ness interests face the loss of mil lions of dollars worth. of trade with France as a result of a treaty Just signed by France and Belgium. The new Franco-Belgian pact, signed yesterday and effective next Monday, waives for Belgium the Im port aX of four per cent pn semi finished goodr on certain classes and the six per cent tax on finished goods.1 These classifications Include copper, lead, zinc, hides, skins, office equip ment and many other articles. Protests were made not only by Americans, but by Gorman, BrlttBh, Japanese, Mexican and Chilean Inter ests, but there seemed to be nothing that could be done.- The treaty is to last for eight months. Even French producers, especially of the metals Included In the list, protested against the new arrange ment, Importers of American apples and other fresh frulta also were hard hit by restrictions announced for the August import quota which leave the United States only a small share of (Continued onVage Six) $6295 Mailed To County Treasury From Land Board SALEM, Aug. 2 (n Tho state land board last night mailed to county treasurers the sum of 9315,733 as the Interest on tho Irreducible school fund the past year. Tho fund Is ap portioned on the basis of school chil dren population at the rate of $1.20 per capita. The 'land board announced the number of children In the state be tween the ages of 4 and 20 increased about 3000 during the past year, for a total of 203,111. The Interest the past year on the other hand decreased, resulting In a 2B cent depreciation In tho per capita apportionment. Multnomah county will receive 908,154 of this fund, Marlon $20,633 and La no $17,857. Baker county will receive $8241; Benton 96085; Douglas $7894; Jackson $12,050; Josophlne $4315; Klamath $10,141; Umatilla $8-. 10 and Union $6295. Administration Is For Shorter Week WASHINGTON, Aug. 2 fP) The administration Is on record today for a plan to give Jobs to moro people by letting all work less and may present the idea to business leaders in a na tional conference shortly. The likelihood that President Hoo ver will call such a conference stands out clearly as an aftermath of his talk yesterday with a group of New Englandcrs who presented a work nhurtcnlng plan. Governor Wlnant, of New Hamp shire, said "wo made some progress in the rfleetlng with tho president,' The "New Hampshire" plan would spread employment through a five- day week, shorter work days or any other method found advisable. Administration leaders also are con templating even the four or three day week, tho six-hour days, stagger ing of work 1 tig hours and flexible work weeks depending upon tho vol ume of business. Application of these plans, they nay, while reducing In comes of employed workers would give much-needed Jobs to others. URGES BUYING OF EXCHANGE WOOD L. H. Bramwell Points Out Need of Orders Now if Jobless Are to Get Aid. ' A plea to La Grande rs to buy wood now through the Union County .J-a- bor-cxChangd waa made today by L. It Bramwell,. exchange manager, who pointed out that orders placed nor would bring lmmodlaui help to re lief work. "We urgo people to buy wood now, and to place their ordors through tho exchange This will glvo Immedi ate assistance to the wood cuttera, many of whom are now In need of assistance If they are to contlnuo op eration. This also will assist the la bor exchange In establishing a me dium of exchange betweon the pro ducer and tho consumor," Mr. Bram well declared. (Continued on Page Throe) LESLIE SCOTT MAY WITHDRAW RESIGNATION PORTLAND. Aug. 2 iLesllo M. Scott, who recently resigned as chair man or the state highway commis sion, Is considering whether or not to withdraw his resignation and resume his place on the highway administra tive board. Governor Julius L, Meier has exprcflscd pleasure at tho pros pect. The other commissioners, E. B. Aldrich of Pendleton, and Carl Wash burno of Eugene, led the movement to persuade Scott to reconsider. In a letter to Governor Moler, signed by Aldrich and Washburne, the two commissioners request that Scott "be reappointed to membership on the highway commission, or that his proffered resignation be withdrawn if not yet officially accepted." Boys En Route to Ice Lake Today After First Two Days at Lake Camp BOYS' CAMP. Wallowa Lake, Aug. 3 (Special) Today finds the half hundred boys of Union and Wallowa counties, encamped here under the direction of Boy Scout leaders of La Grande, en route to Ice lake where they will spend tonight. Each hiker in tho brigade Is taking sufficient food with him to last until Wednes day noon when they will bo back in the regular encampment which was set up Sunday to last two full weeks. Each participant In the Ice lake trek, which provides tho stiff est climb of three outlined for tho two-week pe riod, will cook his own supper and breakfast. Ice lake lies at tho foot of Mattcrliorn, one of the tallest pin nacles In the Wallowa mountains. Juniors among the hikers or others who may not be able to stand the gaff of the last half mile to Ice lake will go as far as they care to with out undue stress and camp for the night where wcarlnoss overtakes thorn. Camp Director. Harvey Carter Is giv ing his personal attention to this group, and Robert Long has general supervision of the more rugged climb er. Later on a trip of minor Interest will take the boys to Aneroid. Sunday evening and Monday morn ing, purchasing agents and Chef Rua sell Nelson demonstrated how easy , It Is to under estimate the capacity of 60 boys to eat and drink. Provisions had been made for seconds, and even Take War Steps Reconstruction Corporation Is Ready for Work Atlee Pomerene, Ohio Democrat, Elected Chairman; No Favorit ism Will Be Shown. WABHINQTOK, Aug. 2 VP) A prediction that politics and favorit ism' would be forgotten today usher ed in the $3,800,000,000 reconstruction corporation's first full work day since formal completion of Its board of directors. The last two directors Atlee Pom erene, Ohio Democrat, and Charles A. Miller, Utlca, New York, Republican were sworn In yesterday, Pomerene was 'elected chairman and Miller president.' Title completed reorganiza tion' of the corporation ordered by congress at the suggestion of presi dent Hoover. Pomerene'a prediction Is this: "I think that the prevailing senti ment of the board will be that there shall be no partisanship, sectionalism or favoritism in operation of affairs of the corporation. ... "' A Critical Time We are passing through a world crisis, the greatest perhaps that civ ilization has known. We are the greatest country in the world. We are the wealthiest country In the world. We have felt the depression sorely. But we will get out of it If we have the spirit of the entire people be hind us." With Pomerene In office, the Demo- orate have four of the seven board members, nominal control of the cor poration, . . President Hoover's attitude, how- (Continued on Page This,) ' ' Flames Destroy umber Company Mill at Cochran COCHRAN, Ore., Aug. 3 VP) Tin today destroyed the O. H. Wheeler Lumber company here, with a 1 estimated by owners at approxlruately 140.000. The damage Is partly cov ered by Insurance. Two men were slightly hurt by an explosion. Several Southern Paeltlo flat ears on the lumber company spur were destroyed ' Fifteen mlnittes after the fire was discovered, at't:0 a.- m;i powerful streams or- water from tn BO.uoo gallon storage tank were being played on the blazing mill by employes. After , two hours of constant haV tlltig the high pressuro supply from the' water - tank was exhausted, and two tiro fighting trains which were dispatched from -.Timber by the Southern Pacific arrived barely in time to keep the flames from spread' rag to the town building. . Nearly all those living at the mill moved tholr valuables to a safe die tance. .;.' The cause of the fire had not been determined today. The mill had outtlhg capacity of 140,000 feet of lumber a day. Team Foil Finals Won by Frenchmen LOS AKOELES, Aug. a VP) In competition so close that It waa nec essary to decide the victor on points, France was declared winner today over Italy In the team loll finals of the- 1033 Olympic games. Italy was the 1038 champion. The bouts ended In an 8 W 8 tie, and the French fencers were deolared victors when the Judges ruled they had scored 62 points to the Italians 68. France and Italy began the final match shortly after midnight after the United States team had been eliminated from a three-way tie en tored Into last night. thirds, but when servers' came back to the kitchen five and six times, the larders ran dry. Now, however, proper adjustments have been made, food coming from the kitchen has been' very savory and "His Nibs" at the stovo accepts tho compliments stoically. One of these days he will break down and explain that Mrs. B C Smith, whoso fame as superin tendent of tho famous Methodist church dinners In La Grande of years past. In camped near by while her husband is fishing, and that her ex pertness in condiments and spicing is secretly called upon by Chef Nelson to tho advantage and pleasure of all When Mrs. Smith says "Just right," that's the way they are. Art Bteffen as "herr loltnent' In the" kitchen, and Bobby fleuter, the master of waiters, are busy bodies whIe 60 odd hungry mouths are be ing fed. Both have the happy fac ulty of knowing when to be patient and when to get hard boiled. Tent leaders who smooth out tent difficulties and maintain discipline as needed aro: Donald Hlggens, Prod Gehrlng, Uex Wall and Gilbert Btcln all of La Grando, and James Brlnton, Of North Powder who supervises the "League of Nations," tent so called because North Powder, La Grande and Enterprise contribute to Its popula- Continued from Page Six) PARAGUAYAN ' MOBILIZATION IS ORDERED Hundreds of Patriotic Youths Clamor to be , the First Enlisted. ! BOLIVIAN ATTACKS 1 WILL BE RESISTED Military Cadets March1 Through Streets, De manding to be Sent to the "War" District. ASUNCION, Paraguay, Aug. 2 (- . Hundreds . of Paraguayan youthav swarmed around army headquertsir today and clamored to be the first- -enlisted In the general mobilization: against Bolivia authorized by con- , grass last night. The young men, eager to Join the ; armed resistance decided upon as a result of Bolivian attacks on Para guayan forts . In the- long-disputed Oran Ohaco region, refused to await ' ithe government's call upon tnem for service. , . Military cadets marched through" the streets, lined with huge, excited and milling crowds, demanding to be . sent to the "war" area. They filed i up to the residence of President Jose , P. Qlgglarl and cheered his action In deciding to defend the country..' . 'j , . Events Move Rapidly . - . ' Events moved rapidly after the de- ' clslon of congress to mobilize th military and economic resources of 1. the country last night. :. ..( Flans to call the army and navy . reserves were rushed. In the mean-' , time. Foreign Minister Hlglnlo. Arbo sent a note to the league of nation .. council deolarlng Bolivia had violated . articles ten and eleven of the leagu covenant, which require members to--respect the peace and territorial ln-V tegrlty of other members.. '' . Besides the news of the attack on.. Fort Boqueron, one of Paraguay's Im-; portant strongholds In the Ohaco l. territory, the government also heard that-the Bolivians were marching on. Fort Islapoti vhtcb- utoo- hes flctiMaV ' In the 60-year-old 'o;Itp.ute between" the two ' nations ' over the wIM, ' " swampy,' mostly unmapped territory, which forms their boundary line. :.. , No Declaration of War "As a member of the distinguished International Institution," the for eign minister said in his note to the league, "Paraguay calls attention' to the commission by Bolivia of hostile: i )." (Continued on Page Three) , v CABINET WILL t NOT RESIGN, DESPITE VOTE BERLIN, Aug. VP) The German republic, as a result of Sunday's elec tion, faced a situation today resemb-. ling the days of Bismarck, with Gen eral Kurt von Schleicher In the role of Iron chancellor. . Chancellor Franc von Papen, head of the present cabinet, the power be hind which le the affable but decisive Junker-Oeneral von Schleicher, in formed the Associated Press last night his government Intended to stay .in power, defying the relchstag If neces sary, i 'V Referring to the post-election riot yesterday which were attributed . to the national socialists and In which four were slain, the chancellor said whoevor Is found responsible for the "regmttable events" would find' the 1 cabinet "determined to deal swiftly ' and summarily with them.". Widow Arrested At Husband's Funeral CHIOAdO, Aug. a (ff) Mrs. Doro thy Polio. 39 and comely, whose ap pearance at hor husband's funeral precipitated a near riot as thousands crowded Into the cemetery to see her, wsa back in the county Jail today planning her defense against murder charges. Her attorney has announced new evidence had given him "a clear case of acoldcnt" as a defense. The widow had previously, been quoted as sayt Ing she shot her husband in self defenso after a quarrel over another women. As she wss led away from the cemetery she sobbed: "I'm going to miss him. When I die bury mo in the same grave." Wheat Today" OHICAOO, Aug. 2m Faced by unofllclal estimates tho 1032 North American wheat yield would be only 6,000.000 bushels less than In 1931, wheat values suffered material down turns today. , Export buslnosa aggregating 1,000, 000 bushels of wheat failed to rally prlMS. The movement of the new domcstlo spring wheat crop waa re ported Increasing fast. , Wheat closed unsteady, l314o under yesterday's finish, corn lo down, oats off, and pro visions unchanged to 10 cents lower, ' I v 1 J
