La Grande evening observer., July 27, 1918, Image 1

Ha to
r . An Independeat J
Newspaper
1 Prlate the Newa the J
t Oar It Happen. J
( VOLUME XXI
LA GRANDE, OREGON, SATURDAY, JULY 27, 1918
NUMBER 253
DELUGE OF
SHELLS FEAIN
Oil GERMANS
400,000 Hl'XS ARB -NOW SIB
.: JKCTEDTO MOST ' VIOLKXT
UOMUfcRDMH.N'T.OIl .WAR "
ENEMY CANf&nOSE :
BIG AlSNE BRIDGE
Retirement uf Cnmu Prlnrej's Army
Would Have Caused Depression
In Germany Decision To FigiU
It Oilt Has Provoked .Most HltUi-
. Buttle of Entire War. :
: PARIS, July' 27. (By United
Press.) rFranco-American ,: artlUoiy
Is now subjecting practically ' the
whole of tho" Gorman divisions
"within ' thq Relma-Solssons salient
to the -.most terrific bombardment
which has over been delivered tluf
Ing the war. ' '"
U la estimated that at least 400,
000 Germans are involved in the
ravages of this violent ahull, flrn,
and' It is certain tha -the los30t. of
the enemy are exlrfriiiely heavy.
Hundreds of thousands of shells
of all calibers are-" being-. burled
upon all , enemy troops concentra
tion points, and ammunition supply
depots, dumps and lines of commu
nications are dhiged with a rain
of high explosives.
: The fire , of a large number of
allied big gUns Is concentrated up
' on Fere-en-Tardenols, from which
city many of the (German lines of
communication with the front grav
itate. - -,'
Mlssy-sur-Aisne, -a town five
miles east of Solssons, is under In-
tense bombardment ' of high angle
-guns, audi the.shell , 'tire has ren
dered the great Ibrlilge, over the
A lane which. is, beingV'tiBed- by the
tJormans to reinforce their lines,' is
now untenable.
The French communique, issuod
thin morning reported that 'the al
lies had advanped to the north of
Pont-a-Musson and that there had
been local operations in the Cham
pagne. The voluntary retirement of the
Crown Prince's army It was thought
In high gentian military circles,
would only cause depression among
the people, but would produce prac
tically no strategic results, hence
the decision to fight it out with tho
result that It has provpked the most
bitter .Viand far-reaching battle of
the, entire war.' - : .
WILL MAKE MILITARY MAPS.
: The officers and non-commissioned
officers of the Oregon Guard will,
meet at the armory at 8 o'clock to
morrow morning for the purpose of
taking a short ."hike", out into the
country, for the purpose of making
a new military .map of the territory
surrounding the city. All are invited,
who desire to make the trip, to join
. the experition.
JOSDI'H COUPLK MARRIED.
Mr. W. ' A. Warnock and Miss
Jean Patten, both or Joseph, were
married at the parlors of the Savoy
Hotel In La Grande, July 28, J!!18,
Rev. O. H. Fecse, pa.itor of the
First M. E. church, officiating.
LU D EN DO R FF
IS TO BLAKE
VOX IIIXOKXIICRG WAS OPl'OH
J41 TO OKFliXSIVIi.
"In War Nothing Dclculs Itself
Like Overhiislc Ili-cntlilng Spucc
XeecsMiry In Rattle.
LONDON, July 27. (By United
. Press.) Dispatches from" Zurich
1 (Switzerland) report that yen Hln
denburg, Who was strongly opposed
to the offensive, program which
the Germans have attempted to
carry out since March of this year,
now Insists that the blame must
be attached to von Ludendorff, who
la thus exposed as the leader at
whose instance the offensive was
opened. f ,
In an interview, von Hindenbnrg
is reported to have said: "In war
nothing defeats Itself like over
haste, because breathing spares are
most necessary in great battles."
ENGLISH
STRIKERS
OBSTH
.Mt'NmoN .WOltKKItS RUFl'SK
TO KUHUMK WORK EVK.N
WHKX TOliD OF DAXU1CR "
GOVERNMENT MUST PUT
MEN IN ARMY OR RESIGN
: .. .. . .,; ... -
Knglnoers And Ailed Trades Will
Join Strikers .Next Tuesday JL'n.
lcs. Government Removes Em
bargo On liubor Perils Of Men
: In France Ignored by Strikers.
LONDON, July 27. (By United
Press.) Some of, tho munition
workers have returned to work.
The backbone of the strikers seema
to have been broken by the govern
ment . throat to force all strlkors
who do not resume work into the
army. - '
Later. Tlie striking munition
workers held a mails meeting . In
Covontry today and adopted reso
lutions to the effect that they would
not roturn to work unll the em
bargo on skilled, labor: is removed
by tho government. ' .'- '
' This now creates a final Issue be-,
tween the strikers and government,
which promises that It will carry
out Its threat 'and place the 'strikers
in he army on Monday.
The Premier's Attitude.
Premier Lloyd George last night
announced, on behalf of the gov
ernment, that all then who are wil
fully absent from work: on' or after
Monday next will bo deemed to
have voluntarily placed themselves
outside the munitions Industries.
Protection certificates will cease to
have effect and the men will be
come liable to. the provisions of
the military service act, . the. pre
mier added. ... . " , .
The statement pointed -out 'that
certain workers had quit their jobs
In disregard of their leaders and" re
mained idle against the advice of
the union advisory committee. :
"They have ceased work," the
statement said, "not in pursuance
of a trade dispute, but in an en
deavor to force the government to
change a national policy essential
to the, prosecution of the war."
.Millions Face Real Peril.
'While . millions of their fellow
countrymen hourly are facing dan
ger and death for their country
the men on strike have been grant
ed exemptions from those perils on
ly because their services, are con
sidered of more value to the stale
In the workshops than in i the
army. ,
Engineers' Will Join Strikers ',:
The decision of the conference
of members of the engineering and
allied tradcB at Leeds yesterday,
when It was voted to cease work
next Tuesday If the embargo , on
skilled workers was not removed,
was carried by a very narrow ma
jority after a healed discussion. ,.
The action or the conference a
mounts to defiance of the govern
ment's announcement that it will
revoke the certificates of workers
which exempt them from .military
duty. ..
. Meanwhile the labor leaders are
exerting their influence to prevent
a stoppage of. work which at the
present juncture of the campaign. In
France would be, considered very
serious.
sThe "embargo," which the muni
tions strikers demand shall be re
moved, restricts tho engagement of
additional skilled labor by firms
already having as large a portion
as their munition work requires,
having regard to the present labor
shortage.
TJie Idea of the authorities is to
malntaTh the. supply of munitions
Tor the troops nnd to Insure tho
proper distribution, of labor.
CHOIR WILL MKKT.
At the last meeting of the Com
munity Chorus part of the time was
devoted to practicing on the French
National Hymn and the song "Come
Rise with the Lark."
At , the regular meeting to be
held next Monday night at 7:30 o'
clock In the Presbyterian Church
Prof. Edwards wishes to dmroto
some of the time to "The Long
T- II a I . I ' .. iitA U ..... n
1JOI1K I IHll, H11U J no imiiio
I Fires Burning." Ho requests that
'all members having copies of these
songs will kindly bring them. Some
new members wore added last meet-
ling. Those contemplating Joining
the chorus will do we(J to be pres
ent 'next Monday that they may
get the benefit of the work on all
songs now in preparation.
GREAT EVENTS
BALL GAME AND RACES WILL
BRING BIG ATTENDANCE. V
Whole Proceeds Goes to the Army ad
r- Navy Auxiliary -A Fine Pro- .
-..'i gram Is. Arranged. ','.',-.',
'Racing enthusiasm Ib now running
at a 90-mile clip, and many expect to
beat any record that Barney Oldfisld
ever made on a half mile .track; to
morrow afternoon at the benefit races
at the fair grounds. . ''::!' '
', The Enterprise. Moose and the Jos-)
eph Moose band will aenve about 10
o'clock in the morning and be enter
tained by -thf Army and Navy auxil
iary for dinner,- after which the march
will be made to the fair grounds. Af
ter the program in the afternoon the
Moose will congregate at the Moose
lodge rooms, where members of the
band and ball club will be given a
banquet in appreciation of their at
tendance, and donation of : their ser
vices and expenses to the Auxiliary.
.',;-. Program. '
Bicycle race, one-half mile free for
all. ;:'... ': r-: ';' ': ".' r:,""':-' - ;.'.
v Bicycle race, one-half mile, boys un
der 14. .''.. V. 4 '.,' "'., ..':'''' '
. Stunts with a motorcycle, of "bull
dogging a sidetcar," Red Williams. ..
Motorcycle race, five miles; free for
all. .. .".'.' '
Four innings basepal!,' Enterprise
vs. La Grande. . ' . .-'. 'i ; ,,
Motorcycle race, : three miles, for
those who have, never rode in a race.
Slow auto race, one-half mile. Car
to be run on high gear and no slip
ping clutch or tight brakes; driver
to be : accompanied by disinterested
party, and any car coming to a dead
stop to retire from race. Free for alt.
Ford race,- one-half mile, , remove
tire, replace same and pump up to
70 pounds, then race ope-half mile.
Prize,' one Gates' Half Sole tire; do
nated by Fuller Bros. No tire-remov.
ing machines allowed. ' ,. .
Special Ford race, five mites, stock
cBrt.'7"-;'1r'"-''" ; '
' Novelty auto race. '. Back-up' quar
ter mile, turn in front of grandstand
and race one-half mile; touring) cars
only. , 1 i , ,. ;V.
five inning baseball game, Enter-'
prise vs. La Grande. . ''.. -
Special race, five miles, racing
cars. ' In this, race there are three '
entries at present, 3. E. Anderson's
Maxwell Special; Rcisland & Shank's
"Meteor"; Dusty . Famum's .. "Velle.
Special"; and probably an eight-cylinder
Packard Tacing car from Pen
dleton. ..''.;-'.' ''".:. :" i ;
- Trial for track record by fast cars.
Other side races between ''speed
demons" are being agitated. and wil
no doubt be added to the program.
- With this program thentanagement
feels that there will not be. a dull
moment from the time the sports be
gin at 1:30 p. m., and everything is
in the best of shape for entertaining'a.
big crowd. ' The management Will be
disappointed if the grand stand is not
filled to tho limit and car -space all'
taken, as no : extra charge -will be
made for either car or, grand, stand
space. ' '-. ." ' , . '
I'lXKD FOR RAISING ,TK8T !
fc Goldlng, Of liigin, " Runs
Agalnnt Htnte' Repsrtiiient. ;
L. B. Zeamer, deputy dairy, food
commissioner, caused the arrest of
Lee Coldjng at Klgln a rew days
ago for operating a Babcock cream
testing machine without a state li
cense. It was also charged that
Golding raised the test on some
cream from 1k to 6 per cent. The
case was heard before Justice Weiss
and Golding pleyided guilty to each
charge, paying a fine of .15 for
each offense. ,' '
MODIOItX TRACTOR.
Ed. .Morrison Has Machine With
All The Latent Appliances.
Ed. Morrison, well-known fartner
and dairyman of. the Summervllle
section has just purchased one of
the very latest productions in the
way of a farm tractor.1 .The mach
ine not only is supplied with an
electric starter,' bnt also has an
electric lighting r equipment, ami
with these facilities the tractor li
available tor use at any time, night
or day. It is a Mollne tractor and
was purchased from the Galloway
Rees Company. - " '
MAKKS lATTLK SHII'MK.NT.
Inn Mryeni licks l"p Two 'ar-
lomls In Klgln Neighborhood.
Don Meyers, the old-time stock
buyer, who has been away for a
long period, has dropped Into the
old swing and today Is loading two
cars of steers for ' Portland. The
purchases were made in the vicinity
of Klgln and the stock Is - in fine
condition. As soon as this ship
ment Is delivered, Mr. - Meyers ex
pects to be back after some more.
SHRAPNEL, WOT TJDDLE
' Occusionallr in this crisis is .found -an individual, wlio
insists, on plaj'ing tiddle-de-Kvinks; someone who skeins
dcsh'oua of wearing lawn tennis.shoes arid using u racquet
instead of wearing khaki and shouldering A gun.' v
- ' There never was a bay rum and talcum powder stage
in the present world (sonflict and tliere never will be. This
i8 a war between strong:hearted,'red-bloodcd men and wo
wen. , Thii is an eve for an eye and a tooth for a tooth
proposition. This is a life and death struggle, where Qoft
th'ds and buttonhole bouquets have n place; : f; ' . ; ;
Recently, Charlc;s Albert Small, Who has beeh Union
county's ipresentative in the state legislature, issued a
porelnniation to the Republican Central Committee, giving
reasons why lie cannot 'accept the election to the same of
fice this year, although at the present time lie has the Re
publican nomination. , His communication is ill:tinied and
his conscience-railed to become heated at the proper per
idjd, for it will be remembered that this nation had been in
war for soirictiine whenMr. Small made his jmnouueement
to run lor. a second term., lie accepted tlie votes m the
primary with the full knowledge that America is in war;
with .the. full knowledge that Union county people have
tlieir hearts set on winning this war; with the information
in his possession that this is a time when almost every
home in this county is represented at the front, and the
people at home will stand for nothing but clean-cut fight
ing 'policy for every officer elected, .belie constable or leg
islative representative. ;it'5n;;;..0;ujv
; Why Mr. Small should have sought a nomination lui
der thtise conditions, and shortly afterward interviewed
his conscience and found that the shadow of William Penn
aild some otheivPenuslyvaniaiis beckoned to him, is not
quite clear. ' Through many mouths he has witnessed the
great patriotic spirit 'of the people of this .county,: as the
war progressed? he has seen our boys anarch to the trains
on their way. to Bei'liir, amid the rousing cheers of the peo
ple; he has scei deinoiistrations in ..this city for the flag
that would make" all the kaiser's' frieiuls iveakeii in the
knees, yet he continued to seek the Republican nomination.
His lengthy letter to the Central Committee, which ap
peared in the Observer, is positive evidence that Union
c6unty is fortunate in not being represented at the coming
session of the legislature by Mr. Small, for there will be
war matters before that body which must have the support
of this county's representative, whoever he may be. ;
Mr. Small must not think because Ae people take him
at iris word and huio'- way can g''7Vitiittitha),'.;due.
aTOiitttionbfiisSvork in the past has not been accorded.
He has seen fit to join the tiddle-de-Winkiifrs iii this critical
monieut, when the people arc demanding that no one be
placed on guard but men who can stand the shrapnel. He
has, by his own act, ostracized himself. lie has asked in
his letter that he be let alone to think his own pacifist
thoughts and to follow a convh.-tiou of conscience, Which,
if participated in by the entire nation, would transform the
great and glorious America into a vassal nation of the Hun.
. It is up to the people to fight for Mr. Small aiid all of
his kind, for by saving the nation 'and installing more
firmly in the world tho principles of liberty, and justice,
all-will benefit, including Mr. Small and others who do Hot
believe.iu bloodshed, themgh our flag js assailed. :
;; The Republican committee accepted the resignation;
just as it should have done, but we assume that the man
placed on the ballot will be given a rigid examination as
to his fitness and his war views, for the. .Republican partv
of Union county docs not relish-being held up to the State
and Nation as a party that will bestow nominations on aiiy
man who is not in accord, with American principles and
yyho is not backing up the present National administration
while this war lasts; ? : ; ' :-"; ': :v , -V
.,; We repeat, for the benefit of all who believe ill sticking
oh heated places in their conscience at present, that Amer
ica is in war and a lot of things will take place.to make the
weak-hearted faint, but the people are right, and if some
one forgets to dot an "i" or cross a "t" during this conflict
don't worry about it, for the big event is to whip the kaiser
which is being done right now by our splendid bovs from
Union county and other counties of Oregon and tlie Nation.
i In the Civil War, when President Lincoln was ap
proached by tiddle-de-winkers with the charge that one
of his generals was addicted to drinking strong whiskcv,
the great war President immediately said, "It that a fact f
Can you tell nic what brand of whiskey he drinks, for 1
.want to get some of the same kind for the other generals?"
, Again we wish to impress on anv who are weak at heart
in this conflict, that this is not a game of tiddle-de-winks.
Not at all. It is a game of hell on earth, and no one but
the strongest should be put on guard. Republican Central
Committee of Union conntv, do vour dntv.'1
HAD LONG TRIP
La Grande Couple Returns From l our
including National Park.
Mr. and, Mrs. Lou Eyers h.ive re
turned from a long auto trip which
seems to' have included a pood por
tion of the whole northwest, including
Canada. The tour included Walla
Walla, Spokane, Northern Idaho,
thence into British Columbia, includ
ing Kernie, Calgary, Lethbridgc, and
down through Montana to Great Knllb
and Helena, thence through the Yel
lowstone National Park and down to
Hailey and back toward home by way
of Boise. '
The entire trip included 2859 mil-is
and the amount of gasoline consume!
was 100 gallons, the average being
about, one gallon-ito eighteen and a
- DE - WINKS, WILL WIN.
half miles. : Mrs. Eyers did about half
of the driving, and on the whole tii,
not a cent was expended for repairs
The trip was made in a fivc-pessen-
ger Nash car, which was bought from
the B. E. Hamilton agency.
SfXDAV SCHOOL CONVKXTIO.X.
District Meeting Of L. P. H. At
Tabernacle Tomorrow. '
The Annual Sunday School Con
vention of the L. D. 0. Church of
tills District or Stake will be held
In the Tabernac-.e tomorrow morn
ing at 10 o'clock, and afternoon at
2. Matters of Importance to - all
Sunday school workers will be die.
cussed. Representatives of the
General Sunday School Board from
Salt Lake are expected to be In at-
tendanCer'' -
YANKEES MARK
TUHIIG POINT
ARRIVAL Of Y Villous IS THK
ukigkst icvtcvr or ;vi;ah
-mm
Culled Ktiitex lias Rneit Sliiin lit.
fliicnce In DonAim'tig; later..
. , Strategy Of War. ..
'' lly J.' W.. T. iMnson.-. w
(United Press. War Kxnert )
NEW - YORK,. July 26. Tr.e
fourth year of the -war is ending
with the strategic Initiative dram
atically restored to General.. Vjt-.h
along the- Marne, following Ameri
ca's first co-operative engagement
with the allies.
The , turning , point in - modern
civilization will probably be dated
by future historians from the year
of strife now closing, because of
America's resolve to consent to no
Deace until the Hohenzollern men
ace tc) the world Is crushed.' De
spite the tfact that American troops
have played only; a , minor part in
the.- year's righting,';' the United
States has predominantly.! Influenc
ed the strategy of the fourth year
of: the- war. The .outstanding; bat
tlefield facts of the year have been
von Hlndenburg's maddened efforts
to break -the British and French
fronts, and General" Foch's counter-policy
of ' patient defense. '
'.' Hlndenburg's Motive. " '
It was fear of America's fast ac
cumulating military strength '-that
compelled von Hlndenburg to ' en
gage in his campaign of ruthlessly
sacrificing his own troops; ; and It
was the knowledge; of ,' the over
whelming reinforcements ' America
was sending to the -Allies that per
mitted ' General ' Foch to see his
lines driven back, without loss of
morale to the allied forces. Every
major plan worked out' In Berlin as
well as In the capitals of the allies
this year, has similarly been based
fundamentally upon -America's
forthcoming major activities in tho
war. . ,-;;,';,.-
I The) necessity -tor these plans was
f tilly ' JtiBtlfled 1 at 'the' fivst serlfluS.
encounter between, the Americans
and the Germans, Which occurred
eleven days togo south or the Murne
opposite . Jaulgonne.. Von Hinden
dehburg's fifth offensive, was shat
tered by the, American counter-at
tacks which forced the Germans to
retraat to tho north bank of the
river. The American success 'was
especially significant because' it
was the first time American offi
cers and. men had been tested in
the difficult tactics of counter-assaults.
' .
Following .this early promlso, the
Americans contrlbnted slmlhvrly ef
fective aid to General Foch's cau
tiously . developed drive between
the Aisne and the Maine, which are
still proceeding.
The American ' successes during
tho year In I'lcardy and In the Cha
toau Thierry sector, have , beeri
minor affairs, regarded as Isolated
engagements. But, all the victories
of von Hlndetiburg In Flarfdeis, Fl
air dy and Champagne do -.notr com
pare In their ultimate consequences
with the promise to world demo
cracy contained In tho .American
operations at. Cuntlgny, ' Belleau
Wood and Vaux. .
"' Prussian Threats.
Starting the fourth year of the
war with arrogant threats to the
allies of new changes In the map
of Europe unless the successes Of
the German armies 1 were accepted
as decisive, the German government
has ended the year by . confessing
that battlefield - victories cannot
bring peace. Foreign Minister von
Kupilmann's pronouncement to
this effect In the Reichstag ranks
second only to America's Immense
I war preparations as the year's most
; significant event. j The reluctance
of the Kaiser's militarists to com
pel the resignation .of von Kuehi
mann immediately after his repu
diation of the Invincibility of the
German army Is Indicative or the
Sobering erfect the - piesence of a
million American troops In France
Is having even on von Hlndenburg.
Von Kuehlmanu's eventual retirement-was
a desperate expedient
to stem a decline in German morale
due to his speech.
. It is apparent that, as the fifth
year of warfare hfKluf. the German
leaders are taking an increasingly
grave view of the situation fac'ng
them. They dare not promise a
decisive victory to the Kaiser's de
luded subjects uny longer. The
people of -Germany are bejng pre
pared, in fact, for the assumption
of a permanently defensive role by
von Hlndenburg. This, although
the fourth year of conflict has seen
von Hlndenburg display an unpre
cedented degree of power In offen
sive warfare, nevertheless, the year
ends with an admission by the Ger
man government that by thOBc
means peace, cannot be won. In
that fact Is the certainty of uil.'..
' (Continued on Page 3)
OF Pg
OKNLRAI. MARCH. SAYS OKR.
MANS ARK NOW It MILKS -Fl'KTHKR
FROM GOAL.
EPIEDS TAKEN AND RE-
TAKEN FOUR TIMES
British Make Dashing Attack On
German lft Flank Gaining Mllo
. And Hulf On A Front Of Four
Miles And Further' Undnngerbig
Germans. v ;
.. WASHINGTON, D. C, July 27.
(By United J'lesaj) Chief of Btaff
March today told newspaper cor
respondents that American righting
forces have now arrived In Italy
nom Fiance 4 s
He also announced the formation
of the fourth and fifth army corps
In Vrance, and said the Allies Hues
Involved in the prosent offensive
extend In ., length from 64 to 17 - t
miles.
When the German latest drive v
came to d standstill they were as y
near as 38 miles to Paris, but aa
a result of the efforts of the allies '
they were now 9 miles awav at- . . .
their, nearest point. .
Chief of. 8taft March said that
only ,63,00 . Americans were sent to ( -..i-,
France last week,' which, Is 40,000 f -
less tnan in tne previous "week, be
cause it was found necessary . tq
send supplies and equipment. ' v , .
. Detailing the fighting, t he - saM
that the village of Epleds was lak- .'
on and retaken no ' less than four - v '
times before It remained in tho , -hands
of the Americans. The' bat
tle over this village only temporary .
lly delayed -Ute iidvance. --
N The British,. March said, made d
dashing attack against the left
flank of the Germans, gaining one
and a half miles on a four mile
front, making a new pocket and
endangering enemy forces.
: The territory now - occupied by.
the allies in their recent offensive :.
Is now greater than, that occupied ,
by tho Germans in Flanders this i
spring. i "
The ; American linos, are - now; k
within threo and onfe-half miles of -Fere-en-Tardenols,
which Is being ,
constantly Bholled. . - . .vw
ITALIANS DEFEAT
FOE IN' ALBANIA
AUSTRIAN'S,' NOW RK1NFORCKD
START OrFi;.NSIVK.
ROME, July ; 27.-(By United
Press.) Tho war office' announces
that the Italians have defeated re
peated enemy attucks on position
In Albania. : ... . .-.
The message says the r&lds wero
carried out on the Semen! Hlver
near Kucl bridge. Having been re
inforced, the Auslrlans heavily at
tacked us on many occasions, but
was beaten back with heavy losses.
We took one hundred prisoners and
some machine guns."
-The message said several local
attacks had been made on the Ital
ian mountain front.
END QUESTION ;
OF FEW HOURS
RRITISH Alii') ONVIXt l?l) THAT
CRISIS IS XliAU.
Xo Army Can WilhsUiiid Hummer
ing Uermnim Ai-e Vndcrgoiag ,
Say War Experts. - v.
LONDON, July 27. (By United
Press. 1 Tho crisis In the colossal
SolHsons-Kelms battle is hourly
expected for experts hero do not
believe that any army could long
withstand tho. constant hammoilng
of high explosive -shells that the
Germans are now subjected to.
While the heaviest., pressure Is
being exerted on all aides of the
salient by the allies, only slight
local Rains are to bo reported, ow
ing to tbe desperate resistance the
Oormans are offering.--. ,'
i
r
J
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i