Image provided by: University of Oregon Libraries; Eugene, OR
About The news-review. (Roseburg, Or.) 1948-1994 | View Entire Issue (Aug. 21, 1954)
C. of 0. Library augene, wegon Ccmp f! Ale o! Today May Decide Strike issue Estoblithtd 1873 14 Pag,t ROSEBURG, ORECON SATURDAY, AUGUST 21, 1954 195-54 PRICE 5e Ml V V 7 Racial Segregation Called Greatest Scandal Sn Church' EVANSTON, HI. Wl Christian leaders from many lands today were told that racial segregation is "the great scandal in the church especially in the United States and South Africa." The problem was laid before delegates to the assembly of the Prospective Students For OSC Meet Monday A meeting Monday at 4 p.m. has been set in the Episcopal Par ish house in Roseburg for. all prospective Oregon State College students,- alumni and friends of the college. Robert Knoll, director of the OSC Alumni Assn., will lead a delegation of college officials here for an orientation session for the prospective students. , Parents of the young people are being extended a particular invi tation to the conference, accord ing to Mrs. Allen Dryer, Rose burg. She is local chairman of the OSC Mothers Assn. and in charge of local arrangements. Movies are scheduled as part of the program. Refreshments will be served during the evening, In The Day's News By FRANK JENKINS Early in the morning of the day this is written, the senate of the United States faced three pieces of MUST legislation that is to say, legislation that had to be got out of the way before the senate could adjourn and let its members go home: 1. What to do about making membership In the communst partv a crime. 2. What to do about upping social security benefits. 3. How much money to provide for foreign aid. Of the three, the communist party membership bill is the most important in an election year, De cause its purpose is to make it clear to the voters that everybody running for reelection is against communism just as everybody is 'against sin. As the august senators faced H In. the gray dawn of the morning, the bill to put the kibosh on the com munists contained a clause that would make membership in the communst party punishable by (Continued On Page 4 Col. 6) The Weather Partial clearing Saturday after noon. Sunday mostly tunny with tome morning cloudiness. Highest tamp, last 24 hours. 71 Lewist temp, lilt 24 hours . 57 Hightit temp, any August 104 Lowest temp, any Auguit 39 Precip. last 14 hours 1 .02 Precip. from Auguit 1 .27 PrKip. from Sept. 1 34.74 Excms from Stpt. 1 4.40 Sunsot tonight, 7:07 p.m. SunrlM tomorrow, 5:24 a.m. V.. 1 ft 5t '-, n v. v vfvy ;vfy ,:;r WWW pWwUS 7 I; World Council of Churches with a suggestion that they search for its solution in a caum Christian spi rit." Benjamin E. Mays, president of Morehouse College. Atlanta, termed racial separation "the great scandal in the church," and added: The local churches permit secular hodies suoh as the state and federal courts, the United Na tions, big league baseball, profes sional boxinz. colleges, the public schools and theaters to initiate change in ttie area of race. "But even when secular bodiei initiate the change, local church es, Negro and white, follow slowly or not at all. "It will be a sad commentary on our life and time u future his. torians can write that the last bul wark of seeregaion based on col or in the United States and South Africa was God s diurch. Dr. Ben Marais of the Dutch Ke formed Church of South Africa told the conferees: "Christian men and women in many lands look towards the church for guidance." He pointed out that tensions of ten develop between racial groups, nd added: "Therefore it is becoming that we face this problem in a cairn Christian spirit." Canby Man Is Killed When Well Caves In CANBY Ml Lloyd R. Leppert, 39, of Portland, was killed Friday when a well caved in on him. Another worker, Bob Poole, also of Portland, who was part way down the bole when the cavein oc curred, was Tescued. Fellow work men ttirew them a rope and pulled him to safety. It took nearly an hour to reach Leppert's body at the bottom of he 15-foot hole. He was dead from suffocation. Liberalized Social Security Measure Passes Congress WASHINGTON ( Congress has passed a bill liberalizing and ex tending the social security system just about as President Eisen hower wanted. The measure aroused some pre adjournment political bickering, but both House and Senate shouted approval of a compromise version late Friday and ttie bill final major legislation of the 83rd Con gresswent to Eisenhower for his expected signature. It will increase present and fu ture benefits to retired persons and survivors, boost taxes to fi nance the higher payments and bring an additional 10 million per- I sons under the 20-year-old system. This was one of the key bills in the Eisenhower legislative pro gram and one from whirti the Re publicans expect to reap a politi cal harvest. Particularly is this true since the increased payments to 6V4 million persons now on the rolls will go it h "" 7. if "lArif.Tfn r u n ft i " PA RADE Costumes "shown" ranged from flying saucers to clown suits worn by young sters (above) and airman uni form worn by young man (left). Few delays in the pa rade occurred Friday morning. Amazingly enough no dog or cat fights were reported. One pet escaped. (Pictures by Dan Mindolovich). Children's Pet Parade Draws Crowd Friday . More than 1500 sDectators lined Jackson Street Friday morning to waien tne youngsters "Back-To-School" parade. The 1500 estimate was made by the Roseburg Po lice Department. Unofficial esti mates ran as high as 5000. According to parade chairman Ralph Snyder, 52 kiddies entered the children's vehicle parade, and anotner participated, in the pet contest. Judging was conduct ed by local business and profes sional people. nyder said. The parade, delayed one day by rainfall, went off pretty much as scheduled. Snyder said there's a good possibility that one will be held next year. Although only ' 144 chilren , en tered the parade, many times that number attended the free shows at the Indian and Star Theaters. A total of 1320 ice cream bars were given to the kids as they left the show; they got only one apiece. Winners in the teen-age driving contest held Friday were Charles Crose, first; Edward Howe, sec ond; and Gail Currier, third. Judg es were members of the local po lice force. A complete listing of prize win ners in the parade, as compiled by Snyder, follows, division, win ners are listed in first, second and third place order: VEHICLE PARADE: best all around girl entry: Joyce Larson, Rita Bennett, Janet Sabin; best all-around boy entry: Ray and Chris Peters, Tom Miller, Jimmie Murphy; most uniquely decorated entry: Robbie Peters, Joe Pet ers, Roger Warren; best combin ation entry of vehicle and pet: David Gilley, Harry Carmichael. PET CONTEST: best all-around pet entry girl: Vickie Kimbrell. Sandra Cob, Grace Helen Wil- coxen; best all-around pet entry boy: Gary Free, Peter Bow er, Roger Stewart; largest pet category: Trudy Gilley, Mike Brundage; smallest pet division: Steven McCarthy, Aileen Batten Tom Mesheim; most unique pet entry: Mike Radcliffe, Ardell How ard; muttiest of mutts: Gary Burnett, Joe Dunwoodie, Bobby Olson; cutest cat: Jacqueline Cary, Jane Brown, Scott Camp bell. Pets ranged in size from a snail to a at. cernara. Diners inciuaea mice, ducks, sheep, rabbits, cats, parrotts, goats and dogs and cats of all sizes and varieties. DRUNKEN DRIVING Jiles Donald Britt, 18, Myrtle Creek, pleaded guilty to a drunken driving charge Monday He was sentenced to five days in city jail and fined S100, according to Myr tle Creek City Judge G. D. Myl lenbeck. Britt was arrested Aug. 14. out about the first of October. when the fall campaign for control of Congress will be in full swing. uemocrats, nowever, insist tne voters will not forget that the system orginated under a Demo cratic administration and Con gress and that the Democratic party has fought to expand it. The bill will extend social secu rity coverage to nearly all working people in America, whether they are employed by others or are self-employed. The biggest new group brought into the system comprise 3.600.000 farmers and 2,100,000 additional farm hands. Farm coverage aroused a last minute controversy in the Senate over the bill as finally worked up by a Senate-House conference. The Senate had excluded farm opera tors, but House conferees stood firm on this point and finally won over to their side the three Senate Republican conferees. Cl!(i'S I President Cites Achievements Of Lawmakers . WASHINGTON I After a final burst of legislating and oratory, the 83rd Congress has1 broken for home with President Eisenhower's thanks for its "record of accom plishment." In its final hours last night, Con gress sent Eisenhower a social se curity bill just about as he asked for it and a federal workers pay boost bill that Senate Republican leader Knowland of Caifornia warned may be vetoed. The House adjourned with a whoop and a holler at 7:38 p.m. It won't return until Jan. 5, barring a special call from the President. Meanwhile, 1 most of its members will be battling for re-election Nov. 2. The Senate finished its last leg islative chore early in the evening when, by voice vote, it completed congressional action on a bill to bring another 10 million persons under social security and to boost both benefit payments and the tax es that support them. However, it stayed around for another 3 hours and 12 minutes as some of the senators got some unai remarKs ou tneir chests, it also confirmed a few more post masters before quitting at 10:50 p.m. Unlike the House, however, the Senate still has some unfinished business to dispose of later in the year. The Senate authorized its Repub lican and Democratic leaders to recall it into session sometime in the fall to consider a report of a special committee studying cen sure charges aganst Sen. McCar thy (R-Wis). That committee has tentatively scheduled pumic hear ings to open Aug. 30.'. Just before the Senateiadjourned for Hs' indefinite- vacatfoil, Khow- iajia relayed uisennower s "appre ciation lor tne service of tne 83rd Congress and the record of ac complishment" it had made. There was a hail-fellow-well-met atmosphere in both chambers, but both Knowland and Senate Demo cratic Leader Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas fired parting political snots, eacn witn an eye cocked to ward the fall election in which 37 Senate seats will be on the block. Subcommittee Sets Deadline For Decision WASHINGTON (fl The Senate investigations subcommittee Satur day set an Aug. 30 deadline for its members to submit the ver dict or verdicts on the McCarttiy Army hearings. That is the same date on which another Senate group investigat ing the activities of Sen. McCarhy (K-Wis) plans to start its public hearings. Sen. Watkins (R-Utah), the chairman of that special investi gating group, announced after a closed door meeting with Mc Carthy's lawyer that lh hearings will start on schedule so far as he now knows. The investigations subcommittee, which completed on June 17 its 36 days of uproarious nearings on the McCarthy-Army row, tailed again Saturday to reah agreement on what the evidence showed. Sen. Mundt (R-SD), the chair man, announced that by unani mous vote of the six members present, the group has "set the date of Aug. 30. at 5 p.m. for sub mission of additional statements 6f view point" by individual mem bers or groups of members. He said the group at Saturday's closed door meeting gave its final approval to a summary of the evi dence and testimony taken in the 36-day hearings and added: "We agreed unanimously on a statement which will follow the narrative summary of the evi dence." Danct Tonight Bring Drain Fair To Close i A dance tonight in the Veterans Hall is to bring the annual North Douglas Fair to a close in Drain. Saturday morning, Queen Mary Ann Regan and her court of prin cesses were to lead one of the big gest parades in the history of the event through the streets of the city. Friday, after judging of exhib its was completed, games for chil dren and adults were held, and the fun continued today. Observers said the fair thil year was a marked success. SERVING SENTENCE Manley .Marvin Huntley. 22, Sutherlin, was lodged in the coun ty jail at Roseburg Friday to serve a 60-day sentence imposed by Sutherlin Judge J. C. Irvin. Huntley was arrested by Suther lin Police Chief Richard Crumal Thursday on charges of resisting arrest and being drunk in a pub lic place. hds Work, Adjourn Eisenhower Leaves By Air For Retreat In Colorado; Plenty Of Work Piled Up WASHINGTON VP) President Eisenhower left Wash inirton by air at 9 :25 a.m., EDT, for a work-and-play stay in Colorado, where he'll plan a speaking campaign to help fel low Republicans win firmer control of the next Congress. Tne president and Mrs. Eisen-1 hower left Washington National Airport aboard his plane, the Col umbine, for the 8 H-hour flight to Denver. As the President left the capi tal, he was obviously pleased with the way bis legislative program fared in the Congress session that was adjourned Friday night. White House aides claimed the chief executive batted about 83 per cent in the congressional session. They said passage of 54 of 65 ad ministration proposals by a close ly divided Senate and House ad ded up to a "pretty good" aver age. About a score of the Eisenhower-supported measures remained to be signed. The President order ed these and a lot of other unfin ished business put aboard h i s plane, the Columbine, for the 6V4 hour flight to Denver. The President also arranged to take along speech writing as sistants and material for talks speeches are planned for Septem ber. Another sign that preparations for the fall election campaign al ready are gathering speed was Eisenhower's agreement to sand wich into the brief space between breakfast and departure individ ual picture-taking with 39 GOP House candidates. One of Eisanhower'i first chores on arrival will be to draft a half-hour speech on what he regards as administration accom plishments. The speech will be televised on all networks and broadcast over ABC at P.m., EDT, Monday, CBS radio will record it for trans mission at 10 p.m. NBC and MBS will rebroadcast it at 10:30 p.m. Columbia Claims Five Lives When Tug, Barge Upset PORTLAND UPI A current sucked a 47-foot tugboat under the Bonneville' Dam spillway Friday and five men lost their lives in the accident, the worst in the history of the Columbia River pro-1 ject. Another man. Harold A. cole. 28. Astoria, was rescued by Ivan Don aldson, a fish biologist for the Corps of Engineers, who happened to be in a boat nearby conducting experiments. The bodies of two men were re covered. They were Merle Tobias, 48, Portland, an engineer, photo grapher and world traveler, and George Graham, Kalama, Wash., a carpenter. Still missing early Saturday were Magner Larsen, 66, Astoria; Leo nard Boylan, Cathlamet, Wash.: and Don Lewis, 20, Portland, son of Frank Lewis, former resident engineer at the dam. Young Lewis was, a junior at the University of Oregon. Coles said the six were on the tug boat which was hauling a barge below the dam in preparation for some construction work. The barge became caught in the current and started dirfting toward the water fall over the spillway. Coles tried to cut the line to the barge but the tug also was sucked under by the current. Coles was thrown Into the water and came to the surface about 400 feet below the dam. DuFrasno Electric Sella Refrigeration Business Official announcement of the sale of the refrigeration section of their business to Bergeron's Re frigeration was made Thursday by the owners of DuFresna Elec trie. The sale was culminated August 19. Refrigeration supplies will be moved to the new owner's store at 225 Sheridan. Ben DuFresne and his wife said they would continue their electri cal business as usual at 224 N. Main St. Bergeron Refrigeration will also continue to carry its same lines in commercial refrigeration and air conditioning, according to. owner Cyril Bergeron. Fine, Jail Sentence Imposed For Drunkenness A fine of $500 and a 15-day sus pended sentence were imposed on George Washington Finley, 60, Tenmile, when he, pleaded guilty Friday in district court to a charge of drunken driving, ac cording to Judge Elmer G. Bald win. Finley was arrested by a state police officer early Friday. Judge Baldwin said Finley had previous ly been in court on a similar charge. ... Boost In Salaries Faces Possible Presidential Veto By WILLIAM F. ARBOCAST WASHINGTON ( Rouahlv a million and a half government workers crossed their fingers Sat urday, anxious for word from Pres ident Eisenhower on a last-minute act ot congress to raise their pay. ine president s coneressional leaders Sen. Knowland (R-Calif) and Rep. Halleck (R-Ind) de scribed the chief executive as on- posed to the measure which calls for an average 5 per cent salary increase, but no accomnamdng postal rate boost urged by the ad ministration. And a White House official who wouldn't be identified publicly commented: "It looks like we'U have to veto it, doesn't 'it?" A veto would stick, because Con gress has adjourned. - Knowland's strong prediction of a veto didn't keep the Senate from passing the bill by a'rollcall vote of 69-4. Nor did Halleck's statement that the President hasn't changed his position prevent the House from whisking it through by voice vote in less man a minute. The President's nosition has been that any bill increasing pay should be accompanied by a hike in postal rates to help defray the estimated 380 million dollar cost. " The Senate specifically refused to tack a 240-miIlion-dollar postal rate boost onto tne Dill. Knowland's amendment to do that lost by vote of 55-16. The postal rate increase wasn't even suggested in the House Fri day, me House turned down a similar proposal just a month ago.1 Tne raises are due to become ef fective the first full pay period aft er the bill becomes law if it does. Beneficiaries would be 500.000 postal workers, plus about a mil lion civil service and congressional employes. . Postal employes would each get minimum annual raise of $200 and a maximum of $400. The other would get not less than $170 nor more than $440. Roseburg To Extradite Pair On Forgery Charges The city of Roseburg will ex tradite a man and woman held in Monrovia, Calif., on forgery charg es, according to Police Chief Stan Olson. Olson said Loren Eugene Welch. 30, and Lucille Bertha Hunter, 38, are wanted here on charges of cashing checks with insufficient funds. Three complaints have been signed against the pair. Ol son said they are suspected of cashing at least eight bad checks totalling more than $60 while liv ing together at 2310 Bertha St. in the recent past. The couple was arrested about a week ago in a Monrovia motel. AIRMAN HELD James Llndle Ritch. 18. was lodged in the county jail Friday following nis arrest at Sutherlin on a charge of being AWOL from a Denver, Loio., airbase, accord ing to Sheriff Calvin Baird. The arrest was made by a deputy sher. iff. Red Cross Raises One-Fourth Of Needed Operating Funds More than one-fourth of the mon ey necessary to keep the local Red Cross office open until March has been collected in the emer gency Fund Campaign, according to newly-elected directors of the organization. Announcement that $1100 of the necessary $4000 has been collected was made Friday night at the first meeting of the new directors of the Douglas County chapter. They met at 7:30 p.m. in the Ar mory. In other action the board ap pointed all committee chairmen to the RC board of directors. The move was made in accordance with discretionary authority grant ed by Red Cross administrative procedures, according to Brig. Gen. Curtis Beecher, local Red Cross board member. The following were elected to serve as officers of the county chapter for tte coming year: Cal vin Baird Sr., chairman; Col. Bob Dicey, first vice chairman; Mrs. Roy Young, second vice chair man; Mrs. Girtha Walton, treat- North Douglas Soil District Is Organized Formation of the North Douglas Soil Conservation District Friday was approved by a 87-39 margin, just barely .over the majority re quired, in voting at Oakland and Drain. Robert C. Baum, Corvallis, sec retary of the Oregon Soil Conser vation Committee, said the result now will , be reviewed In Bend Tuesday at a meeting of the com mittee. Three supervisors also were named in the vote. They are R. W. Wise, Yoncalla, 85 votes; L. C. Buck, Drain, 76; and C. P. Hunt er, Oakland, 61. The five-man board of supervisors will be filled out by appointment, Baum said. The district will cover a huge area of northern Douglasi County. It will contain about 600,000 acres covering, roughly, the area north of Oakland and east of Elkton. Those voting in the referendum were landowners holdini 10 acres of land or more in the district. State law provides that two of the five men on the board of suner- visors must be appointed. Their names will be drawn from recom mendations presented to the state committee by local interested peo ple, sponsoring groups ana tne county agent. Authorization for actual formn, tion of the district will be made by the secretary of state in Salem. Ex-Jet Pilot Flies Atlantic -Unannounced SHANNON. Ireland W A form. er U.S. Marine jet pilot flew into snannon Airport from Newfound landvia Paris Saturday after starting off on what he insisted was a one-hour hop in Canada in a single engine plane, Thomas H. Danaher. 30-vear-old uranum miner from Wichita Falls. Texas, wouldn't say much about how he haonened to extend his flight, but he did say emphatical ly: "the trip added ten .years to my life." He said he encountered bad weather 1.000 miles off the Irish coast. - Danaher, a six-footer in a ten gallon Texas hat, a leather jacket ana rawn trousers, said he al ways wanted to see Paris. The Marine reservist flew in the Pa cific in World War II and in Ko rea. So, fitting out his Beech Bon anza with additional fuel tanks. he notified aiithnriHpc In Panada he was off on a short "hop. Some how he explained, to newsmen here, he headed across the At lantic and reached Paris or, at least, the sky above Paris. He couldn't get permission to come down so he turned back to Shan non, he added. After 3,100 miles and 13-b hours of flying he cam down about midnight. Glendale Couple Accused Of Passing Bad Check A couple living at Glendale, E. A. Diltz, 48 and Mary Mae Diltz, 33, were released under $500 bond each Friday following their arrest for Benton County authorities. Glendale police and a deputy sheriff made the arrest on a war rant charging obtaining property under false pretenses. It is al leged the couple signed a check for some tires at a Corvallis serv ice station and there were insuf ficent funds to cover the check. surer; and Mrs. Virginia Ashoraft, secretary. Also present at the meeting was Harold Davis. Red cross field representative from Salem. Davis presented a new program for vol unteer services which wss adopted by the Douglas County board. The board learned that 116 vol unteers had given 1155 hours vol untary service at the Veterans Hospital during the lt.it quarter. The roDOrt was made bv Mrs. Paul Barcus wno told ner listen ers that there was "a crying need for more volunteers to serve as staff aides. Gray Ladies and in the entertainment and supply sec tions." Mrs, Barons has requested that anyone desiring to serve in any of these capacities call 3-5566 or 3-3255. Blood Recruitment Chairman Mrs. Walter Brittell said that she had no definite information con cerning the next visit of the Blood mobile unit to Douglas County. Mrs. Brittell attended a meeting for blood recruitment chairmen in Portland last week. By THE ASSOCIATES PRESS Contract negotions were to re sume Saturday between the Weyer. haeuser Timber Co. and the two unions which have closed its plants the past 10 weeks. The firm has offered a 2tt-cent hourly wage increase to OIO Wood workers and AFL Lumber and Sawmill Workers. Kenneth L. Davis, executive sec retary of the AFL union, said ha had asked management represen tatives to present omciaiiy tne ot ter to the union's district councils ' Saturday. A. r , Hartung. president of the CIO Woodworkers, said his union and Weyerhaeuser representatives were to reopen contract negotia tions on the basis of the new offer in a session scheduled for Satur day afternoon in Portland. U accepted, the Weyerhaeuser offer would increase the minimum pay for workers to $1.90 an hour, Davis said. That is 7tt-cems Weyerhaeuser Decision Would Affect i:;0 Here About 100 man In Mm Wr. haeuser logging operations east of Sutherlin are directly involv ed in negotiating between the company and CIO and ACL tin. ions, according to Eugn Miller, dusiiwss agnt tor IWA Local 307, Roseburg. Miller saul no new develop ments have been noted on the strike at .Associated Plywood, Roseburg. above the general basic wage paid in the industry before the two un ions went on strike June 20 to back up demands for a 12 Vs-cent hourly increase. Friday. Davis and R. A. Ding- man, Weyerhaeuser's industrial re lations directory announced they had reached a basis of settlement for 2 cents at the company's Coos Bay, Ore., and Snoqualmie, Wash,, branches and at its Long view plywood branch. Weyerhaeuser for some tune hat been paying five cents more than other operators in the Pacific Nortnwest Douglas fir belt. - Davis added that he honed other nMntnm nrmllit nfifai 7L ftfmta in bring the basic minimum through out the industry to $1.90. There were these other develop ments in the strike Friday: Chet Irving, secretary of the Pin Industrial Relations Committee, was to make an announcement of what his office called "important developments" in the Southern Oregon and Northern California; pine region Saturday. Irving was in Redding, Calif. At Toledo, on the Oregon Coast, AFL employes of the huge C. J. Johnson Lumber Co. voted by a 2-1 margin to return to work Mon day at the old wage rate. The com-; pany nas agreed to meet any wage increase won in industry-wide ne gotiations, Halley Hall, president of the local, reported. At l crews at the Lincoln. Wash- Lumber Co, were returning to their jobs and the firm announced that full day and night production had been resumed. At Spokane a temporary order restraining mass picketing at the Exchange Lumber Co. was extend ed to Sept. 13. The order limits the number of pickets at the plant to four. U.S. Ambassador Flies To Belgium For EDC Talks BRUSSELS. Belgim W) Tha United States stepped into the im passe here over the European army plan Saturday in a desper ate effort to negotiate I settle ment between the foregn minist ers of France and five other West European nations. Special ambassador 'David K. Bruce, the United States' expert on European integration problems, flew in from Pans unannounced Friday night. He arrived on the scene as the foreign ministers were locked in a marathon eight-hour session try ing to hammer out their differenc es over France's proposed chang es in the European Defense Com munity treaty. Bruce met for ' an hour Satur day with West German Chancel lor Konrad Adenauer and then went to see Belgian Foreign Min ister Paul-Henri Spaak, chairman of the six-nation conference. A German spokesman said the main purpose of Bruce'a talk with Adenauer was to bring about a reconciliation between him and French Premier Mendes-France on EDC. FALL PROVES FATAL PORTLAND 11 Injuries suf fered in a fall claimed the kfe Friday of Walter M. Scott Jr., 14. A railing on a porch gave way when Scott fell against It while playing with two companons Thurs day. Levity Fact Rant By L. P. tUiiesstctn Herbert Hoover's caitiqa tion of the Democratic admin titrations' foriign policy re cord, merits ot least a bid ta try hit angling skill on the private trout pool planned en Ike's retirement farm. 1