THE DALLES WEEKLY' CHRONICLE, FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 25, 1892.'
THERMOMETERS ARE MANUFAC
TURED WITH GREAT CARE.
The j Are Mado Very Accurately, and.
Thongh Quickly, Pass Through Mine
teen Palm of Hands The Different
Processes f the Instruments.
1 The making of a thermometer may be
cither a delicate scientific operation, or
one of the simplest tasks of the skilled
tnechanic, according to the sort of ther
mometer made. With the extremely
sensitive and minutely accurate instru
. ments designed for scientific uses great
care is taken, and they are kept in stock
-for months, sometimes for years, to be
compared and recompared with instru
ments that are known to be trustworthy.
Bnt so much time cannot be spent over
the comparatively cheap thermometers
In common use, and these are made rap
idly, though always , carefully. The
method of manufacture has been so sys
tematized within a few years that the
very cheapest thermometer should not
vary more than a fraction of a degree
from the correct point.
Whether the thermometer is to be
charged with mercury or alcohol; wheth
er it is to be mounted in a frame of
wood, pressed tin or brass, the process
is substantially the same. Mercury is
generally used for scientific instruments,
but most makers prefer alcohol, because
it is cheaper. The alcohol is colored
red with an aniline dye which does not
fade.
The thermometer maker buys his glass
tubes in long strips from the glass fac
tories. The glassblower on the premises
cuts these tubes to the proper lengths,
and with his gas jet and blowpipe make3
the bulb on the lower end. The bulbs
ore then filled with colored alcohol, and
the tubes stand for twenty-four hours.
On the following day another work
man holds each bulb in turn over a gas
jet until the colored fluid, by its expan
sion, entirely fills the tube. It then
goes back into the hands of the gfkss
blower. He closes the upper end and
tarns the tip backward to make the lit
tle glass hook which will help keep the
tube in place in the frame.
MARKING THE TUBES.
The tubes now rest until some hun
dreds of them, perhaps thousands, are
ready. Then the process of gauging be
gins. There are no marks whatever on
the tube, and the first guide mark to be
made is .the freezing point. 83 degs.
Fahrenheit. This is found by plunging
the bulbs into melting snow. No other
thermometer is needed for a guide, for
melting snow gives invariably the exact
freezing point. This is an unfailing test
for any thermometer whose accuracy
may be suspected. But melting snow is
not always to be had, and a little ma
chine resembling a sausage grinder is
brought into use. This machine shaves
a block of ice into particles,, which an
swer the purpose as well as snow.
When the bulbs have been long enough
in the melting snow a workman takes
them one by one from their icy bath,
seizing each so that his thumb nail
marks the exact spot to which tho fluid
has fallen. Here he makes a scarcely
perceptible mark upon the glass with a
fine file, and goes on to the next.
The tubes, with the freezing point
marked on each, now go into tho hands
of another workman, who plunges them,
bulb down, into a vessel filled with
. water kept constantly at 64 degs.
A standard thermometer attached to
the inside of this vessel shows that the
temperature of the water is correct
Another tiny file scratch is put at 64. .
Then a third workman plunges the
bulbs into another vessel of water kept
constantly at 96. This is marked
like the others, and the tube is now sup
plied with these guide marks, each
33 degs. - from the next. A small tab
is then attached to each tube, on which
its number is written for, owing to un
avoidable variations in the bore of the
tube, each one varies slightly from the
others.
MARKING THE CASES.
With its individuality thus established
the tube goes into the hands of a mark
er, who fits its bulb and hook into the
frame it is to occupy, and makes slight
scratches on the frame corresponding to
the 33, 64 and 90 degree marks on the
tube. The frame has a number corre
sponding with the number of the tube,
and the tube is laid away in a rack amid
thousands.
The frame, whether it be wood., tin
or brass, goes to the gauging- room,
where it is laid upon a steeply sloping
table, exactly in the position marked for
a thermometer of that size. ' The 32, 64
and 96 degree marks must correspond
with the marks upon the table. If they
do not, the error in marking is detected
and the frame is sent back for correc
tion. A long, straight bar of wood or metal
extends diagonally across the table from
the lower right hand corner to the upper
left hand corner. On the right this
works upon a pivot and on the left it
rests in a ratchet, which lets it ascend
or descend only one notch at a time.
That notch marks the exact distance of
2 degs. With the three scratches already
made for a basis the marker could hardly
The marks made upon the frame or
case are all made by hand with a geo
metric pen and India ink if the frame is
of wood, and with steel dies if it is of
metal. The tube bearing the correspond
ing number is next attached to the frame,
and the thermometer is ready for the
market without further testing. Some
makers use only two guide" marks, but
the best makers use three.
In the process of manufacture the
ordinary thermometer goes through the
hands of nineteen workmen,, half of
-whom are often girls and women. Some
of the larger concerns in and near New .
York produce several hundred thousand
instruments annually, and on every one
of them the purchaser may see; if he
looks closely, the tiny file scratch on the
arlasa at 32. 04 and 96 degree marks or
somewhere near them, as different mak
ers use different points, New York San. J
I ' ' , A Clever Colllo. . , -
! T. Sidney Cooper, the English animal
I painter, says that he often mado valua
ble studies in Cumberland at places
where Scotch drovers halted with their
I cattle for the night. . On such occasions
j ho often had a chance to see illustrations
j of an animal's intelligence as well as of
j its physical perfection. .
I One day when there was a pouring
"rain a man consented to sit for mo at tho
bin where 1 was staying. He brought
his collie with him and both of them
were dripping wet, so he put off his
laid and laid it on tile floor by the dog.
1 made a very successful sketch of the
nan, but before I had finished it the
dog grew fidgety with the wet plaid,
and his master said. "Tak it awa mon;
tak it awaT
The dog took the end of it between
his teeth and dragged it out of the room.
After I had finished the drover's por
trait I asked him if he thought his dog
would lie quiet for a time, as I wieheil
to sketch him.
"Oh, yes, mon," he answered, "he'll
do anything 1 say to him. Watch!
Watch!" he called, and then "whustled"
for him, as the Scotch say.
As the dog did not appear we went to
gether to look for him, and found him
sitting before the kitchen fire with the
end of the nlaid in his mouth, holdinar it I
up to dry. I expressed my admiration
of his intelligence, and the master re
plied: "Ah, he's a canny creature, sir! . He
knows a mony thing3, does that dog, sir.
But come awa', mon; the gentleman
wants to inak' your picture."
So we returned to my room, and the
handsome collio sat for his portrait.
Chicago News.
C
Mrs. Astor's Lingerie.
The cedar chests in the Astor mansion
which contain the superb underwear of
the queenly Mrs. Astor are perfect house
hold ornaments in themselves, with deep
engraven gold lockers with the initial
"A" wrought in finest carving upon its
surface. Inside the chest, neatly folded
in webs of choicest linen, are the dainty
garments of society's queen. Each week,
as they leave the ironing sheet, they are
laid within the chests to await the bid
ding of the owner. Every article of this
superb wardrobe is stitched by hand,
and no materials but the purest and
finest of linens and cambrics are used.
They are all -elaborately trimmed with
lovely point and duchesse laces, and, the
initial "A" is daintily embroidered on
every article.
hi the same orderly manner Mrs. As
tor arranges her footwear, which is
equally .is exquisite; only the cedar
chests have apartments molded in which
each slipper and boot fits perfectly and
keep3 iis shape.
By the way. Mrs. Astor has a very
pretty foot for an old lady. Her ankles
are small and shapely and her toes are
extremely narrow. Her daughters, Mrs.
Coleman Drayton and Mrs. Orme Wil
son, have neither of them such pretty
feet, and they are eternally envying i heir
mother her beautiful feet and a.!.nv.
ments. New York Cor. Pittsburg 13'in-
patch. ' "
i
Charles Dickens and the !i-;.
"Every one remembers Dan Dro ma-
han, the old sexton of St. Patrick's," I
said Mr. H. A. Preston. "JJan had a
little dog, a homely cur, with the most
plebeian blood in his veins, but a re
markably clever animal. He would fol
low the sexton everywhere, and the only
way to restrain him was behind closed
doors. One night about twenty-three
years ago Charles Dickens gave a read
ing in Carroll hall. Dan was on hand
to look after the hall, rigged in a dress
coat out of deference to the great occa
sion. He had forgotten the dog. but the
dog was on hand.
"In one of his readings the great nov
elist came to this passage, ' "Bow-wow-wow,"
barked the little dog.' ' He gave
it a realistic rendering, and almost with
his words came a responsive and lifelike
echo, "Bow-wow-wow." There stood
Dan's little yellow cur, directly in front
of Chief Justice Chase, and before the
great men of the nation, mocking their
guest. Dan dragged the dog out, terri
bly mortified, but Dickens said it was
one of the finest compliments he ever re
ceived." Washington Post .
No lxcue or Late Hours.
There wonH seem to ba tio excuse for
the late hours w!jic!i society prescribes
for its ceremonies. Late evening par
ties for children are admitted to bi in
jurious. But we are all children . or
ought to be. so far its the laws of health
are concerned. We do -not, as many
think, by age earn a right to violate the
laws of health. Nature take3 pay for it
in one way or another.
One difficulty at the foundation of our
social life is that we do not admit
amusements as necessary to our lives.
We do not set apart time for them, but
insist, if forced into them by fashion,
upon taking them out of time that ought
to be given to rest of mind and body.
The day must all be given to business,
up to its latest available hour, and then
we take from hours that should, be given
to sleep time for social duties. New
York Ledger. - ,
Glacier Ice.
Glacier ice is not like the solid blue
ice on the surface of the water, but con
sists of granules joined together by an
intricate network" of capillary water
filled fissures. In exposed sections and
upon the surface of the ice can be ob
served "veined" or "banded" structure
veins of a denser blue color alternating
'with those of a lighter shade containing
air bubbles. The cause of this peculiar
structure has been the subject of much
theorizing among - investigators, hut
hitherto the greatest authorities con
sider that the explanation of the phe
nomenon is yet wanting. Goldthwaite's
Geographical Magazine.
Which She Was.
Neighbor (on the street) Good morn
ing, my little dear. I never can tell you
and your sister apart Which of the
twins are you? '
Lotus Dear i s the one w at s out
walkin. Good News,
A WRECKING TEAIN.
HOW
RAILROADS .
AFTER AN
OPEN THE LINE
ACCIDENT. ,.
The Train Is Made Up of a Locomotive,
a Derrick Car, a Eos Car with Heavy
Appliances, and a Tool . Car These
,Cars Contain Everything Needful.
."Accident to train No, 10, engine 40.
Engineer A. Jones, Conductor L. Wat
son." .,. -
It is a dispach like the above that the
superintendent of a railroad dreads most
He may have provided a most careful
system of signals, may have perfectly
trustworthy trainmen, and competent
switchmen; yet, despite all this, smash
ups will occur, trains will collide, tracks
will be blocked and traffic stopped some
times for hours over his busiest line.
It is to prevent the stoppage of busi
ness that every railroad keeps on hand
several wrecking trains which are ready
at a moment's notice to go to any part
of tho system, clear away wrecks, tem
porarily repair tracks and to put engines
and cars in sufficient good order to reach
the repair shops.
The moment a wreck occurs the tele
graph operator at the nearest station
sends a dispatch like the one above, fol
lowed by numbered answers to the fol
lowing questions, which are copied on a
blank at the superintendent's office:
v 1. Place of acrsiwit?
' 2. What cauatii It?
3. Were any persons injured? If so, what
persons and to what extent?
4. Is main track obstructed?
5. "Is the track or roadbed much damaged?
6. Is a side track near the obstruc-l ion which
can be used tn pass trains around?
7. Will section force be sufficient to cleiu- ob
struction? If not. how much greater force is
wanted?
8. How long will it take to clear the track so
trains can pass?
9. Is engine off the track or damaged? What
position is engine in?
10. How many cars are broken or off the
track?
11. How uinny cars are wanted, and what
kind, to transfer freight in?
12. How many car trucks are needed?
Remarks of any nature concerning the
accident.
" This is made out in full and signed by
the conductor.
HOW AN ACCIDENT IS RETORTED.
Supposing it was a freight train that
was wrecked. It is bound west, and
on account of a broken rail the train
was thrown from the track, and sev
eral box cars and "flats' were piled up
on both tracks. The conductor would
fill out the blank, and when received by
the superintendent would read some
thing like the following: Engine 40 En
gineer, Jones; conductor, Watson; 1,
near Brownville; 2, broken rail; 3, none;
4," yes; 5, yes: 6, no; 7, wrecking train;
8, five or six hours; 0, yes, slightly; 10,
seven; 11, five; 12, four; 13, approach on
southbound track. .
As soon as this dispatch arrives at the
office a spare engine is attached to the !
wrecking train, a gang of men are has- j
tily put aboard, the conductor gives the
rtiisl and the train speeds away to the
i -.-;:e of the disaster. -
T.i? train, is made up of three cars, the
first !';:it car with a small and powerful
deri-it".: ;;ad few spare car trucks.
Next bt'liiud comes a box carwell loaded
wfi.li Hocking, which is of value as tem-
uorarv foundation for cars whose trucks
have been smashed or torn from under
them. In the same car is an ample sup
ply of large and small hawsers, chains
and canvas covers to protect perishable
freight from ram and snow.
The tool car is last, and this indeed
is a most interesting one. borne are
divided into two or three rooms by par
titions running from side to side at dif
ferent points in the interior. In the cen
ter compartment of a three room tool
car, where the wreckers remain when in
transit, is a cooking stove and all uten
sils connected with a range, and hard
by is a small pantry in which is stored a
big supply of canned meats, coffee and
utensils to nrenare a hearty meal. Ad
joining is tho foreman's room with desk
and all material for writing and the
keeping of reports, telegraph machines,
batteries and electrical supplies.
The latter supply comes in handy at
the wreck. Wires are carried up from
the car top to ono of the railroad wires,
connected, and the force is in communi
cation with the whole railroad system.
A COMPLETE EQUIPMENT.
Everything which expurteace has sug
gested as likely to be brought into use in
removing derailed cars and freight is to
be found in these rooms. Alo.ig the
sides are a score or more '"jacks," some
of them so powerful that a single man
can lift to a 'height of several inches
anything weighing from 1,000 pounds to
twenty tons: there are also wrenches,
rope, lanterns,- axes, saws, hammers,
light and heavy; crowbars, torches,
drills, hatchets and numerous other ap
pliances. Some new appliance is being
added every time the train goes out, and
all new things introduced in the work
are added as soon as they are out
' It is very seldom that any tool is called
for during the work upon a femashup
that is not to be found in the resources
of the car, all of which are accounted
for by a man who keeps a record of
every piece taken out and returned. -
Upon the arrival of the train at the
wreck the men are put to work in charge
of an experienced mechanic and fore
man. With startling rapidity the wreck
is straightened out. The locomotive at
tached to the train is available to fur
nish power in case any hauling is to be
done, and if the engine of the wrecked
train is unharmed and on tho "steel," it.
too, can be brought into similar use.
In the handling of costly passenger
coaches careful work is required; while
in the case of overturned locomotives,
which weigh from thirty-five to eighty
tons, the work of righting and replacing
them on the tracks is no small job.
Oftentimes a few hundred dollars will
cover all damages for what looks to a
novice like a wreck involving a loss ef
thousands' of dollars. In most cases
wrecked coaches and freight cars can be
repaired at a comparatively small ex
pense. Locomotives can also be f mashed "
on the exterior to quite an extent with
out costly or irreparable damage. New
York World.
KOW WINQ LEARNED.
Dainty Flora, Just Home from School.
Tried to Teach the Willing Coolie.
Our charming, dainty little Flora had
just retured from her eastern "finishing
school" and had fetched a great many
ideas of elegance in her wise little head.
"Mamma, why do you not have Wing
attend the door instead of the house
maid?" she said. "1 think it much nicer
to have a man when we can just as well.
"Because he cannot be taught, said
mamma. "Jessie does it very nicely."
"Why, 1 am sure 1 can teach him,'
said the all important
v Very well you may ," said wise mam
ma, quietly. Wing was immediately put
into training. The whole matter was first
explained to him; then Miss Flora took
a card at haphazard from the hall table,
. went outside and rang the belL Wing
opened the door just a little crack and
peeked cautiously out N. B. ' This vt
the way they all do.. He was instructed
to open it farther. Being Miss Flora,
and not a stranger, he complied and
opened it as far as she indicated, taking
his bearings by the pattern of the hall
carpet just how far this was. Then she
presented the card, told him how to
show her into the drawing room. This
performance was gone through several
times; the door was opened each time
just exactly so far, as was indicated the
first time. She was shown into (the
drawing room exactly in the same place,
and after politely saluting the impro
vised guest. Wing returned with the card.
Little Lady Flora was delighted with
her success, and thought some naughty,
disrespectful things about old fogyism
and the like. Wing was complimented
and told that in the evening some gen
tlemen would call and he must do ex
actly as he had been shown. Wing was
in earnest; he meant to do it or die, and
put the card carefully up his sleeve. The
fateful evening came. The doorbell
rang. Fair Flora flew to the head oi
the stairs and' listened. Wing came
stealing carefully through the hall to
the door and opened it a little crack.
"What you want?" he said to the party
outside. "You got um ticket? You no
come in you no got um ticket," he said
firmly. ,
There was a little smothered sound of
something outside the door. '
Wing, waiting, held it just two inches
open. In a couple of seconds, which
seemed an hour to the little listening
party crouching at the head of the stairs,
two bits of white pasteboard were hand
ed in from the outer darkness.
Wing held them up a moment, then
said:
"You wait I see um," and shut the
door in their faces. He rushed hastily
to the gaslight, drew the "lesson card
from some hidden depths of his raiment,
compared the two new ones carefully
with it, new back and reopened the door.
"You no got um light ticket; you no
come in here," he said, proud of having
done exactly the right thing and of
his having detected the bogus imita
tion counterfeit passport to the pres
ence ' of the all beautiful, when to his
astonishment she flew past him like
a swift winged bird and opened that
door with a sort of wild eyed ' despr.ir
and invited those pretenders with the
forged "tickets to enter her sacred
presence! The matter was too deep for
him; he retired disgusted to his kitchen,
not to be again recalled.
Jessie now waits at the door. Mil
waukee Sentinel.
Where Tobacco Is Raised.
Lancaster county, it appears, still
stands at the head of all the tobacco
growing comities in the United States,
with her 19,217,800 pounds grown in the
season of 1889. Four other counties
Christian and Henderson, in Kentucky;
Dane, in Wisconsin, and Pittsylvania
county, in Virginia, grow over 10,000,000
each. There are seventeen other coun
ties that grow from 5,000,000 to 10,000,
000 pounds each. Lancaster county's
product in 1880, as all know, was sold at
exceedingly low prices about the low
est in our history and even then pro
duced the growers $1,349,090. The
nearest approach to this by any other in
dividual county was $880,840 by Hart
ford county.. Conn. The product of
Lancaster county, in fact, fetched more
money than that of the entire state of
Connecticut or of Wisconsin or of New
Vork and Massachusetts combined.
Philadelphia Ledger. A
He Had Caught the Idea.
The teacher is suspicious of the influ
ence that the new boy in school seems
likely to exert over the rest of the class,
and uot without some reason
She had been explaining how aquatic
birds are provided with boatlike bodies
so as to enable them to swim easily, and
was testing the results of her efforts to
impress the fact in the tmnds of her pu
pils. "Now," she said, "who can tell me
why the duck's body is formed as it is?"
"I kin," said the new boy, holding up
his hand.
"Very well; you may give the reason.1.
"So's to have 'er all shipshape." De
troit Free Press. " .
Requisites of a Pet.
." What is required for an everyday pet
is that it shall be beautiful and intelli
gent; that it shall neither be too large
nor too delicate, and if a bird that it
eh all sing or talk preferably both. The
first two requirements will not go tar to
limit the choice. Beauty of form .and
harmony of color are the almost insepara
ble attributes of that physical perfection
which the natural life of animals de
mands, and he would be a rash man who
classed any ef the more highly organized
nnima as "stupid" without trial. Lon
don Spectator'. '
Too Bad.
Soso (in the front row at the theater)
How dazzlingly beautiful Mile. High
kicker's teeth look tonight
Dr. Dentello They onght to; 1 spent
all day cleaning and polishing them.
Soso It most have tired her dread
fully. Dr. Dentelle Not at alL She sent
Ihem by her maid. Kate Field's Wash
ington. '
Blakeley & Houghton,
druggists,
175 Second Street, - The Dalles, Oregon
A full lint of all the Standard Patent MeVlicines,
Drugs, Chemicals, Etc.
-ARTISTS MATERIALS-
ffCountry and Mail Orders will receive prompt attention.
Miss anna peter sccl
SPECIAL SALE
MIS3ES
REN'S Trimmed Hats
and CHILDREN
SATURDAY, NOV. 19.
112 second street. - THE DALLES, OR
THE DALLES LUMBERING CO.,
INCORPORATED 1886.
No. G7 Washington Street. . . The Dalles.
Wholesale and Retail Dealers and Manufacturers of
Building Material and Dimension Timber, Doors, Windows, Moldings, House Furnishings, Ete
Special Attention given to the Manufacture of Fruit and Fish
V Boxes and Packing Cases.
Factory and Zmmber "STar-d at Old It. Dalles.
DRY Pine, Fir, Oak and
any part
& c?
JOBBERS AND
Hardware, Tinware, Etc., Etc.
pnDvri) crrnvn 4 vt
CELEBRATED
Acorn and Charter Oak
- STOVES AUD B.AITGES.
Guns, Ammunition and Sporting ."Goods.
IRON, COAL,
BLACKSMITH SUPPLIES,
WAGON MAKERS' MATERIAL,
SEWER PIPE,
PUMPS AND PIPE,
PLUMBING SUPPLIES.
Grandall &' Budget,
MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN
FURNITURE CARPETS
Undertakers and Embalmers.
NO. 166 SECOND STREET.
Farlev
( Successors to L. D.
piapfactuiais
A General Line of
Horse Furnishing Goods.
y.yr,T a T"R,T"N"n- PEOMPTLY and 2sTE-TXj"H" ZDOnSTJE.
Wholesale ana Retail Dealers in Harness, Bridles, flips, Horse Blaniets, Etc.
. Full Assortment of Mexican Saiillery .Plain or Stamped.
SECOND STREET,
New - Umatilla - House,
THE DALLFS, OREGON.
SINNOTT& FISH, PROP'S.
Ticket and Baggage Office of the U. P. R- R- Company, and office of the Western
Union Telegraph Office are in the Hotel.
Fire-Proof Safe for the Safety of all Valuables.
LARGEST : AND : FINEST : HOTEL : IN : OREGON.
The Dalles Mercantile Co.,
JOBBERS AND
General Merchandise,
Dry Goods, Clothing, Gents' Furnishing Goods, Boots,
Shoes, Hats, Caps, Groceries, Hardware,
j J ' Crockery, Hay, Grain, Feed, Etc. ;
390 to 394 Second St.,
-OF-
Slab WOOD Delivered to
of the city,
O
RETAILERS OF
t?ttt7,t i t ottt:pto
Wagons and Carriages.
OSBOHXEI
Reapers and Mowers.
AGENTS FOR.
Mitchell, Lewis & Staver Co.'s "
Agricultural Implements and Machinery
n n.-t3 ni) wins.
&?
Frank, deceased.)
. OF -A.T.T.
ICX25TX)S -OF
Harnesses!
THE DALLES. OR
DEALERS IN-
The Dalles, Or.