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About Daily capital journal. (Salem, Or.) 1903-1919 | View Entire Issue (Nov. 19, 1904)
DAILY CAPITA! JOURNAL, SALEM, 0&E0ON, SATUBDAT, NOVEMBER 19, 1001. 9 MttHtieetltMMIMMMMtHM LfTTER PROM EMPIRE OF THE CZAR The Red Cross in Russia and the Grand Duchess Elizabeth Educational System of the Empire The Chin-Gradation of Rank Russian Nihilism and a Gagged Press The Cossacks Unequal to the Japanese. For many years tho people of Russia had contributed money to tho Red Gross society of that country, and fbrlarKe, imperial schools, called insti- FuiIding new battleships, until tho amount jmon had reached Mm m-nnt agures of twenty-three million rubles. Blfhon tho war with Japan commenced the nstomshing fact was disclosed that tho treasury rnnfnlnml n.i i,;.. ii 'lion rublna. T)i n(rns. .-- ..i-i.i t - uV iu.ee um- r ...w ........ io ijiucKiy r dm eu UP on ftcco"'t of distinguished (HdHAnnn.. I...! -. . . ... ' &'f""'"H1' "jf connected witn tho T2ffroceful situation. Theso men had 'borrowed money from the Red Cross , attd had failed to meet their indebted- ngss. Thoy aro not at tlm snnt nf ,. Ja tho iast, and cannot bo snared to bo brought back to Russia, so the nec essary steps leading to tho indoutifica, Upn of thoso implicated cannot bo tak en until tho troublo with Japan is over. Jiowover, it is well known that tho ailty parties aro ranked so hich in bdal and governmental life thnt nothing will bo dono which would re peal thoir connection with tho deplora ble event ono moro outrago against tho peoplo will pass unnoticed. Thn grand Duchess Elizabeth is tho lead ing lady of Moscow, and is not only tho most influential one. but tho most popular. Sho is a sister of tho Kmnrom pf Russia nnd is married to Grand Duke serge, who is an undo of the O.nr. Binder her direction a work for tho Eck and wounded Russian soldiers Iins been organized nnd is now in tho strength of its activity. Although it vas her desiro to have nothing to do vith tho Red Cross sinco it fell Into Jlsropute, yet tho goods that aro beinir gent out continually under her super- tvjsion Dear tno siirnlncpnf onihlnm jjrhich has made that society a famous factor in tho world's lifo of helpful- ness. Tho mncnlficnnt mi-ni nni. Moscow, with its fivo hundred rooms. ms beon transformed into a workshon. Thoro bales of material aro deporitod and mado into clothing and hospital supplies. Tho labor is performed by romen whoso services nre volunteered and who reeclvo no rewnrd. As many as eight hundred meot nt the pnlnco gnery day to stitch, to bind lint and E?Sspack tl10 artic,(3 for shipment. Tho lanartmonts aro filled with sowing ma- icainea and tables-for cuttine. Tho iBumptioufl reception hall, which lias gformorly been used for splendid social ' functions by tho ladies of tho court, is piled with bolts of cloth nml garments nowly mado. Bending over tho ma chines and stnnding nt tho tables, nro kwomonof every rank in Russia; side by gjjldo with tho titled ladies of the nobill Earo tho tradeswomen nnd tho plain pJoasants. A mutual sorrow hns made ptomrades of them all. In a room apart Prom tho rest sits tho grand duchess, Kiting as secretary, giving receipts for IttH tho guts and meeting tho donors gm person. Her strong coadjutor is tho Igountess Clsouflefa, lady in waiting to Rao grand duchess, who Is also loved by Rbo peoplo for her beneficence. Sinco iho organization of this relief work for bo Russian soldiers, over threo million Rubles have been contributed. Nurses tho government hospitals at St. Petersburg aro in special training for Ifervico on tho battlefields. Many of em havo gono to Japan and lately Moscow, wlioro thoy nursed tho spanose prisoners of tho highest rank jho wero carried there. Educational System of the Empire. Russia is densely Ignorant. Eighty- RVe per cent, of tho peoplo can neither read nor write. Tho govcrnmont is in RTdelemma. It realizes that if it does Bt educate tho masses it cannot hold own with other nations; that if it oes, a revolution is probable. The RSaools which provall at present aro HZ distinct character. Thoso estab lished for tho common people, or town Reboots, nro supported by the munici pality; only a nominal fee is charged, consequently it is difficult to get seats -all aro overcrowded. Tho govern- I mental provision does not keep pace With the population. In nil schools in Russia thero are a great many free en trances. Next in graduation to the town school is the gymnasia, which is a classical institution. The word gym nasia is a German term for high school, aud does not imply that a gymnasium Is attached. In these institutions there bare different departments from tho pri sjmary up. Considered with the gyrana- L'si are tho commercial schools; in both (there are lone courses, and as a rule jlthe expense of eaeh pupil varies from isixty to one hundred rubles a term. In addition to these there aro private schools which are more select and raore costly the charges amounting to bone hundred and fifty rubles s. session. I In Moscow there is a classical school for girls exclusively, in which Latin (6eiitMiatciiciNiiii Petersburg a school of meilichio for women. Besides these thoro nrr thn tutes, which aro also distinctively for younc women. Tho students nro all dressed in uniform; when thoy go homo they nro allowed to leave it off, but when returning, it must again bo don, nod. The feo paid upon entering cov ers tho expenso of tho wardrobe. Theso impcrlnl schools havo bocn endowed by nn emperor or empress and usually bears his or her name. Somo of them nro set apart for tho nobility. Nono of theso institutions nro very recont, as can bo seen in tho uniform. Tho dresses aro very simple and coarse, cut decolletto and worn with whito cuffs and aprons. Tho same costume is used by tho students among tho nobility as by tho pupils from tho comomn people. In overy school in Russia a priest conies onco n day and teaches tho ritunl and tho meaning of tho vestments. Whilo tho ignornnco throughout tho country is wide-spread, yet, as a rule, town children know how to read nnd write. No fault can bo found with tho universities of Russia. Tho ex penso of attending them is very low nnd tho system of education adopted by them most admirable. Tho students aro allowed to livo anywhero thoy pii-usc. jhuscow nas uvo inousnnu, aim there nro mnny thousands in St. Peters- burg, which is the center of the unlver-1 of theso princes nro among tho highest postoflices from foreign countries is sity lifo of Russia. Tho fees nmount-' persons in tho empire; others nro of thoroughly read by tho government In ing to not moro than sixty rubles a tho poorest many being found listed apectors, nnd every articlo which crlt year, or $30 in American money, nt-'with tho most poverty-stricken farm ' faincs Russia in tho least degree, or tract an cnormouB number of students. I Crs. Tho titlo brings them into rldi- announces events derogatory to its Scores of peasants attend tho unlvorsl - ties a laundress in Moscow keeps her son nt tho highest institution of learn- J 'nB 'n ",at ''''J T'10 inducements held out to men in that grado of lifo aro very strong, not only does a boy pass from tho peasant class when ho finishes nt the univorslty, but ho no longer hns to carry a peasant's pnssport. Tho Chin Graduation of Rank. Every ono who serves in Russia, of others nro soon filled, so thoy grow - ncribod articles In a letter. In this nny sort, is on tho steps of tho ofllcinl !contn1, Th uulvrHi," havo b-lway thsy fcp lufoniu-d. In n pension ladder. "Jen" is tho term used bylcomo tho centers of unrest tho foun-Mutely in Moscow thoro wns n compnny them, menniug graduation of rank. In tain-heads of tho nihilism consequent- Lf young mon balling from Frnnce, English it is "chin." Tor instnnce, )v, tho students' aro kept under tho Greece, Persia nnd somo were Russians, a lioutenant makes for himself nbout strictest surveillance. If fivo got to-Thoy all said to me, "Wo aro in utter tho twelfth or thirteenth chin. When gethcr, they aro surrounded by tho po- ignorance concerning what is transplr ho becomes a colonel, ho has reached nCo; but tho passion for liberty has g jn this country. Can you tell us tho eigth, whon a general tho fourth, When ho gets to bo n noblo, he becomes nn hereditary nobleman; that is, nil of his descendants nre also noble forever. The system was devised by Peter tho Great. Upon his ascent to tho throne, ho found existing a vnst number of persons living on landed estates. Ho wnntod to enlist them in tho service of tho empire, so ho resorted to tho chin process in order to gain them. Thero i light cases nro sont to Siberin; ta nin.n linnnr n ttnrtlinil in flrtrvtnir flinlnllin. ,n iltn fnrt.Aaa In flt. I1 .. f.lt.t .' ... ..b.u.ll.x. .w wi.. ,. state than in being a prince. Moro t attention is paid to him who haB at- tnined through personal effort than to tho ono who has merely inhorited fsr Every pound of Cascade Batter Is guar anteed. We never had a pound re turned. It tastes good, keeps indefinite ly and is made fresh every day. What more can you ask for? Order of your grocer. tuno and n title. Tho boy who finlshos through tho streets and placed in somo at tho university has gotten to tho largo building temporarily, then na thirteenth chin collego assessor a' usual, without trial, for Russia has no great step up. Then, when ho enters courts ns wo know them, thero follows nny public service, tho army, tho navy, 'a repetition of tho old story. Tho po tho custom house, ho becomes a eivil litical cases aro adjudicated by tho po genornl. When ono gets to thirteenth lice. Tho governor of Moscow is nl chin ho enters tho personal nobility; lowed to arrest nny ono ho pleases and that is ho is a noble, but not his do-send him awny without a trial. So scendants. When tho thirteenth chlu cinliim In Russia takes tho form of is reached tho person is entitled to Nihilism. This is tho result of forco havo a profix nttached to his namo of (of circumstances. Thero is no free "High, Well-Bom. When ho reaches dom of utterance; no meetings aro nl tho rank of general ho hns tho tltlo of lowed to bo held by thoso who aro in "Prevoskhodltelstvo" (His Exccllcif 'clined to n radical turn of thought; cy. His children belong to tho un- tho press is throttled, so opposition titled nobility. Sinco tho timo of takes tho form of violence. Tho Nihil Peter tho Great titles havo becomo 1st aro almost wholly tho poor stu somewhat discredited. Many of tho dents; the rich ones nro satisfied. Tho proudest families of Russia havo no vnst majority of tho former belong to titles, and would not havo ono under the peasant class. The students con nny consideration; for oxample, tho stituto tho educated, coming Russia. A Lvoffs, Loonticffs nnd Glycboffs. Evcu sociologist, with theso fnots in hnnd, Is boforo Peter tho Great, howover, thoro prepared to draw somo tremendous con was this untitled nobility. Each son elusions in reforenco to tho futuro of and daughter in a titled family inher- its tho title. If tho women remain unmarried, thoy hold it nil their lives; but if they enter Into marriago with ' untitled men their tltlo is forfeitod. Tho sons hand down theirs to tho SOas throughout tho generations. Thero ,,ro hundreds of men In Russia who bear tho tltlo or i'rinco uniuzin; mero j8 an Immenso family of them. Somo jCui0( especially with tho laboring classes, who think much moro of a mlr 'jlnnnires than they do of a titled per- 80n. Russian Nihilism. Regardless of the advantages "t- tnched to tho chin, thero nro thousands of men in Russia, who, after boing educated, havo no enrreer opened to them, for tho governmental places and tnken such a strong hold upon their hearts that thoy nro willing to run every risk to promulgato their ideas, nn,i when discovered to suffer nny pun - iBhment for their sako. Numbers of Htudonts work incognito in tho facto- rie, o us to Imbuo tho lnborers with their principles. When their identity 'becomes known, thoy nro arrested and disappear no trial ever held. The - - - rla; tho t, Peters- lltlllTIR ... .IIU .1-...1I . . .v.. ...... burg, whero thoy die, for tho prison U in a very unsanitary condition lump nnd cold. Often several hundred stu- 'dents aro arrested at ono timo, marched -f ' . -fcj n v-jAf ; i - V AmmW JmF JmmLW J? JLW JLWw . M T st mimmmmmmWWr the mighty empire upon which tho gnzo of tho world is nt presont fixed. A Qaggod Pross. lien students nro arrested, no mention is mado of tho fact in tho press; all Information concerning such mntters has to como from English nnd American papers, for those- of Russia nro absolutely gagged. J-Ivery papor nnd mngaztno that finds Its way to tho ' policy, is rolled through n printing Jpressiand blotted out. It is a common thing to seo wholo columns a mass of black. Tho Russians nro thus kept In completo ignornnco of whnt atrocities occur In their own country; but whon tho English nnd Americans living thero flm tho blotted-out pages In thoir pa- .pors, thoy nt onco write homo and get their friends to send thorn tho pro- 'nnythlngt" Letters nro Inspected ns thoy puss through tho mnils, and If thoro aro any which nro found to bo 0bjectionnblo , thoy nro promptly burned. This sovoro osplonago is kept Lp n nlong tho lino. Every movo- mont is watched; ospocinlly thoso of 'utrnngers. Whilo going through tho magnificent picturo galleries at tho Wlntor Pnlnco not long hIiico, I slop 1 sv UIMVU U lUIl HltlVVf fJW" pod boforo n great war plcco and was describing in my note book, tlm hcoiiu 'depicted on tho canvass. Tho guldo who nccompunled mo stepped to my sido and said, "Madame, you aro writ- ing too much. Wo nro surrounded by U BUTTER iWirt'iiiinrfmn i wtlg ! guards. They tell mo that thoy object to your taking notos. Thoy foar that you aro making skotches of forts from theso war paintings to bo sont to tho Japanese," Later, while locking at tho royal equipages in tho carrlngo museum, I again took out my noto book and was Immediately requested by tho guards thero, through my guide, not to nttompt to writo in tho building. Aftorwards my conductor informed mo tunc U' l should bo soon upon tho" streets writing in a noto book that I would, in all probabllity( bo Instantly arrested. If a membor of a family In Russia is connectod with tho Social ist or Nihilist cause, tho rest aro pow erless to help him. If tho momber dis appears, llttlo satisfaction Is gained, Thoro nro no revolutionary Ideas at all among tho uneducated peasants no such thought hns yet renchod tho actual peasant class. Thoir ignornnco is so deop thnt it will tako somo timo for tho mys of radicalism to plcrco tho montnl darkness In which thoy dwell. Tho students turn to tho fnctory hands for tho recoption of thoir propaganda. Tho devotion of tho young peoplo of Russia to tho causo of frcodom Is mar velout, nnd furnishes tho most sublime ly heroic feature of tho age. It is high tragedy from tho beginning and each ono knows whnt tho result of discov ery means banishment, imprison ment, death; nnd yet thoy ontcr tho nrona unflinchingly not' only tho men but the women. Corresponding with tho university courso for mon aro tho higher courses for women, tho studonts of which nro callod "Kurslstki," meaning thoso who nro following a course. Thoso young wotnon nro im buod with tho snmo spirit ns that which prompts their fellowmen, stu donts to deeds of solf-sacrlflco. Thoy ontcr tho work of dlssomlnutlon of revolutionary tenets among tho women, tho girls tako part and nro nfton ar rested. When tho student riots occur red in 8t. Potrsburg a fow years ngo, tho young women who wero connoctod with it wero flogged ns the mon wero by tho Cossacks that woro sent to quell tho insurrection. Tho Cossacks, Whilo tho Cossacks nro Russians in n certain way, yot thoy form a different eluss, and aro in reality n soparato people. Their sentiments nro not thn snmo ,thoro is no fooling of friendship or kinship with tho Russians, nnd that -i ...- n .-1 i- .,- i. iiiut iiiiimv mum ruuuv iuuip iur mu HSw of Iho government. Thoy are n scmlmilltnry race, holding their laud and possessing statod privileges under military tenure overy man having to bo a soldior. Thero is not a political party In Russia. Of courso thero Is no parlia ment. Thero is ono liberal papor, but it is stopped wlienovor tho nuthorlties ehooso to intcrforo with its policy. Tho Czar Is, presumably, tho head of tho government and appoints his minis ters. Each branch of tho imperial govornmcut dovisos laws for tho em pire. Theoretically tho Czar creates all statutes, practically tho ministers. Ono will presont this, another that, then tho Cnzr accepts or suggests a different thing. Russia Is not nn au tocrncy, but a burouueruoy. Tho min isters appoint their underlings nnd thoro Is no end of Intrlauo. It is to tho interest of tho ministers to keep tZZJKIM CASCADE BUTTER is Full Weight. Butter at present la worth almost 2 t-2c an ot. You might buy a pound of dairy butter for 5c less than CASCADE, but if it is 2 o& short weight, how much do yo save? many things from tho Czar. Each oner is independent ana responsible to tho emperor only. It would tako a giant Intellectually and physically to rulo Russia In a way that would commend Itself to a civilized world. Tho Czar would havo to bo a first-class admiral, nn nblo gonornl, n great lawyer, nn a tuto economist and past-master in di plomacy. Tho Czar is a small man I physically, measuring only flvo foot six inches and n half. Ho possesses no intellectual ability, ami although a woll-menntng man, with a good heart and clean morals, ho can bo truthfully regarded in no other light than that of n weak character. All powor in Russia circles nbout tho minister of tho interior, but tho body of Grand dukes really constltuto tho head of tho government. Thoy form a masterful nuolous; to opposo them means anni hilation not only for tho peoplo, but tho Emporor. It enn novcr bo forgotten that Alexander tho Second's mothod of freeing tho serfs, and instituting other reforms was bitterly opposed by tho Grand Dukes, nnd thnt they wero tho Instigators of bis assassination and not tho nihilists. Aloxnndor tho Third had a policy whtch was quite rcaotlonory tho opposlto of his father's. Tho Grand Dukes can't bo tried: thoy nro a port of tho system of govornmcut. Thoir login Is that if thoy should bo nttaokod tho foundations of tho Emperor's throno would suffer violence. If the Cznr should appeal to tho people, ho would bo destroyed. Tho only bopo is thnt tho army will refuse to go with tho presont system nnd sldo with tho people. Then would como a collapse of tho wholo governmental structure. Tho policy of tho revolutionists during tho last fow years is to leave tho Em peror nlono and strtko nt tho ministers. Each man who has the plnco at Minis tor of tho Interior holds It nt tho risk of bis life; but nil tho ministers have boon threatened. It gives ono an un canny sensation as ho goos nbout St. Petersburg to hear persons say contiu uallyt "That church rests on tho spot wlioro Alexondor tho Second was as sasslnntod. That lamp pest marks the placo whoro tho minister wns lately murdcrod. That hotel is whoro tho young studont was killed by tho dyna mlto which ho was propttrlng to throw at tho minister whon tbo Qsar and his officials should bo passing by to review tho ,tro ? lh I'0,nf ,tt ynl nt tho Winter Pnlnco whoro tho - , m ., . , tiiiir: tc.: v- iiifcw which bad boon socretly slipped in to kill tho Emporor." Tho Cznr is tho loneliest man in thn world today and tho ono most to bo pitied. Ho is elosed about by a living fortress, but whom, after all can ho trust.t Peterhof is tho seat of thd Emperor's summor resi dence It is out by train a short ills tnnco from St. Petersburg. Erom the station thero is a beautiful drive through woods until tho lltlo village Is reaehod. In u haudsomo pnrk, upon Its outskirts, aro tho buildings whoro tho Czar and his entiro sulto livo for a certain length of timo each year. On nil liln ir ofilcers nnd guards. At the point whoro tho little chapel stands in which thn Crown Prln'w was lately' baptizod, a winding road leads through u forest to a lodgo of laud wakhed by tho Gulf of Finland. Thero Is ho Czar's (Continued to pngo 10.) (and Greek are- taught, and in 5t. vs store. y-ro-Kz.o iVUMWMMVI WVt-VHHI M ! :"