Image provided by: University of Oregon Libraries; Eugene, OR
About The Coos Bay times. (Marshfield, Or.) 1906-1957 | View Entire Issue (April 3, 1915)
til iff ww wMNlm f r ' .v si - itlfl "'.V !; 'lid I 5 f i- - ' r " ilsifiyi HOira AND FAItM MAGAZINE SECTION Agricultural College Is a Friend to the Farmer Bulletins and Ncjvs Notes From the Staff at Pullman. V1UW OH" UAH.U.WION AUIUUULTUlt.Yh CUMIMH AT MJI.MIAN. WASH. ITS SULU AIM IS TO AID AUIIIUUi. I MUSIS. Making the Best of Home-Made Vinegar APPLE vinegar or cider vinegar Is now niado by commercial plants to such an extent that tlio homc-mado product Is rarely seen and has but llttlo placo In tho market. Applo elder will go through tho normal process of fermentation and develop vinegar of splondld quality, If given tho proper tempcraturo and timo for development. As tho cider Is stored In tho barrels It Bhould bo exposed as much as posslblo to tho nlr and bo kept In a tempcraturo nbovo 80 degrees and below 100 de grees. Tho beat results will bo obtained if tho material Is kept at a tempcra turo ranging between 80 and 90 de grees. At this tempcraturo It re quires approximately a year for elder to devolop enough acid to pass as ilrst-class vinegar. It should liavo between 1 and 7 per cent of acid content, and with tho process of malt ing belug that of slow ferment In bar rel quantities, It will seldom reach C per cent of acid content. uriiiiiariy tno vinegar mat is matio by being permitted to ferment In barrel quantities must bo kept In a basement or collar Htorngo whero tho high tonipornturo can bo obtained. It does not kill tho ferment In tho vine gar to pass below 80 degrees In tem perature, but It retards Us action, and tho longer tho material Is In tho procoss of malting, tho less valuablo It 13 and tho nioro difficulties aro llablo to bo eucountorcd In tho work. Tho best results will bo obtained if tho head of tho barrel Is tnlton out and tho barrel left cntlroly open. It can bo stirred to advantage onco in a while, but ordinarily tho process of letting It stand entirely undisturbed will develop a very clonr and satis factory grado of material. Tho mother of vinegar that devel ops ordinarily In tho top of tho bar rel is of no special advantage after It assumes tho form of a condensed or hard cake. As long as it Is In nj loose, slimy rorm, It will work rniriy ranldlv. but ns soon as It nssumos tho caked form it mny as well bo re moved from tho barrel. Ordinarily If touched or pressed down on ono side, It will sink to tho bottom of tho barrel. Tho llvo, activo mother of vinegar when collecting appears ns n thin or mucilaginous gclatluc-liko mass, and is rapidly reproducing tho ferment yeast that Is making tho vinegar. It Is not necessary, In nil cases, to uso this mother of vinegar to start tho process of fermentation. It Is n good plan, howover, to uso small quanti ties of It for placing in each barrel of cider to start tho procoss of fcr montatlon. If this is not dono a groat many different kinds of bacteria will de velop in tho cidor and not all of those will tend directly to tho manu facture of acetic acid, which Is tho vuluablo aeld In vlncgnr. Tho homo procoss of vinegar man ufacture Is slow, but easily handled, and can, In a small way, bo carried on very satisfactorily. Hum ltt'fuse In Orchards. Dead and diseased wood In tho or chard should bo removed and burned is hoon as posslblo. Tho Nebraska College of Agrlculturo finds that if tho orchard Is kept clean of such re- (uso tho problems of Insect mid fun gus control aro much caBier. - ---- ----- -- A lm of Inlfrollnu llrnu from His Oregon .rlfullunil Collfgr at CunuUU ulll ultrrnutc In tlio farm MMjr with a I'Jro of new nolr from the Waililugtan Hlate Collect at l'ullmjn. 'jtiU ulll nfforil an In. lenhaiue of le from tho tno hie HKrkultur.il college of tlm North MCit that thculi! proto of hcuellt ta the reader, tor tlio lnUtuilun ileal with klmllar problem. Needs of Dry Land Belt in Washington TUB needs of dry land agrlculturo In Wushingtou aro great. They may bo grouped under four heads, as follows: Improved Methods of Till ago: Introduction of Livestock; Im proved Crops, especially forago crops, and Detter Living Conditions in and About tho Farm Home. Improved Methods of Tillage. With rofcrenco to tho first of theso thoro Is needed a considerable a m o u n t of investigational work along tho lino of molsturo require ments of plants, tho handling of soil to conserve molsturo and fertility, and proveut blowing. Considerable Investigation has been carried on In this lino, but much remains to bo dono. Thoro is also great need of tho dissemination among tho farmers of knowlodgo already obtained. Inves tigations In this connection must bo carried on primarily In tho dry belt. Tho moro extcnslvo production of livestock will undoubtedly boIvo many of tho agricultural problems of this iiutrlct. This uroblem Is ono which calls for propaganda work rather than Investigation. It can uest uo nuitio hv lrniil oritur assistance to farmers In obtnlnlng nnd selecting stock and giving Instruction ror tno caring oi tho samo and production of suitable fond. Tho stato can well afford to ex pend somo money In tho Introduction of good Btock for breeding purposes Into this district. Tho uso of this RiiifU Riinnitl bo carefully supervised by members of tho department starf, and tho stock placed whero It will do tho most good. Improved Crops. Perhaps tho greatest need in tho dry belt at the present time Is In vestigation to dotcrmlno tho forago crops most suited to tho district. Now nnd promising forago crop plants aro constantly being Introduced Into tho country nnd being produced by plant breeders within tho country. Theso should bo tested out under the crop conditions of our dry belt and distributed among tho farmers first In an experimental way, and later, If satisfactory, extensively encouraged. This work of crop testing and brcedltiK of agricultural plants can be cnrrlcd on adequately only by tho es tablishment of a brancu experiment station In tho dry bolt. This, then, becomes tho greatest need of this dis trict. Tho establishment of such a stntlon will go far toward solving many or tho problems or tho district. Impioved Living Conditions. Ono of tho difficulties connected with tho dry land agriculture In Washington Is tho lack of homo con veniences and comforts on tho farm. As ono travels over this district farm liouso after farmhouse is passed with out seeing a treo or shrub growing nenr. Tho houses themselves aro fre quently poorly constructed, and any thing but homelike. Tho general planting of trees both for shade and fruit about tho farm homes will do much to ameliorate living conditions. Much also may bo dono by tho on courngoment of poultry raising, gar dening and work along tho lino of homo economics; for upon many of theso farms which aro mora remotely situated from tho main Hues of travel, tho llfo of tho women and children must bo far from attractive Their nearest neighbors aro frequently two or thrco miles distant. Anything, therefore, which can bo dono to improve living conditions will tend to render tho tenancy of tho land moro stablo and greatly Improvo tho economic conditions of tho country ns u whole. From first annual 10 port of Dry Land Department of Washington Stato College. Dairy butter has mado its way on its merit and oveVythlng lost to oleo margarine Is chargcablo to Itself nlono, for It never was any good In tho first place. Insects That Will Injure Clover Seed THIS adult of tho clover seed midge (Dasyneura legunilnlcola) is a tiny dellcato mldgo resembling tho Hessian fly. It appears In lato Spring when clover is bcglnuing to head and by means of a long tnil-llko ovipositor it pushes Us microscopic yellowish cgg3 In- among tho hairs surrounding tho seed capsules of tho dovcloplng clover heads. Tho pink ish maggots work their way into tho open florets to feed on tho seeds. Their feeding prevents tho open ing of such fjorots and thereforo tho heads nro Irregular, a condition known to farmers ns "slick heads." Toward tho end of Juno theso mag gots drop tp tho ground whero thoy cocoon and pupate, and soveral wcoks later tho adults of the Summor brood appear. At tho timo that tho heads of tho second crop of clover nro formiug tho adult midges beconio abundant and repeat tho llfo cycle Just glveu. Thoro may bo two or oven thrco such generations during tho season, tho Inst maggots doing tho most harm to tho seed. , , , Tho ndult of tho clover sccd.chal etd (IlruochophaguB funobrls) is n tiny black wasp which measures about ouc-twolfth of an Inch in longth and whoso wings aro practically vein loss. Theso adults appear in early Juno to deposit their microscopic eggs In tho Boft seeds of tho wither ing florets. Tim mnccots dovcloi) from tllCSO P'ggB nnd work their way into tho H ".i-.. . It... .l ., t..1.lnli lin center ui inu ;u uu "" ..-, feed. When fully grown they pupato within tho Bccds and later appear as adults during August. Theso placo their eggs In tho second growth of clover heads and by tho timo tho lato crop is to bo threshed for seed tho insects liavo emerged. This leaves tho seeds hollow so that they aro easily blown out in threshing, although tho heads In this caso may bo well filled. As with tho mldgo thcro mny bo two or thrco gen erations during tho season. Doth of theso Insects aro widely distributed whorovor clover Is grown for seed, and both of thorn at times provo very destructive, affecting from 20 to 80 per cent of tho seed crop, states Professor A. L. Molandcr, en tomologist of tho Washington Agri culturist Experiment Station nt Pull in tin. Fortunately tho pests con bo con trolled by harvesting tho first crop of clover two or thrco weeks earlier than usual. Tho cutting snouiu uo dono beforo tho bloom withers, ns at that tlino tho young maggots would bo unablo to maturo on tho cut heads. This destruction of tho first brood enrrlos with it a decided lessening of tho lato broods, bo that when praa tlced tho seed crop may bo almost en tlrely saved. Tho early cutting of tho first crop for liny bostons tho development of tho second cutting, so that when the second brood of adults appear thcro nro but few green heads for them to work on. To guard against trco ropalr fait ers, or quack trco surgeons, tho Massachusetts Forestry Association win inspect tlio filiaUt) trees belong Ing to Itsniomliers. free of charge. Proper Feed and Caro of the Pregnant Mar. ON many farms In Washington thcro aro mnres at u, "!". timo Which aro with foal. So faVZ muro's need of additional nutrients to develop tho unborn youngster h not been very great. From this tlm on tho amount of nourishment .! uio rctus will demand will constant, increase, since i tho greatest growth h mado during (ho lust few iSonth, ' pregnancy. Ilonco tho present I thi timo to pay attention to th0 St ! which tho brood niaro Ib rccclvlnc At this BeaBon, n pregnant mars ropresents two an mnia. n,.....! at this stago Is equivalent to slant j tho colt boforo It Is born, states Pro! fessor William lllslop, animal & bandmnn of tho Stato Experiment Station, nt Pullman. If tho maw i. forced to do n largo amount of work ono or tho other must suffer, oi courso oxerclso Is essential. Furthermore, tho pregnant mars can and Bhould do Bomo work, for cntlro cessation would be likely to causo dlgestivo troubles. As lone n tho mnro Is not overtaxed, slio may it worked moderately to within n fw days of foaling with no bad effects. uccauso grain is nigh tuoro is a very common dlspojltlon to sam it and to supply tho deficiency by using nntlffitv ton mitnlt "ftltn' n. . . V..I..W.J ..... ...Uv.. .mv, U9 IUUBU In straw and timothy hay. There Ij too much Indigestible fiber In such feeds, nud as n result tho m aro has a stnrlng cont, dull oyes, Ipw spirits. ami a miouuy nitpcuraitce. Tho mnro should bo "humored" la her footling nt this time. Tho full ncss of tho abdominal cavity calls for concentrated feeds, rather than bulky ones, nnd brings out tho Importance of feeding thrco times n day Instead of twlco, which may bo all right for Idlo horses. Good, bright alfalfa or heavy raked clover uud timothy hay, with oiti, bran, and oil meal, fed In tho pro portion by weight of six, three, one, mako n most dcslrablo ration. Pro tein Is highly essential during lie latter part of tho gestation period, whllo bran will tend to prevent con Btlpatlou In tho marc. A qulot but roomy box stall that Is woll bodded nnd free from draughts should bo provided for tho act of foaling. Tho loss of a few hours' sloop In assisting tho mnro to foal, It ncccssnry, Is but a trifle, so bo on hand when tho critical timo arrives. . Awful Sponslblllty. Two women wcro nbsorblngly en gaged In nn Intlmnto conversation on tho strcot car. No wonder another womnn wns much Interested when bIio ovorhenrd tho following: "Got n letter from my oV rain. Hndn't heard from him for n lots timo. Says bo's romln' homo." "Now, nln't that too bad," said the othor consolingly. "An' you got such a good start." "Yes, I halo it. Was gcttin' along so woll." "My oxperlouco wns th' same, wai mnkln' monoy nnd llvln' easy, wh my ol' man como back. Ho set aroun and ot until my easy timo was over. Then tho woman who had rccelud tho lcttor heaved a sigh. "If awful 'sponBlbilUy oil a woman, havln' a husban' at home," alio said. Indianapolis News. FREE-BOOKLET FREE "The Use of Explosives in Agriculture" How and why to subsoil, how to get out stumps, liow to ditch, liow to break up boulders. Written by nn expert. This is n modem farmer's liundbook on up-to-date methods. .Sign blunk below and scud today. Name , 7 " Address " CALIFORNIA TROJAN POWDER CO. .107 Hallway Exchango llldg. PORTLAND, OKEGON