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About The Coos Bay times. (Marshfield, Or.) 1906-1957 | View Entire Issue (Jan. 30, 1915)
-v finiiti mni HOME AND FARM MAGAZINE SECTION United States Chalcis-Fly-Alfalfa Seed Pest rrtHE alfalfa-seed destroer. known I as the structiV' falfa seeds, the norther SJate, according Department Ol .gncunure s siwiai- 1st, who has personally seen the wide- spread devastations of this pest. Dy i iiarvesunR severely luiesitu vrui?, u. cleaning fence lines and ditch ' and by winter cultivation the of alfalfa seed may help to this insect. A new ti tin (No. G3t3) entitled Fly In Alfalfa Seed," of those methods of be had free of charge on application to the Department. rest iicseiuines unai. me cnaicis-riy unuor tne micro- scope is n formidable-looking Insect, but when seen in the field It Is frc- quently confused with the gnat. TUa. .MMirt .mm. u. nAA i .n numbers flying over alfalfa-seed shocks and swarming over the sickle bar when tho alfalfa is being cut. The eggs are so small as to be in- vlslbhfto the naked eye and are do- posited through the soft, green seed tods directly into the i soft seeds When the pods arc about half-grown. Immediately upon becoming a fly i. . 1... i. ... ... .i i.' tho Rhniiq nf h infooin.1 comi. fhnn through the green nods. Large por- tlons of tho seeds are hollowed out In this mnnner, when they nro still green and growing. Itccomillmx Infested kl Ti, if. i .!,.i. ,l.u mY tnln ?hJ living 8ienCrv?nr .hi" ?; miv i.n Jn Iri,.i ,?. .! Pii. J!!,imSi hnnJ ?nnT?Sinv hv lel,"S snapo and usually by tho dull brown color. Somo of tho Infested seeds, however, retain their naturnl color. but they always lack tho glossy ap- pearnnco of normal seeds. Tho ex- tent to which alfalfn seeds Is dam- aged by tho fly Is not generally ap- parent, owing to tho minuteness ot uiu iusYVk uu uecauBc us uesirucuvo work Is accomplished within the growing seeds. Tho nlfalfn-soed grower can only estimate tho per- contagf of bis crop destroyed by open- lag a largo number of the seed pods and obiervlng tho Infested seeds. Harvesting Infested Crop. An .w.u. fii.t i. ,.l .,.. found with wch "J: ovore InfestaUon by cbiilcli.fl.es that tho grower con- flden It ot Insufficient valuo to bo harvested and simply drives In n herd of cows to pasture tho crop. With rnear.l In tho rnntrnl nf l. ,nlnl. fly for the protection of future seed production, this Is a costly mistake. Observations show that many of tho rod bunt onen. whllo others nro trampled to the ground. Hero great numUers of Infetted seeds offer fa- vorablo conditions for tho hlbcrna- lion of the chalcis-fly larvae. These, as mature files, will Infest the seed crops the following Spring, Under such circumstances tho crop should be mowed, removed from tho Ilehl and stacked. It may then bo ured ns rough fodder; and If tho re- ninlnlng straw is burned In enrly Spring the hibernating larvae will bo dostroyed. Cleanlns Fence Lines. The following facts emphasize the KM b0arnkSUaln,an8,nVho,a, well as In tho fields: 1. Tho earllost seed pods nro found to develop on the liolated nnd vigorous growing plants found In such placos. 2. Tho earliest pods havo an espe cially largo percentage of the seeds infostod with chulcls-fly larvae. a. Tho chnlcls-fly larvao ore ablo to pass completely through the flrit generation In the earliest pods beforo tho regular seed fields are sufficient Jy ndvancod for ovlpoiltlon. This cutting should be done with the harvesting of each hay crop, be fore the seed crop Is grown. It Is sometime necessary to havo two or more Irrigation ditches run liliiK parnllol. making It Impracticable to cut the alfalfn botween them. In nub ( asm It l eoonom) to fence the dltihcH aud u h this laud as a hmaU buimiier pHstiirv. thus preventing tho ilt'ieii.pnient f aifafK Me(1 voi)t UU(, wie ih.iUU'flU'S. Winter Cultivation, in the priK-eu of hnrvMtit h,a uj irop many p0ti8 containing in- ft trd Feed fan to the ground. lleV Department C"co7eSa I WW AcU, BosulU Wl Inventions, Eto. they remain until following "" !'"" "j ,- , c,ii, of the adults when the warm bprint weather arrives. r ,wkCOme heated and decay, most of the insect life will bo destroyed, Unless it is possible to treat tne screenings In this manner tuey suouiu be burned before the growing season opens in tho Spring, Many of the alfalfa seed pods along MinM liltA3 ntul frtnnn llnna ntnv no destroyed by burning oft tho weeds and alfalfa. This should bo dono cither In the Fall or early Spring. Pinntitin. nn iced . uVcCsing alfalfa sed farm- Iu ,,u?, . ,B. nUa"a 8 t far'n, crs 8bould ,nslst upon hav,nB BCcd "01( u,w" Y, K,l-1"l,u "V,"' threshing and should never plant tho unolennnl nroduct In HOW Holds. In many localities much of tho seed is sld tth ' farmers and by local d,caJ8, w"hout first having been denned. The product ot such seed wen harvested from tho late crops frequently contains a 10 to 15 per cent I'ifostatlon ot hibernating dial- cls-fl' Inrvnc- Tn0 P"tlnB of this ""dcaned seed frequently gives tho chnlcis-fly a start In tho new field, as well ns r03umng in a poor stand, " tutting the Seed Crop. 's nt an uncommon practlco for tho farmer to allow the seed crop to remain on tho fields nn excessive per- " " order mat moro or tne green pods may develop. In such fields on " i-uui u.u iuuilu . j-uus bursting open, as woll as fully do- yoloped, half-grown and newly form- Ingpods Obienatlons show that many of to chalcls-fllos Infesting tho earlier r first pods havo had sufficient tlrao 1 ""'''J0'" t!i,r Ilf? development, emorgo from tho seeds, and deposit ?r "lK!?f n..pis EXS hoy thomSLdvoB wer ?nS l iiv o nf .nV hn .nnfi Sci.n,., , hc L ii .m. i !,1 f o(,B80,vm" m n Sfn m nS S.if 10US WIII 1)0 BS Uniform 83 possible, ""V . ti.i ,iJ i ,cni.?r)f,.,!l ?,?, " n,,V ,nrBr numbor of tho ' "' 0 .Stnclilng Seed Crop. It has been demonstrated that great numbers of chalcls-fllos emergo from tho seed pods at about tho ttmo tho pods ripen and contlnuo to omorgo Indefinitely. In mid-Summer most of thorn, however, omorgo within three or four weeks nftor tho crop Is harvested. Where Inter seed crops nro grown. It Is thereforo ndvlsablo to stack tho early crops ns soon as possible, thus preventing tho frco emorgonco offered by leaving tho crop In shocks on tho flold. Ilchtrovlug ur Clover In somo locV.IUes bur clo e'r grows tLU- uosuojuig 5cniiimn!, mo seed growers wiui oiucurs niivjiii; luiruun mm eucn inrmer do nil in m. UanKS. After ti,e aifaua js threshed tho complcto chargo of cleaning mid power to roduoo tho atiuiiilniioA .! grower . f gcrocninE9 wblch Is loft marketing tho seeds for the growers, this Insect on his own farm. ti. control ... . . . mi.or n Tho nroduct bundled through theso forts of nu individual nn. ...;;.. l.rSM,oL?' . ies Infested with It lb e r n n t in b organizations is, for tho most part, hampered by tho negligent habitant "The Chalets- "L,Jn,e?ie",."SB;i ',".,, i,r uin, well denned, bo that nearly all of tho u nolghbor. Tho ranl.l .ii.ih V..f,.i gives the details ili ,. , ', i n pnninost Infested seeds arc removed beforo from brooding centers of th Pi.ni.f. control, and may "" ..- ,'... ,.,.,. n timi mnrhpHmr. When dono on n largo flloa and tho short minimum .,..'. yj m-SS. S IfR.r.CIiUrt.l'KI, 'f iaVKiiU.. iT yrVliT7'sIOi Kfem XlwD sJ&$$$M ... f,,c -M flfu Seed, or Clover SrrJ k-i-3 c Iciv of Agriculture pods In early Spring. Tho clinic a- flics thus have ulreiuly comiilctctl tho development of nn entire generation In tho seeds or tueso puuus uuimu tho alfalfa seed pods linvo developed In the nelds. Under audi conditions iiraumii uii-.imn. gomo q( tlQ nlfnIfa sccd-growlng districts havo organizations nniong scale tho cost of cleaning tho seed is about 40 cents per 100 pounds. In nuuuion to removing mo imtnnu i- i-t-iIIC wnstc produced In the pro- cess of canning salmon is yarl- ously estimated oho from JR to co I101" ccnt ot lll original weight of lh? 1Ish, "?? ovcr, n-'T ls vnluo of this wnsto annually on tho Pacific Coast, according to tho United amies uepnruneiii oi ABrii-iiiiuru. .in a newly published bulletin (No. ICO) tlio Ilonnrtnmiit'u Ilnronu of Rolls raiKcests thnt canneries might ndvun- tagcously dlsposo of their waste by manufacturing It Into fertilizer or f8h meal for poultry or cattlo food- ng purposes. With u strictly by- products plant, overhead charges would disappear and a good profit should be realized on the sale of this by-product; also the sanitary con- dltlon of tho cannery would bo Im- proved. nu,m. Disposal r nsli. Salmon cannery waste Is bolng dls- posed of at present by tho "Inrgc- unit plant," which nt first glnnco np- years moro desirable than tho "small- unit pinn,. However, tho failures Jn tll0 operullon of centrally located rcndorlng "Inrgo-unlt plants" havo been far moro conspicuous than tho successes. There aro many rensonH to believe that tho "smnll-unlt plnnl" 0f mtio capacitv. If run as an Into- Krnl part of the cannery might prove financially, moro satisfactory. Tho inri?n.nnii tiinm-mn.i i.n.,i ,i. rnw 'atcrla' hlch tho VmnlWnlt would in' on 1,nml nml t,ic for,ncr nlB0 ,ack8 domonBtrntcd machinery to PinUo tho "ndorlng Process cconom- lca1, Thoro ,s lhu "ltlonnl draw- Imelt. Hint Ihn nonsini ulini. Il.n .lm.l niay bo operated must be short. Finally thoro has been a general failure to meet tho demnnds of the problem In this manner. Of cnui-an If Uio seaweed "kelp" were treated In connection with tho fish scrnp In a large-unit plnnt tho rosulta might bo moro satisfactory. ThU foaturo will b considered In detail In u subso- quont article. Loss of Vmmrntiw Tho hv-nrodneia ninni wi.'iio. iu i.,o aff i , , li . I . .. 8umci0nl t0 lrcnl l"o output ot tho cannory s ,wnsto scorns tho only nl- jprnntlvo to tho contrnl-rendorlng sta- lon,1 I,0.r equipment tho old-fash- .0.Pi,..!linlmproVL'1 rctlrt cooltor nt SS SIShKMpnrlK. W.dch has Wfflffi; Is $2,000,000 Wasted on Coast? jVucu rj!-uln?J.l,6iunn,.;;,,l'u' " '""' '.. Special Page fnlfn boois, this process removes v weed seeds, and tho product win a ' command tho lilghost market tr?a iyhuiu u m necessary to do thoVw' lti on tho farm, 80m result, bo socurod by imlng tho proper stow nil. urn hiinvuru ui enen district In , opernto in uu offort to control m destructive seed post. Whllo It Is Im required for tho development of ho ndults render organized action nccei! rmiy. on n smn I scale, rather than licciuso hey nro Ideal. 'J his form or nppara- tus will rondor Balinon cuttings, n(. fording n good grndo of scrap and a fa,r ?M ot " , Tho total cost of a suitable nppnrntiiB should upproxl- mnto $(5800, which might be llemlud uu ioiiowb. Itotortn, two, nt .1360 1'rcOH $ TOO.OO 'rl". two, nt JCOO... uooioo 650.00 i' .l,1 "10 rlor" ,552-22 XK0 ...'.', '.', :::;::::::"; 2 ' ' '. v"u,vu Totni '. f&soo 00 ItiumliiK Kpensc. Tho running oxpoiiBCrt of this plant may bo put u follows: ' "l inturcst on Inventmcnt, 0000 nt to Per cent coo.00 ncnrcolutlmi. at 10 nor cent.. . 600.00 WnKes. ono mnn id 100, four m $76 nor month, two moiitlw. . soo.00 Rncica. 2300. nt 10 contn 230.00 HnrrclB, 3S0, at $1.86 7OO.O0 Co? r,,r renderlnir, 10 tons nt r , ;n'r".iVv'riV;A.V.':;';;-- 222? ProlRl.t Ifroin1 Aln.luO on 120 M9.VV Iohh nornp, at $4 uo.OO Freight (from Alaska) on 380 barrels oil, 76 tons at $.... 300.00 , . n,)U1 ;; "M , . PmciM-ds. 10 l,rocc,jJtt '"i)' u" estimated ns L""0"8:,, ,.,. ,, ttn ..,.. ?""? lir t0" t $10 $ U00.0O U" " Kn""' l 30 -niTOMO Total iiroooodn $10,300.00 Total uxpoiihus 3,880.00 Ilnlnncu $ 6, U 1.00 Acrordliig to tho ubovo ostlmato nro put down as profit. Moro strictly UiIh should bo regarded as Ul working mnrgln of Income ovcr expenses. Ah tho conditions Imposed an-'. "lnro sovcro than thoso probably to " oncounterixl, It Is bclloved that tn,,H ostlmato Ih conservative, "'Ih belief Is strengthened by tho fnct that tho catltnntca on tho samo genernl basis, prepared by an oxperi- enced manufacturer of fish scrap from ,thl8 cIaHH of "'"torlnl, Ib 50 per cont ,owcr than l,o nbovo bh con- ccrnH tho running expenses and 20 per cent lower with respect to equip- moid. Thus, n lnrgor cnpnclty Is prc- scribed thnn probably would bo ncc- essary, nml n much shorter working 1 ?a'ctfce ' W0,,W U rC'1U,rCd ,n aClUal "rnCl,C- I.bo,. Prohlcn. in uiiuruiuig mo supposed uy-prou1 ucts plant, tho labor problom la re garded by thoso packers who operato In Alaska ns n serious matter. This may bo tho enso In Western Alaska, whero it may bo necessary to employ tho forco for tho by-productH plant beroro leaving tho states and to curry thorn on tho pay roll until they re turn In tho Fall: but in tho other parts of Alaska it Is difficult to sea how tho problem of securing threo or four additional laborers could bo serious. Whllo it Is probnblo that In tho busiest part of tho season every mem ber of tho cannery forco Is employed, nt other times thoro should bo a suf ficient number of men temporarily Idlo to do nil tho work required in tho by-productH plant. An additional forco, if necessary, could ho secured for tho rush season. AdvantagcH of System. Thoro nro threo decided advantages possessed by thla systom of dispos ing of ennncry wnsto. Tho first and moBt striking Is that of tho ollmlna- "on of nil costa ot collecting. With n-unciuucu on nee 19.)