Image provided by: University of Oregon Libraries; Eugene, OR
About Morning Oregonian. (Portland, Or.) 1861-1937 | View Entire Issue (Feb. 22, 1912)
13 TTTE MOTtXIXO OTCEGON'IAX. TTTTTTtSDAY. FEBRUARY 23, 1912. TWO STATES - UNITE ' ' " . -a -Tm ' T ll i ur..d i. r..iro. .r. at th. bow- R i Worcester, Bon Ton Corsets, Mme. Mariette, Helene, Marquise, ana nengo oe l Manicuring and Hair Dressing Parlors, 2d Floor-Lunch Today in Tea Room, 4tH Floor ROSE PLANTING Slips to Be Set Out When Peninsula Park Is Dedi cated Today. PUPILS TO START BLOOMS Seattle. Tacoma and Several Other Cltlra to Join Portland in BI( Ceremony Governor to Fpeak, Tlabbt to Pray. Portland ln1 many ctUti of the Pa' etflo Northwest wlil Join In the an nual oSiiinruic ot P.oia Planting day this afternoon at Peninsula J'ark, the new public breathing and outing place wftlrh la to fee dedicated In connection therewith. The celebration la to be on a most elaborate scale and. aa no planned will serve to emphaelae the arenerai "gt together" movement In which all the cities of the Paelfla Cmii are Interested. From a very email beginning, the Knee Planting day Idea but grow un til forfar It will Include Seattle. Taco ma. Vancouver. Oregon City and other ctt'.ea of thta territory and au or them will take part In the general ceremony f thla nnlciue mld.Wlntr event. Joseph Illethen. aasortate editor ot the Seattle Times, president of the Se attle Ad Club and the Seattle Uoi.ien Potlatch aa well aa betng the oftlclal repreaentatlre of the commercial or ganisations of that city and the Seattle Roe. Society, will be the, leadlnc speaker of the day. Tare ate Ala J at mm. Taeoma and the MonUman Fwsto, the b!g annual carnival of that city and the Tacoma Koae Society, will be r. presented and each of th two eltlea of the Fuget Sound country will plant native-it roern roses alongsUi. the many beautlf id flower queena of Portland. The finest possible selection ot rose btiah.s that could be made from the 'Portland nurserlee and gard.na has been made for the celebration. The Fran Karl Druechkl. a pure white: the Madame Caroline Teetout. a eompto oua pink; the Oeneral McArthur. a deep crimson, and the Frana De.gan, a fine creamy yellow with a heart ot orange, will be the Tarletlee which will be planted la the vaat -sunken rose r den" la Peninsula, Park. These bushes are perpetuala and bloom from early Summer until late Fall and even Into the Winter and repreaent the fineat type of exhibition and decorative ruses that are to be bad. Groups of school children, little boys and glrU from the publlo schools of the city, aelected from many dla trtcta will perform the actual duty of setting out the rosea The flowers will be bleaasd by Rabbi Jonah B. Wis and a comprehensive musical programme of popular and patrlotlo airs will be played by Elgnor I Caprlo'e band. Ceveraer aak. Governor West will deliver an ad dress on "The Hose as an Cpllft for Orfftm." Among other things he will urge the general observance of Wash ington's birthday aa an annual event for planting roses throughout the city and state. Mayor Irwin, of Vancouver, and May er Dlroick. of Oregon City, will be on the programme for ehort apeeches and will plant roae trees cultivated In their home gardens. The United States Oovernment will be represented by C. B. Merrick, Poet master, and a number of other offi cials. Several state officers will also take part aa will the County Commis sioners and nearly all departments of the city government which have been Invited particularly to be there In honor of the dedication of the new peninsula Tark. a ceremony which will be under the auspices of the City Park Commission and under the Imme diate direct-Ion f Park Superintendent attache. Festival O facials te Atteaa. The rose planting exercises will b conducted under the leadership of Dr. Dm met Prake. secretary of the Port land Rose Festival Association, and one of the foremost workers of the Portland Hose Society. Kos Festival officials will also take part. The speakers, guests ' honor and visitors from other cities will meet at the Oregon lintel at 1 o'clock thla aft ernoon and will be taken to Peninsula Park la automobile. While many cars have been provided, several more are needed and all those who are willing to furnish their motors to the man agement for thla occasion are urges' to be at the starting point at that tour. The "sunken rose garden." where the ceremony will take place, has been laid out to make It the finest rose garden In the United States. Many roaes were set out there last year and this num ber will be added to today and In fu ture pUntlng seaaona and will bo un der tha ears of expert rose gardeners in the employ of the City Park Board. All t raed riaat. A general call has been sent out for all residents of tha city to plant roses In their gardens at some convenient time during the day so that the oc casion may be observed In all parts of the city to strengthen Portland's claim to being the leading "city of roses" In the world. Peaumont will celebrate Rose Plant ing dsy at 1) o'clock this morning, when thousands of bushes will be con p'gned to mother earth In vartoui parts of that new residence district. The Rose Festival manarement will take part In thla observance and several other sections of the city have ar ranged to give over a part of Wash In gton's birthday to this form of exercises. PERSONAL MENTION. Munday, of Med ford, la at tha Murphy, of Chehalla, Is at the J. F. Oregon. J F Pa.klna George Chambers, of Rainier, Is at the. Portland. P. A. Toung. an Albany merchant, la at the Multnomah. J. l Pr. a Hoiulam lumberman. the Multnomah. Burns, a Walla Walla railroad I. at the Oreron. Frank Wright, a canneryman of, Be ta at tne urtigo. Hastings, of Nehalero, Is reg at Lbe Cornelius. Abbott, a 1rucelt of Kelso. Is registered at the Imperial. Mrs. F. I. JaylrJ. of Spokane, la registered at the Portland. Walter U rierce. of Hot Lake, Is registered at the Imperial. Martial Kuhco, a White Salmon fruit grower. Is at the Carlton. C W. Mount, of Lewlston. and A. Macfurquadale, of Spokane, both In- Is at R. man. attle. P. l.tered C. S. B. Johnson, a Gaston merchant. Is resistered at the Perkins. S. M. Gallagher, an Astoria merchant, la reglatered at the Imperial. J. L Sutherland, an attorney ot White Salmon, la at the Imperial. R. IL Cowden. a 811verton lumber man. Is registered at the Oregon. P. A. Flnseth. a merchant of The Dalles. Is registered at the Imperial. Mr. and Mrs. F. J. Metley. of Rose burg. are registered at th Bowers. M. XL Dickinson, a Seattle lumber man, la registered at the Multnomah. J. O. Armltage. a mining man ot Elk Creek. Idaho, la at the AIulLuomaa. Mr. and Mra J. W. Wallace of Bel Ilngham. are registered at the Cor nellua Henry J. Neeley. of Spokane. Is at th Cornelius, accompanied by Mra Neeley. Lester C McLeod. an Astoria mer chant. Is at the Multnomah, with Mra McLeod. C. J. Wilson, a merchant of Rose bursr. la at the Carlton, accompanied by Mra Wilson. C XC Woods, land agent of the Hill lines, with headiuarters In Spokane, Is at the Imperial. Arthur McBoan, a pottery manufac turer of San Franclsoo. Is reulstered at the Multnomah.. R. B Dyer, manager of the Clataop Mill Company, of Astoria, Is regis tered at the I'ortland. J. XL Templet on. a druggist, and J. XL Russell, a sheepman, of Prlnevllle, are registered at the Perklna Henry I!. .Haxxard. special examiner of th Immigration Department. Is registered at the Bowers from Seattle CITY TOlAHRIBUTE POKTLAVD READY TO HOVOU MEMOIir OF WASHINGTON. Olds. Oregon Society of Som of American K-rolutkm to Enjoy Dig Dinner at Xew llultDomah Hotel. Kaar memorial celebrations to honor th birth of Oeorge Washington, which eeourred In Virginia ITS years ago. will be held by Portland people n this city today. Perhaps the most alreot tribute to Washington's memory will be the an nual banquet of the Oregon Society of Sons of the American Revolution, which takes place In the Multnomah Hotel at SO P M. Wallace MeCamenf. presi dent of the society, will act as toast master, and responses will be made by Judge Stephen A. Lowell, of Pendleton: Oeorge F. Rodgers. of 6alem. and D. Soils Cohen, or poruano. in B.n,u committee la C, N. McArthur. J.V . IL Chapln and A. B- Croaaman. Tickets must b secured before noon. Attend ance will not be confined to membera ef the society. The I'ennsylvanla University Alumni Club, of Portland, will hold a banquet In th Arlington Club this evening at which C II a Wood will be the chief speaker. The Rose Festival, the Rose Society, the Park Board, the Seattle Golden Pot latch, the Tacoma Montamara Festo. omclaJa from several other neighboring ,i,.. .fflrn of the United States Gov. ernment. state and city, leading church dla-nltarlea and boys and girls or the publlo schools will Join In the celebra tion of Rose Planting day at Peninsula Park at t o'clock. The women of Sumner Relief Corps in have mjt entertainment In the East Side Branoh Library auditorium at t o'clock. The programme includes sing ing and readings, and aa address by Past Department commanuer rrau. The Washington Chapter. R. A. M-. and Martha Waahlngton Chapter, O. i' 8.. will celebrate wasntngion s oinn day also at o'clock In Maaonlo Halt. East Eighth and East Burnalde streets, with the following programme: Na tional air a orcheatra; male quartet: ad dress. Paul Chamberlain; solo, Mra Anna Shllloek: orchestra: male quartet: address. Rev. Oswald Taylor: comet solo. Bruce Rowen: bass solo. George C Hay'ner; ore! estra; reading. Florence A. Smith; saxophone solo. W. XL Be quealth: male quartet: orchestra; ao eompanlst. Melvln Ogden. A combined Washington-Lincoln an niversary waa held by' Oeorge Wright Post. O. A. R-. In Allsky Hall, corner of Third and Morrison streets, last night. The address on "Washington" was made by Major J. H. Woodward, and on "Lincoln" - by Rabbi Jonah B. Wise. Muslo was provided by the Veteran Quartet and Included several solos. Mra llaygren gave a reading and at the conclusion th audleno sang "America." The "Western Association of Old-Time Telegraphers has combined with the Telegraphers' Mutual Aid Association and they will hold their Brat annual banquet at Eatacada today. A special car will leave Portland at P. M. 8. A. Josselyn. who wielded the key at Salem 60 yeara ago. and Dr. Plummer. who waa first superintendent of the tele graph In Oregon, will eonteet for the honor of being the fastest sender. The men of the fnlversallst congre gation will serve a New England supper at Broadway and East Twenty-fourth , streets, Walter iu Evan a. assistant United States District Attorney, and & S, Hooper, of Denver, will be the speak ers of the evening. Dr. Oeorge Ward ner. Mra Wardner and Miss Ada Trot ter will take part In a musical and lit erary programme. The Ladles Aid Society of the Presby. terlan Church will hold a tea and silver shower and a reception at the church parlors. Twelfth and Alder streets. In the afternoon. Special services In honor of Wsshlng ton will be held In the Sunday school of Beth Israel next Sunday. Rabbi Wise will address an assembly of the classes snd Miss Mayer will direct special pa trlotlo music. The church of the Magdalene wlll .be dedicated with Impressive services, be ginning with high mass at 7:30 this morning, followed by a banquet, at which many prominent clergy, state and city officials will be gueata of honor. The church Is a replica of the famous one by the same name In Paris, only being much smaller. Surrounded by club and playground facilities and lo cated at Twenty-third and Siskiyou streets. It alms to become a relitclous center In the community. Rev. Father Oeorge Thompson Is pastor of the new church. Archbishop Christie, assisted by the visiting clergy, will officiate. Father 0Hara will preach the dedicatory ser mon. Following the service at 1S-.I0 the women of the parish will serve a mid-day dinner. W. H- McOarry will be toastmaster. C. B. Merrick. W. IX Wheelwright, John M. Gearln. "George Washington": Charles W. Fulton. Dr. Andrew C Smith and M. O. Munly will respond. Archbishop Christie will aUao make an addreaa The distinguished guests will be Governor West, J. P. O'Brien. Mayor Ruahlla-ht. J. D. Farrell. John F. O'Shea. members of the bench and bar and the visiting clergy. Those assisting the Women In the manaaerr.ent of the banquet Include T. J. Seufert. J. C. Costello. M. J. Walsh. Fred Dresser. John Casey. J. J. Murphy, William Healy. T. M. Fox. C. B. O'Nell. W. N. Gatens, J. C. McCue and W. O. Cook. After the show Hotel Multnomah. urnim mh mime Entire BlocK Bounded by Morrison. Alder, Tenth and West ParK Streets TUT WasKmtoiiL BiptHday' Specials Women s Rain. Coats Women's Pretty Waists Special at $1.49 In the garment store, second floor. A sale of women's Lingerie Waists; made up of a -rood grade of batiste, styled with high or Dutch necks, long or ..t i -i .nj trimmest with Valenciennes laces and insertions, pin tucks j i cia mnrlr-lQ, nil of them. It would seem like a waste ol 0UU CtliUI U1UU J. , . .. 1 - energy to attempt to make Waists when such as these can be P-1 AQ bought- We specialise theso Waists for this sale only at, each V $7.50 Waists for $3.45 Few women will even consider making: their own Waists when they see these. They are the season's best and most popular fashions. The materials are chiffons, mcssalines, nets, marquisettes and lingerie, styled with high or low necks, long or short sleeves, fancy collars and cuffs of lace or net Some have lace frills in front Our regular values to $7.50. J0 AC We specialize these Waists for this sale only at this price, each r-s-x New Spring Hats For Women Millinery Salon, 2d Floor. The vflgue of our Millinery is always interestingly charming. We have just opened np another lot of KNOX IIATS in exclusive models, which will be shown only by Olds, Wortman & King. Large, small or medium shapes of fine Milan braid, trimmed with fancy wings and Mara bout, priced lowJQ"T Cfl at $13.50 up to PS iOU New Gage Hats This season's Gage Hats are ex tremely charming and will' ap peal to our most stylish dress ers. THE HYLAND Hats are also pleasing this line includes the Mme. Sherry Sailor and Derby Hats. Inspection invited. Order By Mail Special $6.49, $11.95 Garment Department, Second Tloor. b Mr LOT 1 It may seem at first as though a Raincoat would be of little use now that the sun is beginning to 6hine. But the dust will , fly and one of these coats will be indespensable. Rain or shine, a light weight, rubber-lined coat will be of service. These come in tan or black and we spe- tC AQ cialize them at only, ea. PU LOT 2 Women's Raincoats, good, heavy quality, double texture, rubber lined, made of tan serge; smart, man nish cuts, with neat Btorm collars, rlaid lined. A serviceable coat for stormy weather or to shed the dust in Summer. Good coats for motoring. Qualities much better CJI 1 CktL than you will expect forV '' Women's Petticoats at $3.49 This offering of Petticoats will enable all women to have a Petticoat for each suit or dress. We bought them way under price ; you can do the same. The materials are taffetas, with shirred flounces and dust ruffles, with string tops. Mescaline silks, with plaited flounces and string tops. Black and all wanted eolors, dark or light. For this sale we are specializing C?0 AQ this lot of Petticoats at the exceedingly low price of only, each Optical Dep'rtment On First Floor If your eyes do not respond readily to the daily strain of reading there is a physical de fect which oftentimes can be corrected by the proper fitting of glasses at the proper time. Our optometrist is a man of long experience and technical training. We guarantee his fit tings, lou may con- suit him any time atC Women's Tailored! Splits $35 Suits $14-95 In the garment store, second floor, we will feature for today's sale a line of Suits which all of us admire and believe to be great bargains. You, too, will be pleased s with the styles; you will appreciate the qualities, and when you learn the price you will wonder why we do it. The why is of little consequence, just so you get the bargain., The materials are diagonals, cheviots, 4 tweeds, zibelines, novelty mixtures and 1 1 A Q C black serge, worth up to $35.00, special, P . $25 Suits $9.45 In the garment section, second floor, will also be grouped a lot of Suits taken from our racks to be closed out quickly. The materials are tweeds, novelty mix tures, cheviots and velvets in such a well-assorted lot that most any taste may be satisfied? We will be glad to have you come in and look through the lot, examine the workmanship and try them on, even though you don't care to buy. We want you to see CQ AtT thes; grades up to $25.00, priced special at P 7e"eJ sdle on iiLmiDroicaenes Come Continues All This WeeK Come Is Are at Youlf Disposal T Most Attractive Spring Lines Ever Shown in Portland -LL 2J ecia. In Addition to the BtTWCEMTlic JJ Men's 25c OX 4 Pairs On the Bargain Circle, First Floor, between the elevators. A sale of Socks. Every mau needs them. These are silk lisle with donble heels and toes, in plain colors of black, navy, tan and gray. These came to us put up four pairs in a neat box and we have been selling them at 25 cents a of pair. If you can't come yourself, send some '7f( the women for a box of four pairs at only Electric Irons $3.75 Finished in polished nickel, with cord, spring and stand. Carpet Sweepers $1.95 Iligh-rade one will outlast 50 brooms. Phone your order. $1.25 Food Choppers 95c "Russwin" Food Choppers, the kind that opens up on hinge and makes cleaning easy. Other special features which you should know about. Now is the time to buy a food chopper. Old English Floor Wax 39c Makes floors look beautiful. This wax will do it. Sells retru larly at 50 cents a can. This wax is specialized today at 39 Dustless Dusters 18c Sanitary absorbent dust cloths. These sell regularly at 25c Demonstration of Dippo" A silver cleaner which has no equal. On the third floor. Center Circle On Main Floor Emb." ILinLems For today's selling only we will bring down from the 6econd floor a grand assortment of beautiful Linens, in doilies, center pieces, scarfs, lunch cloths, in tan linen embroidered in colors and white linen embroidered in white or finished with cluny lace or Battenberg lace. 25c Pieces for 17c 65c Pieces for 44c 85c Pieces for 57c $1.25 Pieces, 84c $1.85 Pieces $1.24 $3.00 Pieces $1.98 $8.00 Pieces $5.34 S5c Pieces for 24c- 69c Pieces for 46c 90c Pieces for 59c $1.50 Pieces, 98c $2.00 Pieces $1.34 $5.00 Pieces $3.34 $10 Pieces, $6.67 45c Pieces for 29c 75c Pieces for 49c $1.00 Pieces, 67c $1.65 Pieces $1.09 $2.25 Pieces $1.49 $6.00 Pieces $3.98 $12 Pieces, $7.98 35c Embroidery 17c On the basement "bargain circle" for today only we will specialize a fine line of swiss Embroidery, comprising 5000 yards, which we picked up at less than the cost of man ufacture. Corset cover embroidery and flouncings, 16 inches wide. Fine, soft quality swiss muslin in hundreds of pleasing patterns, worth to 35 cents a .yard. 1. Specialized for this great sale at only, the yard tf IN THE VAX wbasementJ at roor Of Men's Batl Robes SSSSSg $4.35 Men's Corner Main Floor. In the Men's Comer, main floor, a one-day sale of Men's Bath Robes not the ordinary kind, but handsome, rich materials, soft finish and pretty designs, flannel ef fects, etc.; some all wool and imported materials in the lot; no two alike; the most excep- QA QC tional $6.50 to $10.00 Robes, special only (Jjtj-.OiJ Today's Grocery S T8 Phone Your Orders peCiaiS Exchange 12-A 6231 Butter Clover Leaf, the square, only 75 Prunes Dried Layer, this sale, pound, ll Raisins Seeded, selling at 3 packages 25 Orange or Lemon Peel, this sale, the lb. 15? Currants, in packages, priced each only 10 Domino Sugar, put in 5-pound box, only 50 Dried Figs Black, selling at 3 pounds 25? Dried Figs White, selling at 8 pounds 25 Dried Cherries, very fine grade, pound, 20 Oranges, "Sunkist," the doz., 25, 30, 40 Shrimps, good brand, selling 3 cans for 25? George Washington Mixed With "Bobbie" Burns Jeff W. ITarea Reealla Old-Time flaaqaet When Orator Called First American "Robert" and Jtpol-glssL bt jrrr w. hates. EVERT true American possesses a -feeltn of reverence tor Oeorgre Washing-ton. a feeling-unlike that which he entertains toward our other Ameri can heroes, and erery patriot will re sent to the hilt any undue reflection cast upon that honored name. The following- Incident will Illustrate thla: In one of our elite cluba some years sko wer gathered by Invitation a num ber of choice spirits. It was the anni versary of Washington's birthday, and it was to do honor to his memory that they wer assembled. Military men from Vancouver Barracks, professional men, politicians, business men and quit a number of active militiamen were pres ent. The banquet waa a aumptuous one and th wine served waa choice and bountiful. After dinner, and when speeohmaklns; had begun, an old Scotchman, Donald Fersruson. who had served for many years In Her Majesty's service, was called upon to respond to the toast. "OeorKe Washington." Colonel Fergu son had accompanied th contingent from Vancouver Barracks and the Army officers thought it the proper caper to have as distinguished a gentleman re spond to the toast. Colonel Ferguson, however, had been paying bis respecta rather assiduously to the wine bottle, but came to his feet wnen called upon. "We are here tonight." said lys, "to honor the memory of America's states man, one who waa 'first in war, first In peace, first In the hearts of his coun trymen.' I refer to that great and good man. General Robert Washington." The Colonel then sat down. Deep slle-nce followed and mutterlnge were heard. The Colonel saw instantly that he had made a mistake, and strug gling to his feet exclaimed: "Gentlemen, gentlemen. I rise to apologise and to make an. explanation. I did not Intend any reflection on Gen eral Washington. You see, for the past 25 years I have attended the annual banquet given In memory of Bobble' Burns and I have invariably been called upon to respond to th toast, 'Robert Burns.' Your wine has been seductive, so much so that I got my dates and names mixed. I rise again to ask that we drink to the memory of America's noblest chieftain, the Immortal General George Washington." Peala of laughter rang, the Colonel's apology .was speedily accepted and the Incident passed into history. Police Drllla Ordered. Weekly drills will be the order In the police department hereafter, ac cording to an order Issued by Chief of Police Slover yesterday. The drills are to be conducted under the super vision of Captain Moore, senior cap tain, who la given absoluts authority and are to be held as often as or dered and not less than once a week. The purpose In resuming the drills Is to put the police organization In a condition to make a favorable impres sion during the coming Rose Festival and Elks convention. The order also alma to build up the police band to a high degree of excellence. AH mem bers of the band are ordered to report for practice every Wednesday morn ing, whether on duty or not. WILDE-CASE BILLS JAR WITNESS EXPEXSl TOO BIG SAYS COMMISSIONER. District Attorney Criticised for Retaining- Testifiers Ixjng Claims Range From $5 to $100. Following a request of Adolph Shults. of Burns, Or., to the County Court yes terday morning asking payment of a balance of about 65 which he says is due him as a witness for the state In the Wilde oase. County Commissioner Hart criticised the District Attorney because many witnesses were detained here for long periods In conneotlon with that case. The County Court had al lowed Mr. Shults $86.50. "I believe that Mr. Shults la morally entitled. If not legally, to the money he claims," said Mr. Hart. "The facts ar that the District Attorney brought him here at the very beginning of the case, long before. In my Judgment, his pres ence was necessary. The County Court allowed him 6 cents a mile one way and his witness fees of $2 a day. He had to stage It for 70 miles, pay his railroad fare and his board and room while here and It does not require much figuring to see that he is out on the deal. "The District Attorney had another witness who lives on Portland Heights here every day. He got 12.30 a day. In cluding his mileage, and was forced to relinquish $4 a day, which he was earn ing at his regular vocation. He was on the witness stand for about five min utes the last day, I believe." The amount of the witness bills in the Wilde case has caused the members of the County Court much concern. W. O. Poor and S. A. Reed, of San Diego, called by the defense, received $83 each, I and A. E. Reames, of Medford, also ror the defense, received 144.09. The bills range all the way from 25 to more than $100. All the' bills have not yet been presented, but it Is estimated that the trial cost the county at least 2S500. Floyd, In., Swept by Fire. CHARLES CITY. Ia., Feb. 21. Fire today swept the business section of Floyd, six miles north of here, destroy ing seven store buildings, including the postoffice. The loss is estimated at $50,000. The fire originated In a meat market, but the cause has not been ascertained. STOMACH SOUR HEADACHY BILIOUS BOWELS CONSTIPATED? CASCARETS Furred Tongue, Bad Taste, Indigestion, Sallow Skin and Miserable Head aches come from a torpid liver and clogged bowels, which cause your stom ach to become filled with undigested food, which sours and ferments like garbage In a swill barrel. That's the first step to untold misery foul gas?s, bad breath, yellow skin, mental fears everything that Is horrible and nau seating. A Cascaret tonight will straighten you out by morning. A 10-cent box from your druggist will keep you feeling good for months. 10 CentS. ' Never gripe' or sicken. - - iaxv nt rrn ' "CASCARETS WORK WtllLJi-iuu.Di-E-c--