5000 CIRCULATION.
(85,000 EEADEBS DAILY)
Only Circulation in Salem Guar
anteed by the Audit Bureau of
Circulations.
FULL LEASED WIRE.
DISPATCHES
Weather Report.
Oregon; Tonight and Thurs-
day raia west portion, rain or
snow east portion; moderate
northwesterly winds.
SPECIAL WILLAMETTE VAL-
LEV NEWS SEKVICE.
!
FORTY-SECOND YEAR NO. 52.
SALEM, OREGON, WEDNESDAY,, MARCH 12, 1919.
PRICE TWO CENTS
ON TRAINS AND SSW
STANDS FI V R CENT
ViUVIV -v i i S.M I w ,l I V,l
ID DE VALERA,
- V i". 1
FUGITIVE IS N0VVWRAP0RT SAjLiKGS
mi hioufbvta ENOUNCED BY WAR
VII IIIO HHI IV ,
UNITED STATES!
Press Representative Inter
viewit Kim At His Hiding
1" Place Near Dublin.
RISKED HIS LIBERTY TO
TALK TO CORRESPONDENT
His Full Statement To Ameri
can People Will Be PubM
r ed Tomorrow.
(Copyright, 1919, by tho United Proas)
New York, March 12. Edward De
Yalera, fugitive Sinn Fein leader, who
escaped from Lincoln prison England,
and is being hunted by the ..British
government, has been found and inter
viewed by the United Press Staff cor
respondent.... ,' .. . . ' .... . . .. . . ... ,
.-Do Valera will probably be named
president of Ireland in event of a revo
lution there... He wag located near Duo
Uu by Ralph F. Couch, of the United
Press... Couch, a cap pulled down over
bin eye8 so he could not see, was led to
the rebel leader's hiding place where
De Valero gave out the interview.
Later the correspondent secured a
signed statement in wnicn the Sinn
Tien cchief predicted violence and Wood
shed in Ierland If the peace conference
does not act to prevent it.
With De Valera's statement and the
interview and with much first hand
knowledge about actual conditions, in
trolarO, the correspondent returned to
the United States thu8 insuring safe de-:
livery of his information in lew Kork
without interference by the censor.
i By Ralph F. Couch. j
( United Press Staff Correspondent.
(Copyright 1919 by the Unite
;(Copyright 1919 by tho United Press.)
Dublin, Feb. 24. "Violence will be
,the oaly alternative remaining to Irish
patrols if the-peace conference at Parisj
fails to take steps to, extend self-de-'i
termination to Ireland." Edward De
Talero, fugitive president of the Sinn'
Fein party, made thig statement to me
Jwo hours ago, at a secret midnight in
terview. "This meanls something like continu
ed revolution until Ireland's rights are
recognized," he said. His black eyes
snapped when ho said it, his big jaws
squared. He Bpoke quietly. Nevertbe-
(Continued on page six.)
Abe Martin-
"I don't know so much about fat
men, but I know nobuddy ever, went
wild o'er a good man," said Miss
fyrt Pash, t'day. Ther's still a few
folks traveling that ask. if th' empty
SOat next t' you is occupied.
If3 I T7
SI
iLANDMUSTHAVE
OR SHE VILL FIGHT
DEPARTMENT TODAY
Zacapa, Polar Land, Haver
ford And Others Due To Ar
rive Next Week.
Washington, Mar. 12. Transport
sailings were announced by tho war
department today an follows:
The transport Zaenpa from Bordeaux
for New York due March 17 with the
following:
Bordeaux convalescent detachments
166, 167 and 170; detachment base hos
pital 13 j detachment Twenty sixth on
ginoorB; 23 casual officers; two army
field clerks; live civilians, 14 nurses
and IS sick and wounded
Tho transport Polar Land, Bordeaux
due N,ew York March 2-1, with the fol
lowing: Two casual officers and one casual
civilian.
Tho transport Hnvprford from Brest
due Philadelphia (no date.), with the
following:
3Jfith field battalion signnl corps
complete for iCanips Upton, Dodge ami
Gordom; mobile hospital 103 for Camp
r-unston; casual compares 94, Vi'i,
99(1, 1419, 1380, 1421 (California);
1423, 1424 (North Dakota); 1425, (reg-,
ulavs); 1430, 1433 (regulars); 1436
(Illinois.); 1438. 1439, 1468 (Montana);
804 (colored); 87 casuals and nine nav
al officers.
Bijndam Due March 21
Tho. transport Ri,ntlam, from St.
Nazaire- due 'Newport News March 21,
with the following: . ,
133d field artillery for Camp Lewis;
114th machine gun battalion, less
Camp Funstou delachment, for Camps
Loe, Dodge and Shermnn;
20 casuals
8t. Nazaire convalescent detachments,
96 to 100 inclusive; a meilieal detach
ment and over six hundred Biek am,
wounded. -
The transport Princess Matoika sail
ed from St. Nazaire due Newport News
Mnrch 21 with (he following units:
37th engineers for Camps JSherman,
Devins Taylor, Meade, Kearney, Up
ton, Lee and Dodge; bakery companies
333 for Camp Sherman, and 383, Camp
Grant; 12th ballcon company, Camp
Lee; 3-4-th balloon company for Catnips
Funston, -Grant; 306th trench mortar
battery for Camps Greenleaf, Lee and
Hancock; casual company 175 (Iowa);
176, 182 (Illinois); 184, special casual
companies 195 (discharges); 197 (tlis
charges.3; 3d trench mortar battery for
damps Dodge, Meade, Funstcn and
Sherman; 423d telegraph battalion for
Camps Funston and Sherman, some cas
uals; St. iNazairc convalescent detach
ments 101 to 105 inclusive; mechanics
detachment and a number of sick and
wounded.
Termination Of Oakland
Shipyard Strike Soon
Oakland, Calif., March 12. With con
ferences today between union officials
and heads of one Oakland shipyard
and tonight between a committee from
the Iron Trades Council and machinists
union, termination of the strike involv
ing 10,000 shipyard workers ': may be
settled soon, say union officials.
Possibility of having the SaturJay
half holiday provided for in future
agreements between shipyard owners
and employes will be one of the sub
jects discussed.
Delgats from th intrstd uuioni Wthel
Delegates from the interested unions
and 15 members of the employers as
sociation are enroute to Washington to
day to attend the shipbuilding labor
conference.
Spent Night In Jail As
Result Of Shooting
Portland, Or., Mar. 12. Mr. and Mrs
Maurice (Brooks spent last night in
jail pending an invjst.igation of a shoot
ing in their apartment.
Brooks told the police his wife shot
at him with a revolver, following a
quarrel, inflicting a flesh wound in his
arm.
j Friends say the trouble was caused
by Mrs. Brooks' accusation that the
husband had squandered her fortune.
'The police declare Brocks asked his
' wif to bog his pardon for shooting
: him, calling on the officers to orrcst
her because she declined his request.
Mr. and Mrs. Brooks came to Port
land a few days ago from Los Ange
lica. They were married last August.
Kll
TO FRANCO-AMERICAN
GROUP IN PRESS CLUB
Eulogizes U. S. Participation
in War And Toasts Presi
dent Wilson.
Paris, March 12. The peace will be
concluded soon with the most comrJotc
and cordial understanding between
Ainenca- and the allies, was the key
note of speeches dolivcrcd at las!
night's Franco-American meeting in tin
press club.
The .principal speakers ware Marshal
Foch, Captain Tardiue, Soerotary Lan
sing and Amabssador Sharp. Among
other prominent officials present wore
General Pershing, Admiral Benson, Hen
ry White, Colonel House and Amuusna
dor Jesserand.
Frenchmen led in the applause which
greeted Foch's eulogy of American
participation in the war. His toast to
President Wilson and the American
nrmv was the ocasion for great out
burst of cheering. His audience listen
ed spellbound while he described how
the Americans flung themselves into
the fighting, "thanks to which tho
tide was turned."
' Must Lose No Time.
Lansing declared that no time "wn
to bo lost if we are to save tho world
from the despotism of anarchy as wo
saved it from the despotism of autroc
racy; wo ought we must malce peace
Without delay."
He explained that it is "not out of
pity, for the German poople that this
must bo done, but becaoao we will b
tho chief sufferers if it is not done."
''Germany has suffered bittorly, ii
suffering bittorly and is entitled o WW
for for what she has done' Baid Lan
sing., "She has paid a fearful penalty
for tho crime of plunging the world
into four years of blood and fire. To'
day starvation and wantj are the por
tion of tho German people. Vlolonco
end murder stalk through the' streotJ
of their great cities. It is the price
for their own evil doing, just retribu
tion for their crimes.
Hatred Must Stand Aside.
"But it is no time to allow sentim
ents of vengeance and hatred to stand
in tho wav of checking the advance of
this conflagration which will soon bo
at the German borders, threatening oth
er lands. We must change tho condi
tions on which social unrest feeds and
strive to restore Germany to normal,
though it be a weakened social order.
Two words toll the story food and
, peace. To make Germany capable of
: resisting anarchism and the . hideous
' despotism of the red terror, she must be
allowed to purchase food; and to earn
tho food, industrial conditions must be
restored by a treaty of peace, It is not
out of pity for the German people that
I this must be done, and done without de
lay, but bejause we, victors in this war,
i will bo the chief sufferers if it is not
done.
"I say to you, men of France and
men of Amorica, to you men of the al
lied powers, no timo is to be lost If
we are to save the world from the dos
potism of anarchy, even as we have
saved it from' the despotism of autroc
racy, Wo ought to, we must- make
peaco without delay. We have reached
a crisis in the affairs of the world.
We must meet it without passion and
without permitting our judgment to be'
warped by the natural and unavoidable
desires for vengeance on a nation which
has committed such atrocities as those
the Germans have committeed."
Small Portland Boy Run
Over And Fatally Injured
Portland, Ore., March 12. Fred, the
four year old son of Mr. tnd Mrs. L. C.
Tlnsfiinl. is dead todav. The boy was
:run over and fataly injured yesterday!
I afternoon by a automobile which was
i driven by Dr. J. O. C. Wiley. (
I Witnesses of the accident declared the j
lad ran directly in front of the auto
i mobile from, the curb.
POSTAGE TO BE LOWER.
! An official bulletin received today
'announces that the former postage
, rates of 2 cents on a letter and 1 cent
on a postal card will be restored on
: July 1 of the present year,, supplanting
the" present rates of 3 and 2 cents, res
pectively, which was establisbed-as one
! of the means of raising revenue for war
expenses.
KENTS IN BOTH
PARTIES ARE ASKING
liEPEALALLAROUi
Democrats Declare Frankly
That Clark Should Step
Aside For Younger Man.
Washington, March 12. Party re
volts are smoldering ou both the demo
cratic and republican sides of the house
of representatives.
Younger members of the parties are
out to overturn their old leaders and
put new blood into party policies.
A conibinntion of northern and south
ern democrats is after Champ Clark,
wha has been the leader of the hou&e
democrats for tho last dozen years.
They doclaro frankly that Clark
should step aside for a younger man
who is more in sympathy with the
party policies as expressed through
President Wilson. Representative
Sanders, Louisiana, head of the anti
Clark combination, i . - '
Longworth Protests.
Representative Longworth, Ohio, is
protesting against the republican or
ganization us effoctcd in the last few
days in the meeting of the republican
committee on committees.
Longworth has risen day after day
in the committee meetings and told his
colleagues that the men t' ev are choos
ing to head important committees are
uufif for the jobs and have grown out
of touch with the wishes of the people
If Longworth takes hiB fight to the
caucus against the committee choices,
all of which have been made under tho
seniority rule, he is certain, to gain
some support.
Insurgents in bpth parties are asking
a "now deal all arouud," to help tho
character of legislation and to further
party chtvnceg in 1920, they say.
The men who are being attacked,
declaro privately however, that personal
ambitions rather than party ambitions
are responsible for the party turmoil.
GERMAN SOLDIERS
GET JOBS QUICKLY
in a i
gs were iviane
For Returning Men By Dis
charging Women.
By Webb Miller.)
(United Press Staff Correspondent.)
With Tho Army of Occupation, Fcbi
20. (By Mail.) An investigation of
tho industrial situation in the occupied
area by the intelligence dopartment'of
the Third Army shows that surprisingly
httle "industrial dislocation" hag re
sulted from the influx demobilization
of the German armies in this region.
Despite the inpouring of thousands
of soldiers who have been, demobilized
tho number of unemployed in February
was only 2535 in the whole area of
over five thousand square miles', with a
population of over half a million. At
that time about 88 per cent of the sol
diers from the Rhincland had been
demobilized and returned to their hom
os. Although tho exact figures on" the
number of returned soldiers are unavail
able, they will run into tcng of thous
ands. Bureaus Handle It.
The employment problem is handled
by bureaus, in each town or village
which puts the returned soldier in
touch with openings for employment.
Employors in, need of labor report to
theso bureaus, where tho offers aro sub
mitted to applicants. In this way
thousands are put back to work with
the loss of little timo.
During forced unemployment, the
state pays every unemployed man a sum
ranging from four to eight marks per
day, acording to the size of his family.
German authorities complain that this
"unemployment pay" is too high and
offers liitle incentive to seek labor,
because the common wage for day labor
ig from five to eight marks a day. The
new high unemployment payment is one
of the fruits of the revolution, but the
rule is being strictly enforced in the
Rhincland, in spite of the complaint's of
tho employers.
Discharged Women.
Many places for returned soldiers were
provided by the immediate discharge
of women workers, wherever they had
taken, the jobs of men. Although the
pay for women was much lower, even
where they- were doing tho nuw .tors:
as men, the employers were forced by
the pressure of public sentiment and in
some towns by municipal orders to dis
charge the women.
Owing to the agricultural nature of
the'area, the employment problem pre
sented less difficulties than in the cen
tralized industrial centers. A large per
centage of the demobilized soldiers went
back to work, returning to their farms
and vineyards. About three fourths of
the totul number unemployed are in tho
four larger towns of CoUenz, Trier,
Neuwied and Montabour.
BERLIN NOW MENACED
BY OUTBREAKS AMONG
SPARTAC AN S AGAIN
While Fighting Continued &y
Social Centers Were Being
Crowded.
By Frank 3. Taylor.
(United Press Staff Correspondent.)
Berlin, March 11. (Noon), Berlin
was menaced by Spartacau ouioreaks
today.
Government troops after desperate
fighting, captured the greater part of
tho suburb of Lichtcnberg. Most of
tho Spaitacans fled from theru to the
; southeastern part of the city proper.
j Strongly enforced by recruits, they en
trenched themselves. From theso new
positions their artillery now endangers
a large portion of the city,
Meanwhile the insurgent forces re
maining in Lichtenberg fell back to the
railway station, where they orgaulzed
new defenses. Detachment of a largo
part of tho new government troops to
combat tho Spartncans in tho oouth-
, eastern section of tho city rendered
capturo of tho Lichtenberg station a
serious problem.
Tho government's position was inndo
increasingly difficult by the public de-
maud that use of artillery and air
plane bombs cease. Their fear that
resistance to this demand might turn
tho pcoplo against the government, it
Keemcd posaiblo that War Minister Nos
ko would accedo.
While fighting gained in intensity,
the center of Berlin was the scone of
gay social affairs, cafes and aance halls
bciug crowded to capacity.
Proclaim Martial Law. .
Basle, March 12. Martial law has
been proclaimed in the district of West
Prusia, Briegsen, Thorn and Guim, ow
ing to tho advance of Spartacan forces
from tho east, acording to dispatches
here today.
Tho dispatches would indicato that
tho Spartncans are advancing upon tho
districts referred to from Russian Po
land. Thorn is situated on the "Vistula
river just inside the Eusso-Oorman
boundary. Briegsen is 20 miles north
east of Thorn and Guim 25 miles north.
From tho wording of tho dispatch, it
would seem tho Spartacans either are
usder tho diroction of the Russian bol
shoviki or that the name has bocn ap
plied to tho bolshcviki tliemselvos.
WONT HOLD
'BIG EIGHT IN WEST
Would Rather Have 10 Rounds
In New York Than Twen
ty In Reno, He Says.
By Tom Lewis.
United Press Staff Correspondent.)
New York March 12. "Better ten
rounds in Ne,w York than twenty rounds
in Reno."
This, in substance, is the slogan of
Tex Richard, promoter of the Wiilard
Dcmpsey championship contest who has
just breezed into New York fresh from
the oil fields of the southwest. (Richard
would not admit that the west is defi
nitely out of the running for tho coin
bat, but he did confess a strong liking
for the cast.
"I'm not jumping at a place to hold
the fight," Richard told a flock of
newspaper mon who bombarded him at
the Biltmorc, "but I'll be honest about
this thing. I'd rather promote ten or
twelve rounds ire tho cast that go in
for tho 20 round stuff in the west. But
there are a bunch of places and there
is plenty of time."
"But how aro you betting? " Tex
was asked.
He laughed. "That's a puzz,er," ho
said. ''I'll admit I haven't figured it
out. But," he added, "I'll predict that
DeuiDscv will eo inlto the ring on Julyi
4th cn oven money choice, Think notf
Well, I know that's something that's
never happened in a championship con
test, but they're mighty strong for Jack
out there in the sticks."
Here the wily promoter opened up
and contributed this bit of information:
"I'd rather bet my money thBt the
f isht won 't eo ten rounds than to wait
er that it would go ten."
"Why!" he was asked.
"Dempsey's speed,'' he said, iaconU
cully. "That'g what. makes me feel
that way."
UNEMPLOYMENT DECREASES.
r-
Washington, March 12. For
the first time since the signing
of the armistice unemployment
throughout the country shows a
decrcaso, according to depart
ment of labor representatives.
The total surplus of labor in
80 cities reporting is estimated
at 356,506, an increase of 8,000
from last week's total.
Final Consideration
To' Military, Air and
Naval Terms Today
Following Word From Paris That Peace Treaty Is Nearly
Complete, Senator Reed Declares That Opponents
Of Covenants Will Try To Amend Out Treaty Appli
cation Of League. Cummins Says Senators Who Are
Fightjng League Are Doing So To Embarrass Presi
dent Wilson. .
By Fred S. Ferguson
(United Press correspondent)
Tftris, , Mar. 12. The peace
treaty with Gcrmnny may be
completed rthis week if tho
presont schedule of the - su
preme war council is maintain
ed. I'inal consideration was to. be
given the military, naval and
air itormg today.
Discussion of Gormany 's east
era boundary is expected to be
finished tomorrow. Her west
ern frontier is to be taken up
Friflay when President Wilson
is expected to participate in
tho discussion. On Saturday rep
aration and financial assist
ance for Germany will be set
tled. By L. C. Martin
(United Press staff correspondent)
Washington, Mar. 12. Following
word from Paris that the peaco treaty
is nearly complete, with many leading
articles contingent upon a leaguo of
nations, tho fight raging about tho
league took a new turn today.
Opponents of the idea will try to
amend out of the treaty application of
the league, if it is embodied in the
peace covenant when it comes up for
ratification, Senator Reed declared to
day. - N , ....
At tho same time Chhirian Cum
mings of the democratic national com
mittee in a Statement on the subject
declared: '
' ' The ill-considered, talk about a
' peace treaty first and a league of na
tions afterward' is persuasive only
with those who do not understand the
problems in volvod. Such a policy
would postpone an effective league for
generations and it would reduce the
treaty to a mere scrap of paper to be
torn to tatters tho moment internation
al interests came into conflict with
each cither."
Senate Won't "Swallow" Plan
Senator Rood speaking for the "bit
ter enders," predicted, however, that
efforts to mako tho senate "swallow"
tho league plan by so interweaving it
with tho peace settlement that one can
not be acted upon without the other,
will fail.
"Wo can ratify tho peace treaty as
amonded, " said Heed.
"Wo can amend by striking out ob
jectionable clauses, such as that en
dangering tho Monroe doctrine or Am
erican soverignty. This will be dono,
in my opinion, because within 90 days
this country will be nblazo with oppo
sition to tho lenguo."
Other opposition senators believe tne
sonato could render the league, as now
proposed, impotent by adding to tne
peao treaty if the leaguo were embod
ied ,a provision, expressly stating that
nothing' herein shall be binding on
the United States if it conflicts," etc.,
and then specifying tho Monroo doc
trine and other American policies.)
Expect Radical Amendment
Anti-lenguo smators expect radical
amondmeut of tho proposed consmu-
tion in an effort to "take the wind
English Buyers Cause
Boom In Hop Market
Notwithstanding the fact that the
country will bo practically dry July 1 tiations, and tho muddle was turm-a
of this year and absolutely dry and the over to tho attorneys to work out ae
manufacture of beer and alcoholic cording t0 thoir discretion.
drinks prohibited January 16, 1920,1
there ig a sudden boom in the hop nuirk-
et.
It is the English market that is call
ing for Oregoni hops. AnU It n cailmg
so loudly that judging from present con
ditions, for scverul years to come, the
hops yards of Oregon will onco again
cut some figure aa ono of the great
industries of the state.
One of tho evidences of this suddea
advance in the hop market is tho groat
number of hop contracts that are being
filed in the office of the county re
corder. The greater number ol theso
contracts arc for the English companies.
Yesterday there was filed in tho coun
ty recorder's office contracts for 240,
000 pounds of bops. Theso contracts
were mostly lor ono ana iwo years,
Three of the contracts were for 10,000
pounds each at 25 cents a pound, threo cusrs presented. Judging from the oft
for 20,000 pounds each ac 25 cents servation of the instructor, there were
pound and two for 75,000 pounu waeuiycry few eases where a pupil was really
at 24 cents a pound. unfit for some form of physical escr-
These contracts along with others cise. The board finally accepted the
that have been filed from time to timo j suggestion of Wilslow that ft certificate,
aro evidence that the great hop industry be accepted from any reputable physi
of Oregon will be booming for tuo aexti
few years. J (Continued on page two) j
out of their sails," they said toalay.
They regard Taf t 's suggestions of
J amendment as inspired by President
i Wilson.
They are, therefore, pre-imring to bat
tie in the senate to the very end for
cempleto defeat of any league plan ia
connection with. the peace treaty. This
does not -apply to all senators opposing
the present draft of the league char
ter. Preparations are being mode by
them for tho invasion of the middle
and far west, mass meetings having
been planned for Chicago, Ht. Lcuis,
Kansas City a id many other points. ,
.XTrge3 Support of Prccidoiit
Meantime, Chairman , Cummings of
the democratic national committee io
day furiher suggested a possible new
political alignment in 1320, urging nil'
Americans, regardless of their old par
affiliations, to support President
Wilson in his efforts to secure a
"treaty of peace that will mako fu-t
turn wars impossible.
. He contrasted the attitude of Taf t
with that of certain senators.
' Cummiiign criticized Senators Lodge,
Penrose and Knox in their fight
against tho league, declaring they
have united in a "round robin" an
nouncement only because, first, of a
settled dislike for President -Wilson
and his works and, second, by a fixed
purpose to embarrass the president and
to weaken his influence at homo and
aoronu, no pmncrcci u iney wcro suc
cessful jn their fight, it wpuld throw -the
peace conference into eonfvrion,
destroy all hope of establishing a lea
gue of nations and postpone peace and
demobilization indufinitcly. .
Cumniings said that a league of na-..
tions was tho only cure for bolshcvice,
the. general industrial condition and
tho impoverished s'ate of many ia--tions.
"If America merely makes peace
with Germany," he said, "and with--draws
from international affairs, Eu
rope will fall into chaos."
SCHOOL BOARD MET
FOR ROUTINE IRK
Superintendent Todd And Miss
Sterling To Attend Elect
ing At Spokane.
Matters of routine business occupied
a largo part of last night's session of
the school board, along with a cursory
discussion of school legislation put over
by tho recent assembly, which was
shown to be gonerally beneficial- espec
ially the act increasing the per capita
lovy for school pupils from 8 to $10.
This will result in putting into tha
sehtol fund from $8000 to (10,000 moro
than, was received. last year.
Miss Theresa Fowle wag accepted aa
an applicant at a salary for the por
won or instructor in me junior .mgn
sciipoi at a salary or sa, ana miss
Louise Cluusen to tho senior hign i
sifOol
commercial department.
The matter of the Holman property
was brought up, Tcvealing the fae .,
there was a kind iiv the trausfer of
deeds because of Ihreo-cornercd ncgo-
It was arranged that Superintendent
Todd and ,Miss Edna Sterling of tho .
teaching corps should attend the three
day session of tho Inland Jfimpir
Teachers Association at Spokane, which
is to bo hold on April 2, 3 and 3th, the
latter to have salury continued during
her absence. .
Some dobute was provoked bf ta
question of excusing from physical ex
ercise pupils supposed to be unfit ur
such work, tho point of discussion as
to whether they should bo excused on
the certificate of any family physician
or only upon tho recommendation of ;
the school physician. It had been tha
policy of the school to insist upon a
certifictuc from Dr. Cashatt, and in
smiDort of this course tho fact was cited
that when excuses were received from
any old doctor, there were many ex