Heprinted by the Marion Creamery and Produce Company, Salem,
Ore., for the benefit of our patrons.
VALUE OF SKIM MILK
What It Is Worth to the Creamery Patron
Address by
Prof. E. II. Purr in ((on.
Prof. E. II. Farrir.gton, of Wisconsin Dairy School, recently de
livered an address at a convention in Sparta of Wisconsin Uutter
inakers Association. His subject was: "The Value ot Skim Milk
to the Creamery Patron."
Skimmilk at the present time is worth nearly as much to the
ereamerv natron as he received for whole milk some years ago. The
majority of creamery patrons, i ininK, iau 10 realize inai meit- ,
comparatively little difference between the feeding value of skim
milk and whole milk when fed to the calves, pigs, and chickens on
the farm. Everyone knows that the butterfat skimmed from the
whole milk is too expensive a luxury to feed to farm stock, but the
tkimmilk left is too valuable a feed to waste at any price.
i.vxxtinwpvnpriments without number have been made by scient
ists and by practical feeders to
skimmilk on the farm, and mam auempis nave ueen nmue iu in
mate its value to the farmer, t hese experiments have convinced
many farmers that they do not wish to sell their skimmilk, but
.some of them do not know even yet that feeding calves, pigs and
rhickens economically is one of the secrets of the farmer's suc
cess Nearly every land owner knows that dairying is one of the
most profitable lines of farming, but those, who get the largest re
turns from the dairy farm are the stock misers as well as the sell
ers of the dairy products from the farm.
Many different suggestions have been made as to the best way
of demonstrating the feeding value of skimmilk to the farmer, so
as to convince him of its value. Probably no one subject has re
ceived more attention from the professors and experimenters con
nected with our agricultural colleges than the feeding value of
.skimmilk on the farm. In the past these experiments nave Deen
confined to noting the gain in weight of calves, pigs and poultry,
hs the result of feeding skimmilk and without other farm feeds,
but in recent years it has been shown at the Wisconsin College of
Agriculture by Professors Hart and McCullum that skimmilk con
tains an unnamed something absolutely necessary for the normal
growth and development of farm stock, but which is not present in
other feeds.
For years chemists have analyzed feeding stuffs and reported
the amounts of protein, carbohydrates, fat, and mineral substances
contained in each one. At first this was all that it was assumed
necessary to find out concerning these feeds, but after a while
some one suggested that the digestibility of the protein, carbohy
drates, etc., was fully as important as the total quantity of these
constituents present in all feeds. It is only within the past few
years that the experiments referred to have shown that even
knowing the total digestible protein and other constituents is not
enough for measuring the difference in value of feeding stuffs, but
in addition to this information we must find out what kinds of
proteins are present in the different feeds.
It has been shown that a single grain feed contains several kinds
of protein and that these are always present in the same propor
tion in the same grain. Further, it has been demonstrated that
certain combinations of proteins are capable of supplying the par
ticular something that is needed for normal growth and develop
ment of animals, while other proteins and protein mixtures do not
contain this mysterious substance.
Up to the present time feeding experiments have demonstrated
that skimmilk contains all the necessary proteins, and they are
in proper proportion for the normal development of growing
"animals. These experiments also showed that certain grain mix
tures have caused the animals receiving them to become weak,
blind and show symptoms of paralysis.
Skimmilk is a natural food for young animals. It contains not
only the right proteins but also everything else, including mineral
matters needed for the growth of the animal's skeleton. There
are no vegetable feeds that will take the place of skimmilk ; a suc
cssful substitute has not yet been found.
The value of certain patent or special feeds sold in small pack
ages at high prices for feeding young stock is often due to the
milk powdered or casein these contain. The well inf ormed farmer
knows that he can supply these constituents to his stock by feed
ing skimmilk, and that this is much less expensive than the high
priced feeds mentioned. Nearly everyone knows that farmers
selling their whole milk have difficulty in raising calves. Whole
milk is too expensive for this purpose. If a farmer expects to
milk cows as a part of his farming operations, he ought to grade
up his own herd by selecting calves from his best cows, and he
can only do this successfully by feeding them skimmilk.
SKIMMILK TO CALVES.
Although skimmilk is a satisfactory feed for young calves, ex
periments have shown that it can not profitably be fed alone
for anv e-reat leneth of time. Calves need some roughage in their
feed alontr with the skimmilk in
crowing digestive organs. A
have its mother's milk for the first few days of its life. It may
then be tauerht to drink by feeding whole milk three times a day
at first, and gradually reducing the number to two feeds per day.
After about three weeks a little skimmilk may be added to the
whole milk, and in about ten days, by increasing its proportion,
the skimmilk may be entirely substituted for the whole milk.
Calves need grain or roughage before them continually, and this
should be provided for as soon as the calf is two weeks old. Under
l&uch conditions it has been demonstrated over and over again that
a calf will make satisfactory growth and a normal development.
A great number of feeding experiments have been made to
show the value of skimmilk for raising calves. I have selected
, one of these in which all the feed as well as the calves were care
fully weighed for a period of time.
Twenty calves were divided into two lots of ten each. One lot
was fed whole milk and the other skimmilk, both receiving the
same grain and. roughage ration in addition to the whole milk and
skimmilk thev consumed. At the end of the feeding trial the gain
in weight of both lots of calves was figured at the same price per
pound, and the value of the whole milk as well as of the skimmilk
fed both lots was found by subtracting the cost of the grain feed
and the roughage from the value of the grain in live weight of the
calves.
Without recording the details of this experiment, I find that
the calculations showed the value of the whole milk to be 89 cents
per 100 lbs., and the skimmilk to be 61 cents per 100 lbs.
In this experiment the grain in live weight of the calves was fig
ured at 8 cents per pound. Present prices would undoubtedly
change the figures obtained in this experiment, but the relation
between the value of the whole milk and the skimmilk would be the
same.
SKIMMILK FOR PIGS.
The digestive system of pigs is not the same as that of calves
and on this account it is possible for pigs to grow to normal size
and development by feeding them skimmilk .alone. It has been
proved, however, by numerous feeding experiments, that better
and cheaper gains in weight by pigs may be obtained by feeding
corn or some other grain mixed with the skimmilk, than is obtained
by feeding skimmilk alone. The most satisfactory ration for pigs
neems to be about one part of corn to three parts of skimmilk.
When the pigs are very young, however, the proportion of one part
of corn to five parts of skimmilk has been found to be better.
The calculation made by Prof. Henry from a large number of
note the results obtained by feeding
order to properly develop their
calf must naturally be allowed to
TITE PATLY CAPITAE JOURNAK. SALEM. ORFHOV. SATIUDAY. MAY 19, 1917.
feeding trial M him to conclude that when corn u fed with about
three parts of skimmilk, and corn ia worth 50 cents a bushel, ine
money value of the skimmilk is 37 cents per 100 pounds, and when
corn is 81 cents per bushel, the value of skimmilk is 4u cents per
hundred pounds. ,
Gov. Hoard has suggested the following rule for finding tne
money value of skimmilk: "Multiply the market price of live
hogs "in cents per pound by 5. when skimmilk is fed alom but
when fed with corn or barley, multiply the market price by l.
Applying this rule and taking 9 cents as the market price or
hogs make the feeding value of skimmilk when fed with corn or
barley at 51 cents per hundred pounds.
The Curler plan for estimating the value of skimtnilk w to as-
.. . , J. r ..l. . ; II. . . 1 ... .m -i t inn With
Sllllie thai 1UU POUI1U.S OI Minimum iru iru in vi M'"' .......... ------
torn to hogs is worth one-half the market price of orn per bushel.
According to this rule, when corn is $1 per bushel, skimmilk is
worth 50 cents per hundred pounds for feeding pigs.
These estimates of the feeding value of skimmilk are all prac
tical on and are based on many observations obtained from a
large number of feeding trials. There will naturally ln some ex
ceptions to them, but skimmilk has a peculiar value for growing
animals in building up bone and muscles, and in developing the
vital organs of the animal. It is difficult to give a money value to
these points, but thev should be taken into account when one is
considering the teeding value or sKimmiiK.
SKIMMILK FOR POULTRY.
Manv feeding trials have been made with growing chickens in
which they have been given mixtures of grain alone and the gains
in weight compared with those obtained by feeding mixed grain
and skimmilk. One of these experiments in w hich 20 chicken.i
were fed showed that the cost of feed per pound of gain with
mixed grain alone was 4.5 cents, and with the lot fed mixed grain
and skimmilk the cost of feed per pound of gain was 3.5 cents,
or one cent less ner round of gain. It was noted that the chickens
fed grain and skimmilk, ate more feed and were in better physical
condition than those fed grain alone. ,
Another feeding experiment, made to note the effect of skim
milk on egg production, showed that a lot of 32 hens fed for 122
days on a ration to which two quarts of skimmilk was added daily
to 'moisten the grain, laid 1,244 eggs, and another lot of 22 hens
fed at the same time on the sam grain rations, out witn no sium
milk, laid 996 eggs. There was a difference of 218 eggs in favor
of the skimmilk lot, and if the eggs are valued at 21 cents per
dozen, the skimmilk was worth $1.22 per hundred pounds, based
n the increased egg production:
THE LOSS IN SOIL FERTILITY.
The successful farmer knows that it is absolutely necessary for
him to consider the subject of soil fertility on his farm. Most
farmers have learned that by selling hay and grain crops from the
farm the soil becomes exhausted unless stock is kept for the pur
pose of converting these feeds into salable prqducts and retaining
the fertilizing constituents of the food on the farm. An analysis
of the different farm crops as well as of dairy products has shown
that the fertilizing constituents in a ton of hay are worth about
$4.50 ; a ton of corn about $5.00, and a ton of wheat about $6.00 ;
and that every ton of these crops sold from the farm is taking just
that amount of fertility out of the soil. An analysis of dairy pro
ducts shows also that butterfat contains the smallest quantity of
fertilizing constituents of any one of them, and by applying the
fame calculations to dairy products as has been used in estimating
the fertilizing constituents in farm crops, it has been shown that
by selling a ton of butter from the farm, only 50 cents worth of
fertilizing constituents are sold, while a ton of milk removes about
$2.00 worth of fertilizing constituents from the farm. These fig
ures plainly show that it is much more economical to feed the grain
in crops to cows and sell cream from the farm than it is to sell
whole milk, which contains over four times as much soil fertility
as does the cream.
CHURCH NOTICES ;
(Continued from page one.)
corilially invitod to attend our services
nuJ to visit the reading room.
Swedish Tabernacle, M. E.
Corner South Fifteenth and Mil!
streets, Eev. John Ovall, minister. Sun
day school at 2 p, m-, Gust Anderson,
superintendent. Mr. Andrew V. Ovall
will have charge tomorrow. All cordial
ly invited to attend.
Englewood XX. B.
Guy Fitch Phelps, pastor. Sunday
school, 10 o'clock a. m., W. W. Rose
braugh, superintendent. Preaching at
11 a. m. and 8 p. m. Young People's
meeting at 7 p. m, Services instruc
tive and entertaining.
First Christian.
Coiner Center and High streets. The
trucks will make their usual trips to
bring people to Bible school. The school
assembly at 9:15, will be directed by
Dr. H. C. Epley and there will be as
sembly and special music by the orches
tra. The contest with Eugene grows
more and more interesting as it draws
near the tiose. The Salem Loyal Wo
men's class in in the lead but must not
slacken its effort and attendance or Eu
gene will yet win the race. The lesson
lor Sunday is from Isaiah 28:1-13. As
lesson study counts be sure to help out
by stndy as well as attendance. Salem
is helping h.j ally. We had 200 in the
class lust. Sunday, and almost as many
studied lessons. We plan for 300 tomor
row. Come see if we get them. At 11
a. m. Mrs. Porter will speak on, "The
Book That Turns the World Upside
Down." The evening service will be
at 7:45, -subject "The Voice and mes
sage From the Wilderness." C. E. at
0:45 p. m., Miss Parsons, leader. Mr.
Porter continues to improve and will
be able to talic care of the regular serv
ices after tomorrow.
Commons Mission.
Xo. 241 Stato street. Service, 3 p. m.
Friday, 8 a. m., Prayer band. Friday,
CHICKEN DINNER
Every Sunday
AT
The Cherry Citv Home
Restaurant
186 South High Street
Owing to the high cost of
Food the price is
30 CENTS
Home Cooked Food Served
. Home Style.
We invite you visit our
kitchen.
'
8 p. in., Bibl-l rending on "Second Com
ing of Christ."
South Salem Friends.
Corner of South Commercial and
Washington streets, H. E. Pemberton,
pastor. Bible school at 10 a. in., B. C.
Miles, superintendent. Meetings for
worship and preaching at 11 a. in. and
8 p. in. Junior C. E. nt '! p. m. Senior
C. E. at 7 p. m. Prayer meeting at 8
p. m. Thursday.
i
Leslie Methodist Episcopal.
Corner .South Commercial and Meyers
streets, Horace N. Aldrieh, pastor. 9:45
a. m., Sunday school, E. A. Rhoten, su
perintendent. Classes for all ages ;Mrs.
Mason Bishop, primal superintendent.
11:00 a. in., Public, worship, with ser
mon, theme "God's Portion " 6:30 p.
m., Devotional meeting of the Epworth
League, led bv Miss Helen Ingrey.
Topic, "Is It Easier to Be Good When
Poor?" 7:30 p. m., Song service, and
sermon by the pastor.
Highland Friends.
Corner of Highland and Elm streets
Sabbath school, 10 a. m., J. A. Carpen
ter, superintendent. Meetings for wor
ship, 11 a. m. and 8 p. m. The young
people from Liberty will worship with
ua at the evening service and will have
charge of the music. Christian Endeav
or, (i,-45 p. m. Gospel team meeting
Tuesday, 8 p. m. Prayer meeting
Thursday, 8 p. m. Come and hear the
Liberty folks sing. Josephine Huckett.
pastor. Phona 1465.
THE MOTHER
By Berton Braley.
I do not want my boy to go to war,
To suffer cruel pain, perhaps to die,
let if the cause he should be fighting
for
Calls him to fight, I know full well
that I
Would be unworthy of a mother's name
If I should strive to keep him by my
side.
Tis mine to recognize his country's
claim
And let him go in all his vouth and
pride.
T will be brave the day he goes away,
I will not show the terror in my
heart,
But Oh, Bear God! how I shall watch
and pray
Seeing my son, my splendid son, de
part Pray that he does his atern task brare
ly well
Bearing his share of duty to be done,
But that from out the storm of shot
and shell
Tr
iic may come safe to
my son!
me, my son,
T do not want my boy to go to war
Marching itwajr to stirring fife and
drum,
But when there's need that he should
battle for
The fake of generations yet to come,
When war and war alone will serve to
save
The things we hold most precious
and most true,
I shalt say "Go! "-I shall be calm and
brave
But, oht my boy, how I shall pray
for youl 1 '
u
HERBERT BRENON
NA2IM.O VA.
;WAR BRIDES-
BIO SUPER 1 FEATURE
COMES TO THE GRAND
"Wnr Brides." the first production
by the Herbert Brenon Film Corp6ra
tion for Selzniek Pictiires, will bo seen
at the (Irund Opera House on Tuesday
and Wednesduy, May 22 and 23.
This photoranin will introduce to
moving picture patrons a new Mar,
Naximova. Well known on (he stage,
she is now making her debut on the
screen in a film version of the play, by
Marion Craig Wentworth, in which sho
made a sensational success in vaude
ville. She had lefusrd all others until
she saw "The Daughter of the Gods,"
which Brenon wrote ami directed, and
was so charmed by the work that she
signed a contract to appear under his
direction.
"War Iti ides" is nn intensely dra
matic story, but while it kas to do with
renditions brought about by war, there
Margaret Mason Writes of
Gotham Fads and Fashions
By Margaret Mason.
Boyg will be boys is no longer truo
They now will be Boy Scouts or sail
ors in blue,
And little girls swagger in lied Cross
togs too,
Why really "Just children" you no
more can view.
New York, May 1H. All the iufantry
is in 'full uniform these days. Young
hopefuls at the age of five and six are
miniature copies of honest-to goodueas
Hoy Scouts with knapsacks, leggings,
broad-brimmed hats and everything all
complete, (juitv the best thing about the
suits from a mother's viewpoint is the
fact that they are made from the regu
lation khaki and hence bear some prom
ise of withstanding the constant fric
tion of too close application to balas
trades and cellar doors, and shocks of
climbing ston; walls and apple trees, of
wallowing in mud pies and damp sand
piles and other delectable death-to-clothes
stunts that boyish flesh is heir
to.
The sturdy Boy Scout shoes that come
from size 10 up, almost but not quite,
revive for harassed Bads and Mothers
the erstwhile happy halycoii days of the
copper toed boot.
Another khaki model for small boys
that is practical, serviceable and good
looking is a norfolk suit with knicker
bockers. Of course this hasn't the lure
for the small boy soul that is just burst
ing to grow up and be a soldier but it
Las Ub good points even if they aren't
patriotic ones.
The sailor suits while of course they
have always been on deck are now float
ing on the very top wave of renewed
popularity. A small boy can always be
ship shape in a blue serge or white duck
sailor or middy suit with all the neces
sary adjustments of bo 'sun whistle,
flowing tie and hat band gold lettered
with name of his favorite battleship.
For dress up effects there are cunning
copies of officers' uniforms in regula
tion blue serge and brass buttons an,T
there arc also flossy white flannel sail
or suits guaranteed to turn little Percy
into an ice cream sailor fit to rival any
chocolate soldier.
While small brother is cavorting
around in his martial marine and regi
mental duds little sister is by no meaus
out of the patriotic picture.
At the ago of four and five sho is a
good sartorial imitation of a Camp Fire
girl jn khaki kilts and accoutrements.
She is a ladylike sailoress in a middy
blouse and skirt but her greatest
achievement is a Red Cross uniform,
white apron, cap, sleeve band and all.
No little girl can resist such blissful
npparel and ia even ready and willing
to have her face and "paddies" scrub
bed at frequent intervals in order to
live up to it. These cunning Red Cross
outfits are fine for the little ladies but
toigh on the neighbors '.cats and dogs
and the doll families. Tnbitha and
Thomas Cat are worn almost to wraiths
from too zealous nursing and the family
setter has ceased to set.
When they blossom out in party pret
ties or Sunday schoor garb the little
girls today have charming confections
to choose from indeed. Tho color line
is no longer drawn at pink and blue and
white for tiny tads. They now look like
wee golden girls in wonderful yellow
creations of linen and cotton crepe that
are quaint and individual of cut and
dainty in hand embroidery and smock
ing. Yellow is really a lovely color for
childhood and these new yellow frocks
and golden coats and sweaters are the
new last word in Liliputian fashion cir
cles. Yellow rosebud sprigged dimities,
dotted swiss slips over yellow silk un
der slips and yellow striped and check
ed ginghams made up with plain whit
or plain yellow are decidedly smart.
AH the newest little girl models
frocks have the cunnlngest pockets and
collars and French touches, just like
Mother'a bits of yarn embroidery, belts,
are no battle sienen. A trcmli in ,iltlwn
and the eff.,( f ,hf riRhi '
troops, but no battle ,,,.. i ,llai.,',,f
The main story haH to do with
m.ffcrnig. of the wo,,,,, at home. J,0
th. young wulow, defies the military
of he village to refuse to beenn
bride of the departing ooldiers. Kh,
is iinpr.m.ned. but e-a,,,H, ,,! .,, ,
band oP mourning women to meet the
king and protest against war. Her own
individual monsagt. hc delivers in
most drs i,i stic manner.
Herbert llrenon has excelled himself
in this production. previoui suc
cesses, "Neptune's Dauxiiter," "The
Sul of Broadway, " "The Clementesu
Case," "The Kreutzer Honnta," and
others, have won for him a reputation
second to that 0f no other director in
the world, ami he stakes his reputation
upon "War Biide" as his greatest
work dowu to the present.
and fixiugs that all little nirls just love
For hard work in the garden in these
duys of each one doing her bit, there
are delightful little overalls of pink,
blue, navy and tan chanibrey Imiuled in
striped or checked chamhiay of white
and tho same shade with lovely big
pockets to hold sand, pebbles .or a radish
and onion or two when the wee enthus
iastic gardener gets to raising a little
food stuff on her own account.
Of co, use there are sunlionncts to
match. ,
Trapshooters To Get
Oil Stock As Prizes
By Peter P. Carney,
(Editor National Sports Syndicate.)
Shares of stock in reputable oil com
panies will be the chief prizes in the
state championship snoot of the Okla
homa State Sportsman's association
over the traps of the Tulsa Country and
Oun club on May 2r, 23 and 24 and
for this reason tho Oklahoma shoot will
be the most important in the Southwest
this year.
Tho Tulsa club hopes to give the big
gest state shoot in the country. Bo
sides tho oil stock which amounts to
a lot of money they will give $2,100 in
cash and trophies. The oil stock was
purchased ono year ago, and is paying
t,ix per cent interest. The winners of
the Btoek get the interest also. .
There will bo 'four registered events
at "100 targets on the second and third
days of the shodt. The first event is
the Harry Sinclair special; the second,
tho Frank Gillospie special; the third,
the J. H. Cosdcn special, nnd the fourth
which will also tleeirte the State
championship the Oil Field special.
The Harry Sinclair mentioned is tne
former president of tho Federal Base
ball league. Ho is very much interested
. tl, wealthy
in tne snoot, as uro mc
oil producers of Tulsa, and every one
n.,uo will end souads to we
traps in the State tournaments. One
hundred and twenty shares of stock w u
be given in the four events, based on w
shares to the winner, 10 shares to he
second high gun and five shares to the
third high man. Well paying oil stock,
as additional prizes, should be the
moan of bringing out hundreds ol tiap
SlTher Tulsa club has five traps con
crete trap houses, a fine club hou , g
has made arrangemen s take t
shooters on motor imp "V". bflVe
fields, and the "ien f .'fo tho
arranged for this and o her tnp
women who attend the tm'r"ah7un.
There will be trapshootmg at n gh
der powerful lights, by way of
attempt will be made by the Tulsa
club to make a profit on the t
ment. All money, over IVe to
refunded. May is a $Jai
shoot in Tulsa. The fall, win
spring are the seasons in wn-
of the trapshooting is done.
Of Interest to the B .
School Girls of the State
. . 7 ..-.nn of the
The State Alumni ass.... r
University of Oregon u" " " Mary
a scholarship, which is cftl'c which
Spillcr Scholarship the P'cation
is to promote i" -"
among the women of OrcRon; waied
The person to whom tins w
must be a girl graduate ot ,ftr.
ed high school of Oregon .
ship may be held more mitteW
by the same person, if toW it.
award think it wise to so pflV.
The scholarsuip """ 'Mavy Spu-
ment of board ami i'" lliver8ity
ler Hall, - situated on - receipt8
campus , for one year. i
How,
"iGf p.,
1- .."-'it k.
n-.
I. fla, L
rots
,"!1kwUIj Cxt!
of ik. ,
Dr. Kilm.,'.0'!!". it
!"t nan, tilm
f1"? hve tW ttt i
sat.sfymg influeWe. :
fine and a. k..
t during thipnttai
frt trulj yin f
0et. 14. 1918
' Letter t I
Dr.XUmt(k. I
BtaghMitoj, j i I
I Prow What 8ann!
14 i
Send In mh h n, '
Binghamton, N. Y, leu
iraiue. will cuviitt B ,
will aim retmtiborilsii ;,
information, telling tbsitti 1
and blidHpR ft'k nt; i
mention the Sales Stilt 4.
ai. neginar nn, m ula,
size bottles for ,t,lii:
Mil
'(Iff
1
iliviii,
who represent the Mwtlt' f
DDnnimTinKL-iimriRi
sale and eoniuptio, tf v '
holie liquors ni ipefaiti;
other than those of
than 23 per cent are mmy-;
reaiatirauio, wmma, ,
to military mensndniWe ;
L.t :.m . KnkiEitfJ -a--
men ueiuiwg hi avu": y
tnose cnpKm i -tional
defense; is pnimK -well
as those of the swj ;
to women or young peof a i
21 year, of age." f
ARTICLE TW0-A1!
tiu Amm will bf Id ';
I HUB UWt.v
ly under the law. , .
ities of Toulon are &H
execution of the
Prohibition in ,hf
ministered by
time of warormJi f
of peace trill I
Freichwiuesorte-"
These grewitbwtj. ,
'"'
J sS8V
whyBkouiaiBSr
wear a
to on her fare,
this cm dc T j bjtk':
asJs?
he compared st a '1,;:
electrical
tine is
.poisonous-"-"- , (fe(. ib
the hairs s; i
i, left as a"00" --. f
child 'b- v niircha8 j j
Anyone wk.f '
asking IT
as'e --
r"f
The folio1"! tppilf.it
requirement! i . .
L,' ...irfis"-;
, h i,tM
:c9totheJs'Clliltii
issonsl .MfrKj.
TTT. ".inntrs
" St"1" '
mjot::;