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About Daily capital journal. (Salem, Or.) 1903-1919 | View Entire Issue (Jan. 8, 1916)
THE DAILY CAPITAL JOURNAL, SALEM, OREGON, SATURDAY, JAN. 8, 1916. FIVE Soils of Oregon9 Subject Of An Interesting Lecture The following lecture on "The Soils I t of Oregon was delivered by Frof. Von Kschen of Willoniette university, before the Six O'clock club of the First Methodist church Tuesday even ing of this week. Besides a large at tendance from the leading citizens of; the city, many farmers who aro inter-1 vai.au iu Bull cuuBvrvutiuu were pres ent: By Professor Florian Von Eschen. , To discuss the soils of Oregon ado-' quutely Deems to 1110 altogether too j large an undertaking in the time nl lotteJ for this purpose. Because of the great variations, of geological f orm- ations and peculiar, geographical rondi-l tions, resulting in marked climatic- dif ferences, extreme ( ariatinns nro pro duced in the soils of Oregon. Soil is the layer of disintegrated, rock, mixed with the remains of plants, which covers a large portion of the, land. It also contains living organisms; of various kinds ni:d vm-iablo quauti-j ties of water and air; The name is or-! dinarily applied to the first six to twelve incnes of the surface. The gen t. cral physical constituents of soil aro 4' rock-powder or sand and silt, more or less decomposed, dependent on the na ture of the original rocks; clay, the product of decomposition of felspar and other silicates; humus, the com plex products of the decomposition of (, s vegetable and animal matter, on and in the soil innssp- as well- as organic mattor not yet humified. Berfenth this, varying in depth from a few inches to many feet, we have what is known as subsoil, nearly al ways of a lighter eolos, containing much less vegetable matter, less finely divided and more compact; but the line of demarcation is not always sharply marKed. Ofter when this sub soil is brought to the surface it is found to be unproductive until it has undorgone more decomposition, when it renews the mineral contest of tho . soil, aud it always arts as a retaining medium for tho roots of plants, as well as a storehouse of moisture. Sometimes the subsoil becomes a dense anil more or less hardened layer, then it becomes known as liard-pnn, and this is a detriment, because it ob structs the penetration of both roots Wnd water, thus materially limiting the range of the former, both for plant, food and moisture, thus limiting the growth of plant life. I might here enter into a discussion of the rocks and elements which enter into the composition of the soil and the agencies by means of which the changes are effected, but it must suf fice for this time to simply mention a few of the prominent rocks and agen cies that give us our soils. Among the principal soil-forming rocks we must place granite, felspar, silicates of potassium and sodium, erup tive rocks, as the various types of bas alt, trachyte, rhyolite, diabase, diroitc, and volcanic ash, also limestone, sand stone, elaystortc add shale and many others of minor importance. The prin cipal agencies are physical and chemi cal; psysically such as changes of tem perature, freezing, especially when water is present, glaciers, fowing water, waves, wind and the action of the roots of plants, which is both phys ical ana rneimcai; cncmicniiv, the sol veiit power of water and carbon diox ide, especiall" when united to form car ' bosated water; oxygen, vegetation both in growth and decay. The soils of Oregon grade from the rich black loams found on the coastal plnins, mill the lower river courses of Western Oregon, td the extremely sanity alKaline soils of eastern Oregon, with many intermediary types. Since Volcanic rocks predominate In the northwest, Oregon soil is mostly de rived rrom tne disintegration of basalt diabase, diorite, and other volcanic rocks. In southern Oregon, where uran ite, limestone and metamorphic rocks predominate, tney have to a great ex Jt tent determined the mineral character of tie soil. Where tho weatheriiii? nro cess has tnken place under humid con ditions, clays, loams, rich in humns, have been formed, while in arid or semi arid regions, a sandy soil has been pro duce.1. Trom the standpoint of the chemist, a good soil must contain potash, nitro gen, phosphorus and lime in such form as to be available lor plant food. From the physical point of view a good soil should lie deep, and should contain enough snnd and gravel to be easily t il In bio and to givo it drainage, and enough day M make it a good moisture and food retainer, to all of which at least two per cent of humus must be added. The plasticity and adhesive ness t clay, togethef with the extreme fineness of its ultimate particles, some times at fine as one-twenty-five thous andths of In inch, explains its great imnortnnce as a Physical soil ingredi ent. It serves to hold together and im part stability to tho flncullcnt aggre gates' of soil particles that compose a well-tilled soil. Without clay the salid would collMpse Into close-packed single 1 - 'graiim as soon an 'Hied and loose till jfcsge Would ho Impossible. On the other " hand) thtl fineness of tho particles servos to render day Very retentive of moisture as well as of gases mid of dis solved solids iA water, imparting these important properties to the Soil, while onert rnnrse soils, Adequately supplied With plant food, are e rendered uiiadnpt- IVILtGIVESlOp !( It MIS9NI Mtti.iiKbii b ION Kl HI lints TOD wkituN usKAtme No X Ra ur oth'T swindle. An Island blantmakeathrcura Ant TUMOIt, IUM or lost on the lli. (sea or bodr long is CANCcn; it never pains uiitlHs'it its RO iJO-fABt BOOK li-nt FKKK, IO.ixk testi monials. DfUtttSMt it paUftFBsndalwannolsnnaAeepsrm "UHnUkllpIl lamia i nil (Hit (UICKIT Onenntnun lnevei7 U.S. r.-. cut We rifnae many whn wall too lout A muat die Poof cured at hall price If eanrar la yatamall Dr. t Mrs. Dr. CBAXLET t CO. SMttSf "ttrtrlfr aafla. mataal Camar taM imi" 4349 436 Valencia kt, Sm Ffmcifco, CJ. KINDLY MAIL THIS lUMmMI CANCER ed to culture, becnuso of the lack of i these properties. Clay soils are usual ly rich in available mineral and plant food, because they contain the most finely pulverized and most highly de composed portion of the other minerals. Oregon contains three chief types of Boils, with their attendant variations, nnd a few special local varieties. The first class of soils to which 1 wish to call vour attention is the Silt-Loams. This is the most widespred and most important soil class. The silt loams are found in lurge areas in practically ev ery county in tho state. For total pro duction; for adaption to the widest va riety of crops; for natural fertility and for 'most other desirable fanning qual ities, this class of soils is the most val uable in Oregon. While the silt loams vary in composition in different parts of tiie state, their important qualities remain fairly constant. They are uni versally of "high plant food content, I flrtii-ulnrlv in total pottassium ami phosphorus, yet their greatest claim to productiveness is their physical cnar acter. The average Oregon silt loams are a hnppy medium between the sandy luaiu on tin' one hum! and the clay loam on the other, having the bad qualities of neither and the. food qualities of both. Often called "volcanic ash" soils, particularly in eastern Oregon, because of their origin and uniformly fine, powdery texture, they are derived largely from the volcanic basalt, a fine grained dark gray rock high in the mineral piun rood elements. Tlie weathered products, of this rock, alluv- uilly deposited aud mixed with organic matter in greater or less degree, ac cording to the precipitation of tiie re gion, form the soil cover of the great valley floors of Western Oregon, the rolling plateau lands of the Columbia basin, and of the inter-mountain val leys of eastern Oregon, As their name implies, the chief com ponent of -the soils of this class is silt, which is intermediate in texture or Bizo of particles between the clay component on the one hand aud the finest grade of sand on the other. Analyses of many samples of Oregon silt loams show their general composition to be roughly from fifteen to thirty per went clay, mty to seventy per cent silt, and Bix to ten per gent sand. As stated, they are a very uniformly fine grained powdery soil, having the desirable qualities of clay for the re tention of moisture and plant foods and large surface area ror the breaking down of plnnt foods throukh chemical aiid bacterial activities and for feeding plant roots, but because of the relative ly small amount of the clay component contained as compared with the amount of silt, these soils drain quickly, wnrm up and become mellow earlier and lia'udle more easily through a longer working nnd growing season than the clay loam type. The cold slowness, puddling, clodding, baking and crack ing qualities common to clay soils are absent. On the other hand, they con tain little snnd and do not dry out dur ing drouth or lencli of plant foods as do the sandy lonins, except in spots. Physically this class of soil requires for its maintenance in the highest state of fertility additions of (1) humus forming material through good rota tions and (2) nmple cultivation. To both, extra humus additions nnd ex tra tillage, silt loams respond quick ly and generously. In western Oregon in the valley floors of the Willamette nnd I'mpqua rivers and their tributaries the loam is of a grey character, in spots al most changing to a clay-loam, fine in texture and very fertile if handled rightlyi whilo along the coast nnd the costal rivers, it is much darker in col or, In this same region, in the foot hills, the loam assumes a dark red color, Which becomes of a lighter hue ns you ascend to the higher hills, most of this color being due to the iron present in the original rock. We have also in this valley what Is known as the White Silt Loam, a loom of a very light color and useless. This condition is caused by lark of drainage and the land becomes what is colled "water-logged.;.' The plant food nnd humus has been leached out of the soil and it is under water so much of the time that the atmosphere agencies cannot cause decomposition to supply the needs of plnnt food. Good drainage and plenty of humus, with some commercial fertilizer would do wonders for such landi In eastern Oregon in the valleys of the Deschutes, John Day, Umatilla, Wallowa, Grande Ttomlc rivers, we find a good denl of the dark silt loam; in many places extending away back into the narrow mountain valleys, while the li i It lnnd in the. northern port of the stnte east of the mountains . consists largely of this type of soil, being a light color or a red silt loom. . Most Bf the "dry farming" in east ern Or gon is done on silt loam soil, be cause of Its remarkable power fof mois ture retention, ease of tilings anil avail ability of plnnt food, The secntid class nf soils tt- which-1. wish to direct your attention is the sandy loam type. This type covers a sonsldoriiblc area in the slate, in all cases lying immedi ately adjacent to present nr former water bodies. The low bluff lands Im mediately on the roast; tho flood plains of the rivers throughout the stnte; old river Washes anil alluvial fans; the low wind-blown bluffs extending back from the Columbia river; and the great roll ing plntenu binds of central Oregon, former bottom of a great inland sea these are the areas where the sandy loams obtain. The river flood plains naturally have the richest of these sandy loams mixed of fine sediments, sands and silts vnry ing from course sands at the strehtn to the finest sandy loams further bock. These soils ore of good plnnt food eon tent but under heavy cropping without proper rotation do not have the endur ance of the silt loams, ss they do not have so great A totnl plant food sup ply. Because of their earliness, esse of tillage, quick maturing and high availability of the plnnt foods contain ed, they are adapted to the moat inten sive methods trucking, intensive dairying, small fruits, etc. On this ac count the fertility can be maintained easily enough at the highest state by the use of legume, manure nnd fer tilizers. .This is equally true of the Irrigated sandy loams of the Columbia pa 1 BIN SIN Best Chinese Dishes Noodles .10c Chop Buey 25c Bice and Fork 10c 410 FEREY STREET Basin and central Oregon. Legumes, I manure and applications of pottassium in commercial form, give splendid re sults. This typo is one of the best in both western and eastern Oregon for alfalfa growing; providing it has proper drainage. On the dry farming lands, this type is less desirable, but still a productive soil as no leaching lilts' occurre,d under tho scmi-uriil conditions and the plant food supply, highly available, bus been retained. It must bo more carefully farmed than the silt loams under these conditions, however, in order to main tain fertility. There is a little of this typo of soil in the Willamette valley and what is found is in the bed of flood-plain of the former Willamette 'Hound and its tributaries, and is composed of seventy to eighty per cent of sand. The snme kind of soil ia now being formed during the floods that overflow the lowlands. Now we come to the third typo, the Marsh .Soils. As their name suggests, .thesG soils arc the results of the accum ulations from tho decay of generations of the rank growth of tho fresh water marshes, sedges, rushes, "tulcs," etc. mixed with more or less silt and other sediments brought iu by tho adjoining stream. The largest areas of these soils are found along the const on tho rivers ueiow uuewnter sucu as tne loiuniDin, Coquille and Coos rivers nnd surround ing some of the interior lakes east of the Cascades such as Klamath and Silver lakes. Smaller former marsh areas are found in the lower Willamette valley where the beavers, damming up small streams, caused murshes giving rise to the local name "beaver dam" soils. These "beaver tliims, " liko all marsh soils, are very high in organic matter content, sometimes ns high as fifty per cent, intensely black in color, rich in nitrogen, but deficient in lime and potash, acid in reaction, and nearly always lacking in drainage. Where ly ing between the stream and higher ground, as practically always they do, these Boils vary from (according to the draiaing) cither deep, black, well de cayed organic matter or deep, raw, brown, peaty muck, at the center or tne marsh to a sandy lonm at the bank of tho stream and a silty muck or clay muck as the higher liunis nnek of the marsh are approached. While tho west ern Oregon mnrsh soils "are all acid in reaction, in eastern and central Ore gon, the reverse is the case, some of the central .Oregon marshes being strongly alkaline. The first step with mnrsh soils is re- clnimation through drainage, .or,,, aloug the coast, through dyking and drain age. A great deal of the bind along the Columbia has been reclaimed and is now among the richest, easiest worked and highest priced soils in the stnte. About six tears ago, the U. K. government made n largo ditch to drain n part of the Klariinth mnrsh, but it wns found strongly alkaline, as nil marshes cast of tho mountains are, and the drainage bed of the marsh does not slope suf ficiently to get rid of the excess of al' kali. North of Klamath Fnlls, there is the Sycaa marsh and up a little farther there is Silver lake marsh. Between Hummer lake nnd Abert lake is what is called Chcmaucun marsh, then over the bluff eastward we nnvo a large marsn at tho north elid of Abert lake, east ward there is another marsh at Waruor Inkc. Farther northeast there are large marshes around Mallient' and Harney lakes, and on out to the Mnuke river at Ontario. Still another large marsh is north of Baker City nnd another cast of I.a Grande. All of these are old bike beds nnd because of their forma tion. And lock of drninnge are alkaline and most of them of no value except for tales and some grnsses. The first speclnl type I wish td men- tlon is the Adobe Soils. This type of soil, Sometimes cltlled nls6 "black sticky" or "red sticky," according to i tho color, is found only in limited nmoiints ns compared with the great soil types of I lie state previously dis cussed. It occurs in spots, however, in nearly every section of the state, these patches varying in area from a couple DON! SUFFER LAUGH AT STOMACH MISERY talel J. Fry Wilt Return th Monty If Mi-o-na Doss Ho Xeum DTBttaBBia. Among .11 the remedies la Daniel J. iXi ot T? TO , y's popular dm .tote, Her. are few lh" ,u!e MJ '"""J'1"; at i Willinglo sell 'on A guarantee! ff'.Vrr?..' l' J tl -Ml w0,.Mf .r.,..i .k. 5,. i tk.I a fl' ' Understand tho subsoil. West of Fry that to refund the money If they do not Clir. Mi-o-ha, the famous dyspepsia remedy baa helped so many ot bis customers that Daniel J. Fry says, "Jf this remedy does not relieve you, come back to my store and I will cheerfully re turn your money." Anyone who halt dyspepsln, Indiges tion, headaches, dizzy feelings or liver troubles, Should take advantage of this chance to be rnadd well without any risk of Spending their money to no pur pose. Mi-o-na will relieve you, Will regulate the digestion, will enable you to est what you Wsnt If It does not do all this it will not cost you a cent. Daniel .1. Krv has sold hundreds nt boxes of Mi o na in the last few weeks and has yet to receive the first com plaint from any customer. Such a record is simply marvelous and speaks volumes for the merit of the remedy. It is ensy enough to fill a column with the symptoms afflicting those who have dyapsia, but there is no need of describing their condition. What they want is relief and they can get it in Mi-o-na. Do not suffer a day longer with disordered digestion. If Mi-o-na relieves vou it costs you 60 con la a box, if it does not, you have! Daniel J. Fry's personal guarantee toj return your money. I of acres to as high as a quarter sec tion in some cases. .Many farms in western Oregon, especially those in por tions of the valleys ndjticcnt to the hills, will have a few hM's of this type of soil. Probably the largest areas of "sticky" noils are found in the south ern Oregon division In the Kogue.Kiv er vnllcy aud tho I'mpquu valley. As might be inferred this soil is extreme In nearly all of its qualities. It is very difficult to plow or handle when wet aud equally difficult to put in it good state of tilth when dry. It does' mil drain well nnd warms up slowly in tin Spring. On the other hand, it is ex tremely rich in-plunt foods, especially in potassium unit phosphorus. Practi cally all of the extreme qunlitics of this so-called "adobe," which is really a clay, are due to the extraordinarily high percentage of the clay itself con tained, of which component a consider-; able amount is colloidal or glue-like in character. The most common color of this type is, a deep black, but fre quently it is red or light grey. Notwithstanding il objectionubbi features, this soil is one of the most valuable found, when handled properly, aud the farmer is amply repaid for the additional caro it must receive in the splendid returns it gives. The handling qualities of this soil, which rolls oil' the nol(l-board like putty when too moist, and becomes ns hard ns iron, baking and cracking like oi lit ilay when too dry, may be greatly unprnvcu by the lib'vul application of barnyniil manure to increase the supply of Itiimni, together with a heavy application of ground limestone. The i.ext typo is the " Granitic i-'oils." This type of soil occurs only in southern Oregon, largely iu the Hogue vulley, whero considerable nreus of it aro found on portions of the roll ing hill lands and in the valleys. While much of the soil of the Hogue liivc, valley is derived from the granite foci , the soils commonly designated by the term "granitic" tire the very coarse sandy areas, nearly white, light gray, yeiiow, or lignt red in color, which are aB yet but little used for agriculture. As indicated, these "granitic" soils are very coarse lit texture, having large amounts of coarse sands ami only rela tively small amounts of silt ami clay. As might bo expeoted, this soil is lack ing in nnturnl strength, being low in nitrogen and organic matter and potas sium and phosphorus. The plant food contained, however, is in a fairly avail able form- aud with- proper handling these areas will undoubtedly become valuable. At the present time, a great many fruit trees arc being planted on this type of full near Grants Pass and around Ashland. The young trees seem lo do splendidly, but there in still a quer.lion whether it will be nblo to sus tain the growth. It is, whnt is known as a warm Moil and is well adapted to tho raising of early and rnpidlv growing crops, and it seems to respond niiNui-nuiiy ro mo application of for tilifcr. The next typo is tho "Pumice Roils.". This peculiar typo covers only a limited area at the head of the Deschutes river in central Oregon, extending ns far south ns Klamath Falls. It is white, gray, yellow or light brown ia color snd very coarse and porous in texture, being made tip largely of partially dis integrated pumice, Pumice is a' very soft, exceedingly light and fine grained poroiiB rock of YolcAiile,' origin, which might be most aptly described ns vol canic spume. The qualities and agricul tural value of this "pumice" soil are as yet largely undetermined. The plant food content appears to be reasonably good, but the peculiar physical charac ter (HghtneBS in weight, and great por osity), combined with the rnther limit altitudes Bt which it is found. mi.Vn fl, best use and production possibilities of mis son, problematic, anil its ultimate use and valuo are yet to be determined. Tho last tvne to be considered la flin "Alkali" soils. Because of the heavy rainfall, alknli soils do not occur west of the Cascades in Oreoon. T n fiflHttlen Oregon, practically all of the soils nre moderately alkaline In reaction, but only sufficiently so ns to make tub) quality of great value in offering il,.. sirnble soil conditions' for cfop M0 duction, Only in those areas of the semi arid districts whero the 'land lies ao flat or jinn-like as to lack good natural drainage does the alkali become so ex cessive in amount Us to be injurious to crop production. The presence of in jurious amounts of fllimli is indicated In dry weather by the appearance on tile surface soil of the whitish powder or crystals of the "white" nlknllcs, Or the blackish broWn stains of the "black" alknli; but at any time nf the year the absence of the heavy black sage nnd the presence of such nlknli-re-sistnlit plants ns grcasewood, snltbush, snltgrass, etc., together with the observ able lack of . natural drainage, are good indications of the presence of ex cessive amounts of salts. Huch nrens are to be avoided, unless the land can , be artificially drained nnd irrigated. A large portion of central Oregon is covered With & Volcanli! ash, slightly soluble and one of the resulting pro duct is an alkali. Rummer. Abert. KCttr .Vr-ffTi'V "T i "V"- " , ' " I ' iui-ui niv fiiiM-ntmiy numiienn tne mountains most oi tne soil has n Inn m nr gruvel and snnd for a subcoil, but In A few limited arena there is a lit tle hard-pan. Ksst of the mountains practically nil soil, except In n few limited areas, is underlaid with rack or hard-pan. Hard-pnn is ft dense hardened lawyer of subsoil, impervious td mois ture and plant food, thus limiting both, fohned by the filtration of cementing solutions into a pre existing material, originally quite similar to that of the surface soil. Being impervious to wa; Safety First Indigestion, constipation, biliousness and many ailments of the digestive organs are often the source of serious Illness. At the first sign of disordered conditions take the reliable family remedy that is always dependable BEECHAM'S PILLS Larat Bala mi Anf MMm bitfuWatM. (alt wsrywhT. h koaca, 10., It. There Is more Catarrh In this section the country than all other diseases pul together, and until the lant few ycura was supposed to be Incurable. For a ?;reat many years doctors pronounced It a ocal disease and prescribed local reme dies, and by constantly fiifllns; to cure with local treatment, pronounced it incur able. Science has proven Catarrh to be a constitutional disease, and therefore re quires constitutional treatment. Half) Catarrh Cure, manufactured by F. J. Cheney A Co., Toledo, Ohio, la the onls Constitutional cure on the market. It It taken Internally. It acts directly on the blood and mucous surfaces of the systam. They offer one hundred dollars for any case It fulls to cure. Send for circulari and testimonials. Addreaa: P. J. CHENEY CO.XTolcdo. O fold by Drusslata, 75c. Talca Hall Family pills tor conatlpatton ter and root-growth, It soon allows the top-soil to become poor and unfertile, and if planted to orchurds, the trees cannot get a food-hold and will grow for a few years and then die. The "going back" of orchards in many of the irrigated districts of Oregon, Wash ington, Idaho, rtiih, Colorado and Cali fornia, are due to this condition nnd will never be remedied until this sub soil is broken up. This is sometimes affected by dynamiting the land, or if the layer is not too tliicfi, subsoiling sometimes will accomplish the same re sult. If the hard-pan is ncid, the ap plication of gypsum or ground lime stone will be of great value. In this valley, especially, nnd in some other humid parts of Oregon, where the subsoil contains littlo or no humus, a great many acres have been almost ruined because thoso that cleared the land did not know how to cultivate It. Instead of plowing only three or, four inches the first year, and n littlo deeper each succeeding yeae until they have attained to a depth of nine or ten inches, they plowed to that depth the first year, throwing up a subsoil, poor in humns and available plant fond, nnd as a result, plant growth is limited and the lnnd has to bo worked over and over, and humus and fertilizer mixed with it, and even then it requires a long exposure to ntmnsphoric action be fore it becomes properly adapted to per form the functions of the. surface soil. Thero is one other condition to which I wish to call your attention before I close, because I deem it of great im portance to this valley and most of our const country. In the presence of so much moisture s will materially im-1 pede the access of air. and with the con-j c.urrenc.e of reasonably low temperature,! conditions existing in the Willamette valley, during the winter ,tho organisms tTlnl- lla. fn1.a Utrt ..l.la -nin i 4tta transformation of the vegetable tissues into humus-like substances ore bacteria. But the antiseptic, nature of the com pounds thus formed, soon puts an endj to their activity, and thereafter the process seems to be a purely chemical i ono, forming a solid brown product partly soluble in water, and imparting to it a brownish tinge and nn acid re action. The latter Is due to the forma tion of ulmic acid, fcadily Soluble ill cansthlc, of carbonated alkalies, forming insoluble salts with the elirllis and met als. The sour soilB thus produced in the presence of excess ot Water, gradually increase in acidity and finally become of little or no value agriculturally. We nave in tins valley some such ami much that is slightly acid ,uud the own ers wonder why they cannot raise bet ter crops. Permit tne to sny nt this point that and neutral or slightly basic after long-continued cultivation becomes acid, as has been shown in the older parts of our country, liotubly in the New Knglnnd states. Such crops ns alfalfa, clover nnd legumes are especially af fected by the ncid soil and rieariy all other crops will show a decrease, pro duced by the action of the acid on the soil, if not on the crop itself. The first step in tho improvement of such soil is to neutralize the acid, preferably by. means of ground limestone. Of course, there are various forms of limc ns alr-slackcd lime, burnt lime, liy drated lime and grntind-lime-stone, and also land-plaster. The first action of the lime Is to sweeten tho soil by neii tfnllzltig' the acid, and It makes t.": soil more flocculate and it nlso liber 1 ntes nnd makes available more nlant- fond. Because of these effects, the soil yields A more abundant hnrvest and men are liable to overlook some very important points. We must reinembc'r thnt neither lime nor lnnd-plnster add any plaht-food to the soil, simply liber ate whnt is present, this, ns you can nil see, will soon exhaust the soil, ns has been (lone with millions of acres in this country. Mme in this vnllcy should be applied nbout every fivo years, at the mte of one to two tons per acre, de pending on the acidity ot llio soil. But at the same time, we must he sure to apply fertilizer to keep present in the soil plenty of the required plant-food. There nre other quest ions of vita) im portance that I might diacoM such ns fertilization, crop rotation, irrigation, etc.,, but suffice It to sny that In e1 my travels throughout Ihls stnte. hnv ing visited nil but four counties, I have not found the equal at the Willamette valley, and by Scientific cultivation and the conservation of its soils, it is bound to be the garden spot nt the northwest ror centuries to come. Fatal Claim of Eugene - Man Is Settled By, Accident Commission The claim of KdWurd I. Bradley, an employe of the Booth-Kelly Lumber company who was killed at the Spring field plnnt December 21 was set tied to day by the Industrial tAccldent com mission. The Widow, )dn I,. Bradley, and her two children receive a pension of per month until the children reach the age of 10 years 6ml then she receives .II) monthly, The sum of (), ClU.ll.'l wns set aside for the claim. Bradley was working on a drain ditch under a conveyor when n block of Won? fell from the conveyor and struck him on the hefld, fracturing his skull. Klamath Fulls: County authorities raised the counly bounty on dea l coy otes In 'J.1 in the fiiiiipnign by Ore gon, ' lliforliia Idaho ami Mcvntlu au thorities to stump out rabies. Coyote in the region r f I'm I Klniniilh bring 1.7.1 residents of Fort Kliunulh havinji pledged 'l additional for each ninni.tl killed. The situation in Klamath coun ty was described ns not serious, but fear la felt 111 it rabid coyotes mu.v find refuge in Kill ninth rntiuty front the vigorous "SiufmiKH being wsued aiulust them ill Modoc and ill IJtli' rmtnticK, III California. Everybody Admires a 1 . ' i 1 8 v 1 JU-BUMBHtS TKf O.T1UI. nnrABtB WJ TKRD.T. U UI'KI NA. ISK'rWKIIlSffj J70rWJomaST,.- mwlfanK. plsennes nnd relt""rfl Sunhnrn. Henioves Tun, I'iuiples, Ttla. khpndd. Moth Patches. Rush. KivVklea ,iihi Vulgar Redness, Yellow and Mudrlv Hicl. jzivmtf a delicately clear nnd rellned complexion which every woman desires. No. 11 Kor sale by UrugslatH awLKaney Ciooda Dealers, Ferd. T. Hopkins, Prop, 37 Alfalfa-Molasses Meal The Very Best Grade on market $1.25 per 100 lb. sack ALFALFA MEAL None better made, and at $1.05 per 100 lb. s ack. Special prices on the above in half -ton lots; or more. You will always find our prices the lowest in the city, quality considered. We deliver in the city. D...A. WHITE & SON 251-261 State Street Phone 160 Salem, Oregon Gen. Vassich, Man Whose Army Swam to Battle By William O. Shepherd (I'liilvd l'lt-DS Ktiif'f C'orreHpomlciit.) Monaatlr, Hurvin,, Doc. 1. (By llmil) This Is to iiitroiluee (Icnoral Doimn VrshhIi. Mo Inn't a gononil at this writing; only a Korvlim colonel; but bo-twiM-ii now and tho tiino you rcml this he'll he lironioleil. By that time Mon nslir iirolinbly will hnvo fallen and tho hint bij! I'ity of the Kcrviaiia will, bo iu ilio Manila of t no Aimtro-Uerninrt-Hiil-1,'ara. But for ten days Colonel Vaii li lias held the city against odds and he'll hold It as tnui'h longer as he fun. lie is only forty-fivn, hut ho is tired look ing and thin; his hands nro wrinkled like an old man's. When ha riiiue out. of hc'Hil(unilm unil eliiiibed in to the automobile where I had been placed to await him, he was muffled up to guard ngahist iliiMiinnlism. Three hundred bullies ho has been in in his time; ami battles against Bulgnrs nnd Turks leave their minks. All this Mniumtir coun try he knows as lie knows the palm of i hin linnil. lie has fought oier it tiiuej and again and as wo whirl out of town' toward the Bulgarian front, ho glances often nt tho mountains, somo nt' them now elnd, as If looking to sec if they havo ehnnged during the :i days lie hnu been ilf in bed. It's the road to X'er- lepe. It runs between high hills and j then erosses a swamp. When w coma to tho swamp wo stop. This swamp mnilo Col Vassich a hero throughout Kurnpeait army circles during the war with the Turks three ycarB ago. Wise army men who think they know just how much soldiers can stand and who measure tho strength ot men en masse as engineers test steel beams, had never ineen certain as to whether men could fight any length of time while standing in water. Colonel Vassich found out for them nnd what ho dis Southern California has much to offer you Ihis winter. City or country, mounlniu or beach resorls all are Invit ing. The I'liiiaina-Califoriiin Exposition at Sua Plego wilt r itln open another year -bigger and better Hum ever. But Southern California offers something" even greater than this. It Is the evcr-prosi'nt imd delightful SUNSHINE AND FLOWERS Kuncs lii lilnnui, Oranges nnd ticinoiis ripening on the trees, I'oppies and (lernnliims everywhere. This Is tho real ( alil'ornin, Tho expense of a trip to .Southern Cali fornia. Is not grout. Low Round Trip "u ;VT"T ? ? ' from nil I'lU'ifie Northwest points. Hlnpnyers lite nlloUed at pleasure. Through car service on liinited, trnins, through dining ear anil observation ciils Iniiae the nil rail route tlie delightful way to go. Ask your local agent or write John M. Scott, General Passenger Agent) Portland, Or. SOUTHERN PACIFIC Beautiful Complexion- DR. T. FEUX GOURAUD'S Oriental Cream OR MAGICAL BEAUTIFIER An Indispensable and Delightful Toilet Requisiie for Fashionable Women A daily necessity for tho laritan' tollot ttliotlier at home or whilo (ravelins. It prol(!cts tho skin from injurious oifeeU of tiie elemontrt, fjven a wonderfully ef fort ive bounty to the romplcxion. Jt in a norfttct non-jtroasy Toih't On mn nnd pon Itively will not oaiifie or onoouragn tiie Slow tli of hair wlilHi h II Indies should ffuant aguinHt when bo lectin a toilet pre paration. When dttiK.-liiur. howling or oth er exertions heat the bkiii, it prevents a greay appearance, Gouraud's Oriental Cream lias bf en highly recommended ny phyaifians, act resses, shivers and women of fashion for over half. a century and etinnot be snr fmsscri when preparing for dally or eve Ti nts "ttire. Gouraud's Oriental Cream euros Skin Great Jones Street, New York. covered they put duwit in their wise military books. "Here Is where wo stood," said Col. Vassich. "For three days my men stuod will! mo in this swamp and fought the Turks oil those hills." 1. asked him how deep tho water wns, "I'll to our waists, Miuieliiues up tU our chins, sometimes over our heads; and when a man was wounded he was drowned." 1 asked him whether it was cold. "That was tluee years ago and t hkveu't been well since. It was in deed ,'old. jNolther havo huudreds of my soldiers been well since. Hut wo held the Turks off Jlonastir." "How did the men curry their am munition!" "On their heads, but many of them carried it around tlieir belts and found that the waler didn't hurt it any. Come, we must get up to the troiiche.". ", Two soldiers gavo the enr a start. It hail once been a fine limousine, but tho years of Servian tighlnig hud left their iiinrks on it ns well ns on tho Colonel, Kvery time we started it was with the assistance of soldiers who put tlieir shoulders to the once brilliantly black limousine body ami gave hearty pubes to help tho gasoline. Behind us was Munastir, which ouco belonged to Hnl garia nnd now belonged to Korvia; be-, fore us were the Bulgnrs coining again with their dreadful cry of "Ihral No pret. no nosbl" which means "Forward with the bayonet!" The womoii aud children buck thero in Munastir know that cry. Tho sick, tired innn iu the enr beside you is holding; back tho oiifs who voice it t lint If tli Jlonantir ians cense to hear tho booming of llio Nervinn guns tonight, they had better dress and hurry along the wintry toads toward the Clrcek. border.