PAGE) TWO
DAILY CAPITAL JOUHNAL, SALESI, OREGON, THURSDAY, DECEMBER 2, 1000.
THE CAPITAL JOURNAL
E. IIOPER, Editor nnd Proprietor.
luuependont Nownpaper Doroled to American Principles and
tho rrosresM and DoTclopomont of All Oregon.
Publiihed Kwy Evening Except Sunday, Biilorii, Oro.
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GO-RELATION OF GUARD
TO REGULAR ARMY
Secretary of War, In His Annual Report, Points Out the Im
k portance of Combination and Co-Operation of the Two
Blanches of the Military Service to the Defense of the
Nation in Event of War.
Military Policy for Defense.
Tho military system of tho Unl
tod States contemplates a correlation
of tho Regular Army with tho Na
tional Guard. It necessarily follows
that tho organization of tho Regular
Army and tho irtilltla In combination
should bo such as to pormlt thom to
coopernto and practico togothor In
tlmo of poaco under conditions Blml
'lar to those which would obtain in
tlmo of war.
For several years, and moro par
ticularly Blnco 1903, tho War De
partment and tho National Guard or
ganizations have been worikng to
gether in groat harmony and with
increasing effectiveness toward this
end.
Jlont camps of instruction and ma
nouvors In which tho army nnd na
tional guard havo takon part have
boon hold blonnlally slnco 1903 in
different parts of tho country, which
hnvto boon of pronounced bonoflt to
all troops ongagod. Tho participa
tion of tho national guard in those
maneuvers' has given to tho Rogulnr
Army tho Inestimable ndvantago not
othorwjso obtainable of oxporionco In
tho maneuvering of largo masses of
men undor conditions of service as
similated so tar as. practlcablo to tho
nctual conditions that may bo oxpoct
cd whon war Is on. Tho national
gunrd, In addition, had tho opportu
nity to acqulro military oxporionco In
association with professional soldlors.
Tlio numbor of mon, Regular Army
nnd National Guard combined, par
ticipating In theso dlfroront maneu
vers has ranged from 30,000 to 50,
000. Recognizing tho fact that Con-
gross was not IlKoiy to authorlzo in
tlmo of poaco so largo an Incroaso In
tho Boacoast artillery as Is necessary
for tho complotio manning detail for
nir tho guns of tho coast dofonso of
tho United States, tho plan has boon
Inaugurated nnd put in successful
operation of rolying on tho militia
of tho Boacoast states to furnish a
part of tho roinntndor. Tho tlmo has
now arrlvod whon a rational plan
should bo dovlsod for a Himllar co
opoorntlon of tho army and tho mi
litia with roHpoct to tho mobile army.
In ordir to put such u plan Into
operation and pormlt of practice un
dor WHr conditions In tlmo of ponce
by tho Rogular Army and tho mili
tia in combination tho Uuitod State
should bo divldod Into a numbor of
torrltorlul nnd tactical districts, so
that the organised militia of tho
statos comprising such dlHtrlots may
bo convonlontly combined with tho
Rogulnr Army statlonad thorolu Into
porumnant brlgudos, divisions, nnd
corps for instruction and tactical or
ganization, It will probably bo found
desirable to havo In each stnto In
mioh district at lonst ono military
post, tho said posts to bo occupied
by troops of tho dlfforont arms of!
tho Horvlco In such numbors that
whon tho troops from all tho pouts
included In tho district nra assemb
led tlioy would constitute a division,
including tho propor proportion ot
nil arms and brnnoUos of the rogulnr
Horvloa, This regular organization
should bo tho special educator and
nsslstaut of the militia forces of those
stwtow and should be tho contor from
which gonera! instruction oould bo
given. No post sinuHor than a rogl
mental one is of real value from n
utundpolut, so far as -education, disci
pline nnd drill are ooncornod.
Tho proeent system of department
al military jiovornmont should glvo
way tj hu 'orinlzalon taotloally
oorrect for war purposes: that la,
tliwe various troops, both regular
nnd tullltta. gathered tojftether,
uhould be permanently designated
In name and organisation, with all
tho attendant system which would
bo lu existence In time of war. so
that when the troopa retire to tlwlr
proper statlona they will not lose
tholr brigade or division orgHUlsH
Hon and will bo controlled by their
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t DEPOSIT your sav-
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SAVINGS DEPARTMENT $
Cipfti! National Bank
proper 'commanding officers, station
ed within tho district.
In oach tactical corps or division
district a central point for a camp
sito should bo selected, with a view
to tho convenience and economy of
easy concentration of both tho reg
ular and militia forces in such dis
trict. Tho regular and militia troops
should bo concentrated for inspec
tion at theso points. Such camps
will answfcr tho purposo of perma
nent rblgado posts, so far as instruc
tion is concerned, nnd tho march
ing to nnd fro from the regimental
stations to such points will bring tho
army before the people and more or
less in contact with thorn.
Should plan be carried out it
would bo possible to concentrate
about 8 army corps possibly some
what lmporfect and incomplete. In
coso tho Regular Army alono should
bo required it would bo practicable
to concentrate at least 8 comploto
divisions at 8 dlfforont points, each
division comploto in itsolf for any
posstblo uso ns an expeditionary
forco. Should a larger force bo re
quired, then tho militia composing
tho othor organizations of each corps
could bo quickly assembled nt tho
concentration points with tho Rog
ular Army. Evory stnto should havo
a young and actlvo officer of tho
Rogular Army dotalled at headquar
ters, who should roport direct to" tho
corps commnndor and havx gonoral
supervision, undor tho mllltln author
ities, of tho instruction of tho mi
litia. Thoro should bo on lito staff
of each corps commander an officor
of the army, who should havo ontiro
charge of all militia affairs in the
corps district. Tho commander of
oach district, in addition to tho reg
ulars undor his control, should havo
gonoral supervision of all tho Nation
al Guard troops of tho states Includ
ed In hlo dlstrlot, nnd, whilo In time
of ponco ho has no power to issuo
ordors, ho could, however, by his
Intorest and suggestion, bo ot groat
valuo to tho militia. Ho should bo
glvon tho powor to suporvlso tho
equipment and Instruction of tho
troops of his district and hold re
sponsible for tholr mobilization nnd
gonoral condition.
In tlmo, at the points of concontrn
tlon lu oach corps district, thoro
would bo ostablishod supply do
pots, so plaunod that upon tho as
somblago of tho corps or division
thoro would bo availablo such oqnlp-
mont as might possibly bo lacking
In tho various status for tho equip-
niont of tholr organizations, although
It Is contomplatiul that tho states
should thomsolvos enrry all that is
nocossary for at loast tho minimum
Btrongth roqulrod. At such dopots
could also bo carried tho supplies for
any additional voluntoor forco, up to
a moderate numbor, which might bo
deomod nocossary to comploto in lt3
ontlrety tho organization of any ono
of tho various corps.
What Is greatly needed is a decen
tralization of the powers of supply
and Initiative. Tho prosont central
ization alwayB broaks down tho mo
ment It Is put to tho tost, nnd tho
poaco organization of tho army as It
stands today Is incomploto and im
proper for military purposos.
It Is proponed to submit such plan
of organization to tho governors of
tho statos, asking tholr uswont thoro
to, ns all this system, so far ns tho
national guard Is concornod, must bo
voluntary. Upon rocolving such as
sents from tho governors, tho War
Department should designate In oach
dlstrlot the uxact orgnntsatirjus, tin
signing tho various brnnohos of the
service to their proper brigades or
divisions. While this will nocoasar
lly result in an Incomploto organ
ization, ns thiero will bo kicking lu all
brancho of tho organizations both
In the Regular Army and the mi
litia, still It will bo tho first stop
toward carrying out this proposed
creation.
Thoro Is a nhortago of various mi
litia organlwUlona to complete the
proposed corps. In order to obtain
thork nocowsnry organizations the vu
rlous states should bo urged to add
to their National Guard mioh organ
lattUons as would be roqulrod lu oach
district.
The question of wast defenso and
of utilizing the militia In conuec
Uon with the ooast artillery hna beam
so far developed that It may be as
sumed that the present system will
be continued until perfected, and it
Is therefor not considered at all in
the froegolng. which relate only to
the mobile army.
While, aa has been indicated, titer
Is in certain districts a laok of for
ce, both In the Regular Army and in
me nuiiua. to carry out uw proposed
plan complotoly, and whilo it might
bo found desirable to bring about
gradually a moderate incroaso in
certain branches of tho Regular Ar
my, it la thought that it mayo bo pos
sible to make this increase 'in tho
numerical strength of tho army with
out substantial Increase in the cost
of maintenance of tho military estab
lishment, provided (Congress faha.ll
glvo its consent to tho following pro
posed plan for tlite distribution and
sheltor of the mobile army, fhich
is submitted and urged both as an
economic measure and also because
of its intimate relation to the pro
posed policy of national defense set
forth above. Indeed, .so closely re
lated is It that it may well bo Bald to
bo as essential part of that policy.
In my last report, says Secretary
of War Dickinson, attention was in
vited to the growing Importance of
military aeronautics as a possible
aulllary for national defense. Dur
ing tho past year progress In aoro
nnutics has been rapid. Records
have beon broken both with dirigible
ballons and heavier than nir ma
chines. Tho Zeppolin II in Germany
has increased its longth of ttrao in
the air from twelve hours (on July
1, 1908) to thlrty-slx hours, cover
ing a distanco of 900 miles, and has
carried 26 persons at ono time. The
Wright brothers havo increased the
longth of their two flight a to two
hours and thirty minutes, have car
ried a passonger ono hour and ten
minutes and have flown at a height
of 040 feet. Six aviators havo cross
ed the hour mark with aeroplanes,
and tho number making continuous
flights Is growing rapidly. Cros3
country flights are taking tho place
of flights In a circle over a limited
field and tho latest achievements, In
which an aeroplane flew from France
to England, crossing the English
Channel, another up tho Hudson Riv
er from Governors Island to near
Grant's tomb and return, and tho re
cent spectacular flight of M. de Lam
bert on October 19, from Juvlsy to
Paris and return, reaching a height
of 300 feet aboVe the top of tho
Eiffel Tower, indicate the practi
cability of mechanical flight.
Military authorities summarize the
applications of air ships to warfaro
as follows:
(a) To gain information in peace
time respecting harbors, fortifica
tions, etc.
(b) Patrols and frontier guards.
(c) For reconnaissance and photo
graphic work.
(d) Dispatch work.
(0) Checking nn enemy s recon
naissance on land or sea.
(f) Signaling and wireless tele
graph stations.
(g) Directing artillery fire and
drawing (enemy's fire.
(h) Destroying the enemy's aerial
fire.
(1) Attacking an enemy's baso line
and destroying stores, etc.
(J) Destroying railways and other
communications.
(k) Raiding night or surprise at
tacks on field forces, using explo
sives or incendiary mixtures. "
(m) Raiding harbors' and naval
bases.
(n) Carrying out ovor-sea raids.
(o) Locating rand capturing or
destroying submarines.
(p) Locating mines.
(q) Following up a victory by
land or sea and completing the rout.
But whatovor may bo tho lnfluonco
of aerial locomotion upon the art of
war, whothor or pot it will over provo
a valuable auxiallary to armies in
tho fiold, tho fact must be recognized
that all first class powers oxcept tho
United States are providing them
solvos with aerial fleots, Germany
nnd Franco bolng notably in tho lead.
Two yoars ago tho War Depart
ment submlttod an ostlmntto for an
appropriation of $200,000 for tho
purposo of bogtnnlng a propor aero
nautical equipment and Instruction
for tho army. Last year an estimate
was submlttod to Congress for an
appropriation of $500,000. No ap
propriations havo boon mndo thus far
for this purposo. On account of tho.
apparent need for reducing, at loast
temporarily, tho exponsos of tho War
Dopnrtmont, no estimate has boon
submitted by mo for this purposo
for tho fiscal year 1911.
Tho hoalth of tho army for tho
year 1908 was bettor than for any
yoar In tho post docade, sayo tho
socrotary In his roport issuod today,
thus continuing tho record of steady
improvement which has been going
on for tho past ton years, following
tho gnoat Incroaso In sickness incl
dont to tho Spanish war, with its
occupation of now torrltory and Its
oxpoBtiros to troptcnl climates and
diseases. This lmprovomont has boon
duo both to tho ostab lishmont of
moro sanitary conditions of living
In our colonial possessions nnd to tho.
rapid nuvunao wmcii niva uoen mnua
In our knowledgo of tho cnutatlon
and mothods ot sproad of dlsonsoa,
notably tropical dlseusos, and mala
ria, and typhoid fovor, which aro
common to both tropical and temper
ruio ci i mimes.
Tho best mousure of tho health ot
tho army as related to Its efflolonoy
is not tho numbor of deaths or admis
sions to stole reports, but the average,
proportionate number of mon con
stantly slok that Is, tho constantly
noneffective rate. This ratio for thj
past year was at; men por 1.000, ns
compared with 39 for tho preceding
your nnd an average of 46 for the
pHtrt ten years.
The dlseasoa causing tho noneffect
ive rnto aro In tho order of Import
ance: Vornnl dlsonsoa, tuberouloals,
malaria, rheumatism, tonslUUs. dys
tntory, diarrhea, bronchitis, measles,
and typhoid fever.
Vonurwal diseases cause a greater
sick rata than all of the others add
ed together. Tho total noneffective
rato.ror the venereal group la 11.61
whilo thai of tho otlwr nine disease
Is S.88 per 1.000.
Improved Kqulpnumt for Infantry,
A board consisting of five infant
ry officers and the commanding offt
er of Roek Island Arsenal was con
vened at Rook Island Arsenel April
28. lt0 u. for the purpose of oonsld!
oritur the Question of the eoutdmnb&n
and load for the infantry soldlor, and
to decide Upon the numbor, kind, and
woight of articles of equlpmont to
be carried. Tho board has before
it samples of tho field equipment
used by tho foot soldier In foreign
armies, and all papers and recom
mendations relating to tho subject on
file in the War Department, and all
officers have been invited to slibmlt
Ideas germane to Its work directly
to tho board. Moreover, the board
is considering a large variety of ex
perimental equipments, the material,
shops, and workmen at the Rock Is
land Arsenel having been placed at
its disposition for tho alteration or
manufacture of experimental articles
of equlpmont, and a battallop of tho
Tenth Infantry designated to test by
actual uso such experimental equip
ment as tho board may deem worthy
of consideration.
Free Trade iWth United States.
The most noteworthy event of the
year in tho Philippine affairs was
tho provision for limited free trade
contained in section 5 of the tariff
act, approved August 5, 1909, apply
ing under sortain restrictions to ar
ticles tho growth, product, and man
ufacture of the Philippines Islands
Imported into the United States. The
new insular tariff providing for free
admission of practically all products
of tho United States has been in force
too short a timle to afford a basis
for estimating its effect upon the in
sular revenues.
Tho department anticipates that
tho resulting decrease ot custom rev
enues will not be great nnd will be
satisfactorily met by an increase of
internal revenues.
It is expected that tho develop
ment of the commerce of the archl
peligo under tho new tariff will re
sult within a few years In a material
Increase of revenues both from cus
toms and internal novenue.
Conservative action along construc
tive lines marked the harmonious
and satisfactory session of the first
Philippine legislature, which ad
journed May 20, 1909. . The next
session will convene on October 16,
1910, Instead of February 1, as or
iginally provided. The change In the
time of holding the sessions was
found administratively desirable, and
it also avoids the heated season.
Agriculture.
Philippine agriculture still suffers
from the depression duo to the con
tinued loss of work animals from rin
derpest. In the past the moro press
ing demands of public health havo
perhaps clouded tho Importance of
tho suppression of this scourge. The
forco of veterinarians has been ma
terially strengthened during the last
few months and it is hoped that
much moro substantial progress may
now bo made in this direction. It
seems probable that the titnie is ripe
for a decided broadening of the work
of tho bureau of agriculture, and It
Is hoped that this may bo brought
about in such a manner as to mate
rially assist the Filipinos In their
economic development.
Tho additional executive depart
ment authorized by the act of Con
gress of May 11, 1908, has not yet
been created. A careful sudy of
tho subject leads to tho belief that
this department should bo created
in tho near future, and that it should
bo devoted largely, if not exclusive
ly to agricultural and kindred mat
tiers. Agriculture is the principal
sourco of wealth of tho islands. Co- i
nr, nf tho new
to rearrange a number of existing
bureaus.
Railroad Construction.
During tlio fiscal er the con
8tructlonSof railroads under the fran
Sei granted the rWf gj
way Company and the Manl la Rail
road Company, while proceeding us
rapidly as required by the respect
ive concessions, owing to tho finan
cial conditions which obtained for
quite a period after the monetary
strlngencv of 1907, did not make
the Fpogress which had been con
templated by tho companies and by
tne government. .,
It bceame evident to the Philip
pine 'government that certain modi,
flcatious and extensions of the lines
provided for in the franchise of the
Manila Railroad Company were de
slralbe. At tho time of granting that fran
chise it was the earnest dosre of the
Philippine government to have the
line extended in central Luzon to
Bagulo, the summer capital.
Financial Condition.
The financial condition of the Phil
ippine government continues excel
lent. Evcludlng all items of a re
fundable character, Philippine reve
nues from all cources during the fis
cal year 1909 were $19,363,949.51,
an increase of $1,823,004 from the
amount exported during the preced
ing year. The price of hemp con
tinued to decline, so that while the
quantity exported increased 33.61S
tons in valuo was $1,478,181 less
than In 1908. There was nearly as
great a reduction in the value of tho
sugar exports. The general export
trade made a slight gain.
The total imports for the fiscal
year were $27,792,397,, or slightly
more than $3,000,000 loss than dur
ing the preceding year. Moro than
half of the decrease was due to the
lessened importations of rice.
Finances.
The finances of Porto Rico con
tlnupe in a satisfactory condition.
Tho total insular revenue receipts
wore $3,548,9G0.98 and th6 total in
sular revenue expcdudltures woro
$4,095,184.85. The excess of ex
penditures over the revenues-for tho
nast fiscal year is duo to the fact
that the legislature believed that the
available surplus was greater than
demanded by the needs of the island.
Tho surplus on July 1, 1909, was
$1,122,694.40.
o
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