CAPITAL JOURNAL.
VOL. 3.
"THE PEOPLES' PAPER."
SALEM, OREGON. ERIDAV. MAUCH 1, 18S1.
"TO-DAY'S NEWS TO-DAT."
NO. 310
EVENING
u
lliM iwii ii 1 1 riitfuaepcaaiiwi
luivmrn
mMFS N
WHFRF THF IAIIRH
oibbbm s a a b liVfllH VVnB & I i K I
Is the fact, that the regular every day salts, twelve months in the year at
T. McF. PATTON'S
Book Store, 98 Stale Street.
SCHOOL BOOKS, FINE STATIONERY, ALBUMS, LEATHLU GOODS
and all Stationer's Goods can be had
10 to 20 PER CENT CHEAPER
Than at an Other House in Salem
Bcore&Es ess
-GO TO
CRIS'SMAN - & - OSBURN
0 3L O O 3SaOI 3MC X3 3E& O X .A. Zi S !!? X& XS XS "X" .
nanDBsram
un-TTCTTLfTrr tiitv -mf
FEE.
Of all kinds Pianos, Organs, Violins,
Guitars, Banjos and Mandolins, (whole
ale and retail) over 800 of the latest and
most popular SHEET MUSIC.
If you contemplate the purchase of a mu
sical instrument write to us for an illus
trated Catalogue by mail.
P. H. EAST0N &. Co., 310 Com'l St , Salem, Or.
THE OREGON NURSERY CO.
Is Offering a Large, Well Grown Stock of
FRUIT SHADE, ORNAMENTAL AND NOT TREES.
Small Fruit.
EVERGREENS, VINES, SlIItUBS, ROSES, ETC.
At Low Prices.
Late Keeping Winter Apples a Specialty.
Catalogue and Price-List free. Address or call on WIRT BROS.,
Ofllco 292 Commercial street, Salem.
mmn
ILdiSU UiBB
111 BROS.
1 rlEGiROCERS
Commercial Street,
The Best for the Money all the Time.
J AS. AlTKBN,
GROCERIES AND PRODUCE.
-THE BEST CANNED GOODS-
Choicest Fruits and Vegetables in Season
Garden Seeds, Field Seeds and Flower' Seeds,
Fresh and true to name.
The Orange Store,
!26 State St., Salem, Or.
" 10D1H Mm
largest Stock of Trees in the Northwest
E AXD TIEKEE-FOUHTIIS MILLIONS.
Jwj.noo Prune Treea 35,000 Eaopus Spltzenberg.
"ojal Ann Cherry. 20,000 uraveusteiH A'i"- . non
Karly Crawford Poach. 5,000 Yellow Newtown IMnpen
i! ..Ja- Ann Cherry. 20,'o00 GraveusteiH Apple.
'.Jli Knrlv 'nnir...,1 1)I. -K flOO Vol nW -eV UU
"uju Moorpark and Ro al Apricot. -000 Ren Davis Apple.
STOCK OF ALL OTHER
FIIK13 FK03I
-o-
LEADIXG
INSECT
-o
VARIETIES
rEsrs.
OF FHl'ITS
J
CATALOGUE PKEB. ADDRESS :
H. SETTLEMIER, Woodburn, Oregon.
Salei
in Truck & Dray Go.
Till AYS AND TRUCK-
hIuhvs readv for orders.
Fell and deliver wood.
I.... win I nnd lumber. Of
U, lr t tire State SU.:oppoiU; 8a
t,l"worka- 1,r-J a'tl trucks may be found throughout the day al
" cmer of State and Commemiiil streets.
-with ita-
m
Dice a
Salem,
Oregon,
(In the State Insurance Building)
and branch oilices In Poitland, Astoria and Albany,
Has for sale a large list of Grain, Stock and Fruit Farms; also
City and Suburban Property,
The Oregon Land Co. was especially organized for the purpose of buying
and sub-dividing large tracts of land, and has during the past two years
bought and subdivided over 3,200 acres into
Five to Twenty Acre Parcels
The success of this undertaking is shown in the fact that out of 280 tracts
placed on the market, 225 have been sold. We claim that ten acres; ol
choice land in Fruit, ati&
Will Yield a Larger Income
thau 100 acres of wheat in the Mississippi Valley. Wealso make valuable
improvements in tlie way of roads, clearing the land, fences, etc. We
can sell a small tract of land for the same price per acre as you would
have to pay for a large farm. 3M
for Pamphlet and Price List.
THE SINGEll MANUFACTURING COMPANY'S
Vibrating Shuttle No. 2
3SMCL03ES:3:Kr3ES.
LATEST AND BEST OI5 ITS CLASS
Our new design of Vibrating Shuttle Machine Is the latent develop
ment of that nopuiur principle, contalnlugspeclal patented improvements,
what makes It :
1st The lightest running machine lu the market,
d The simplest machine in the world. Jt requires absolutely no
'teaching."
3d The only Vibrator that makes a perfect stltoh a result heretofore at-
tallied iu family machines only by our OBOlllator.
4th The only Vibrator wMoh can mw from lightest to heaviest cotton
vlthout change of tension, covering the whole range of family
POINTS OF SUPERIORITY,
1. It has a far shorter needle than any other machine of Its olatw.
2. It has the shiinlofct shuttle mude: you can't help threading it light.
3. It has the lulet and bent form of automatic bobbin winder.
4. It has the lutast and Irot sllteli regulator, liy Dimply turning a screw
the stitch can Iks leimlbenwl or shortened while the machine In run
ning at full speed. IS" fttsieiiing necexwiry; H slays wnerever you
Ieaye it Tw Ultimate Perfection of a simple family sewing ma.
JSUJtT camk, Agent, wsi uommeruiui sirttit.
chine.
Churchill Sash, Door & Manufacturing Co,,
Sasli Doors, Illiuds & Mouldings, Turning & Scroll Sawing.
Ilotuc KUMlf nmmU to fifdw.
Veir HH KILN. T vrbicft ' ? ! "!? K uaued fck rfH
kHJ" Ajrtittlt nk Wuk. w.r oTTrwU itud link inU. utoia, Ultgoa.
THE CAPITAL JOURNAL.
H0FER BROTHERS,
- - Editors.
rUHLISMKl) DA1L.Y.EXCK1TSUNDAY,
BY TUK
Caoital Journal Publishing Company.
(Incorporated.)
OtHce, Commercial Street, In I. O. llulldlng
Kutcred nt tho iostolllco nt Sntcui,Or.,ns
sccond-clr.fc ir.nttir.
HU5or.sir.i COMMUNIS.
Quakers are a modest people.
Very few democrats are Quakers.
Blaine and Alger are said to be
woikiug lu double harness for 1892.
The Canadian election was not a
decided victory for reciprocity with
the states.
There is a great scarcity of small
coin ard fractional paper curieuoy.
Larger denominations are not any
too plenty.
"The people who pay the burden
of taxation the toiling masses
should govern." Athena Pi ess.
But do they? Do not tho business
men, land owners and capitalists pay
tho butden of taxes? How is this?
The Athena Press does not believe
hi commissions, but wants tho Ore
gon raihoad commission sustained.
It says: "Whether the commission
was a wise creation or not, and wo
think not, does not matter now.
Since It is a born child tho people
must protect and guide it carefully.
A complicated means of hiding jus
tico fmni the people is tho rule of
the day and wo must keep an eye
on the power and get as much bene
(it out of it as possible. Ii lies in
the discretion of the commission to
lower freight rates and thus in a
measuro perform tho duties of tho
legislative assembly."
FAIJM .NOTES.
Early peas should bo very thinly
covered an eighth of an inch or not
at all if tlio ground is line or loose,
or they will rot iu tho ground anil
not come up.
W. N. Rub'lo of Salem claimes to
have dlseoveled a new fruit pest
remedy . Ho believos that pests of
every denomination teed upon the
sap of trees, and that by introducing
a substance in tho tree that the pcsU
do not like they will leave tho tree.
Ho claims to have discovered a sub
stance that will do tills and not in
jure the tree nor tlio fruit.
Tho editor of tho Portland Rural
Spirit lias a poor opinion of some
Oregon agriculturists: Wo have
now published the Rural Spirit
twelve years, and as an old metho-
dist used to say when commencing
to speak lu class meeting, "Its with
shame, I must confess," wo have
never met with half a dozen native
Oregouians that know any more
about agrlculturo than our cat does
about Sunday.
Portland Rural spirit: Jl every
cow iu tlio North Pacific that is bo-
ing kept for dairy purposes could bo
bred for two consecutive years to a
No. 1 Jersey bull, and allowing that
half tho ofl'sprlng would come fe
males, and that their mothers were
turned into Iref as fast as their
daughters became milkers, the but
ter yield would be more than double
what it is now.
TKANSPIiANTINCI TltlllS.
It Is a common opinion that when
103 trees are i-et out, a loss of a por
tion is inevitable. This Is a great
mistake. Not ouo need be lost.
Some years ago wo witnessed the,
setting out of 1,700 pear trees. Two
years afterward the planter called on
the nurseryman to Inform him that
all lived but three. Ho ordered 1000
more, and siilwqueiitly Informed
the uurceryman that every one was
not only living but ginwlug with
vigor. The common trouble lu hur
ried and suporliulal work, and tho
planter says to himself, "I gue i
these trees or mot of Iheni, will
grow." If the work Is done as It
should be, he will f A confident that
every one will grow. American
Cultivator.
THK IMI'HOVKDHMJ
At a Now York farmer's Institute
a Mr. I1. Van Alstyno, of Kinder
hook made an address on the silo.
Ho said that years ago he was not
favorably iuolhiud to the silo, but he
had boa 1 1 converted from the error of
his way. Tim whole system for
constructing slloea and growing crops
for the silo htm boon revolutionised
since sllotw beuan to bo usqd. In
tho early days of si low corn grown
for ensilage was sown thickly, three
or four bushels of sod to the acre.
The produot had no oars and was
mostly woody fiber and water, the
latter forming 86 Hr cent. Huch
food soon bueume sour and worthletM.
ICnslluge u now grown on selentlfle
principle from need planted lu
rows thrtrttto threw and a half feet
apart, and 8Jnehw a put lu the row,
taking about if quarts of seed to the
aere. Huch ohIu.k makiM an al
most (mm-AmjI food, if projerly hooured
and (tut into thetrflo, m Hourly uvry
utoek bos upon It one or inoreeurx.
Properly culdvattxl and harvested,
oueacrebbould produce from 10 to
20 tous. Ono aero of eusllago is
worth as much for feedlug purposes
as llvo acres of haw It not only
gives a larger amount of food, but
better food. It gives tho cow sucu
lent food at a tlmo of year when sho
cannot get it elsewhere It la a food
which comes tho nearest of any to
tho cow's natural food--grass. By
making corn Into ensilage, tho ex
pense of hushing, shelling nud
grinding is saved, and tho food Is iu
better shape for tho cow to assimi
late. As for varieties of corn, Mr. Van
Alstyne said he has had best results
from the Learning aud tho Prldo of
tho North Ho recommended culti
vating tho corn soou after it was
plauted and to keep It up uutil tho
corn Is two or threo fet high. Don't
cultivate too deeply, as It will cut ofl
tho corn roots, nud discourage its
growth. Tho corn should bo cut Just
as the ears begin to glaze. It may
be put Into the silo whole or cut Into
short piece-. It Is more easily han
dled iu tho latter way. Tho silo can
bo cheaply constructed iu tho bay of
tho barn, aud no expensive materials
are required. Ho admonished
farmers that ensilage should not bo
fed alone, nor fed to cattle that aro
to bo turned out to shiver in a zero
atmosphere.
NO H0M,OV HOllN.
There is no such disease known as
hollowdioin. All horns aro hollow
naturally, and tho hollow extends
down into tho head (frontal sinuses)
nud communicates with tho nose.
Tho old practice of boring holes inta
them with n gimlet nud pouring In
turpentine aud other caustic drugs,
and drenching of the ear, aro tho
most cruelly barbarous practices lui
ngluable, aud cannot bs too strongly
condemned. When an nnim:l Is
sick, look farther for tho trouble,
for it certainly Is uot in tho horn.
HOW DKAINAGn OKintATKS.
By lessening tho evaporation and
opening tho sol! to admit tho air and
tlio warm rains Iu placo of tho cold
standing water, tho temperature of
the laud is raised. It equalizes tho
temperature aud prevents sudden
changes of heat and cold. It renders
tho soil drier and wnrmor earllr In
tho spring and later In tho fall, thus
greatly prolonging tho planting and
growing season. Iu dry seasons tho
soil Is moistened by tlio condensation
from the air, admitted Into it uot
only from above but through tho
drains beneath. Tho soil being
thus mado more open and mellow,
tho roots penotrato further and got
more nutriment, Tho open, dry soil
absorbs miasmatic ga.es which en
rich tho soil and purify tho nlr, thus
Increasing wealth nud health. Foot
rot and other diseases of animals de
crease. Grasses improve in kinds,
quality and quantity, the liner and
richer superseding tho coarse, sour
kinds. Tlio greenness is also made
more enduring vi tlio season of act
ive growth Is prolonged. Exchango.
Tin: am.iangi:.
Discussing tho alllanco 0, P.
Mason says lu tho Pacific Farmer:
Tho farmer has done too much
manual labor aud too little head
work. He has not used his brains
enough and has used his hands too
much; ho has tried to go alone when
ho should have hud the help of his
neighbor; ho has st od aloof and
been too easily cont uted. Ho has
stood quietly by while ho saw his
antagonists combine for his destrue
tion nud felt that ho was powerless
to stop the robbery. Rut a new era
has dawned upon him, ho sees that
lu union there is strength, protec
tion, wealth, happiness aud prosper
ity; he has determined to assert his
rights aud his supremacy, and will
come out of the battle victoriously.
OUKflON I'UUJT JNTKIUMTH.
A California exchange says: Ore
gon hrs a mogulflcuut climate and
soils for all hardy aud rx-ml-liardy
fruits, She has not progrea ed so
rapidly as California lu fruit culture
for want of a market. California
attained trauscoiitlnoual connection
more than a scorn of years earlier
thau Oregon. This uavy tho dry
state a long start ahead iu fruit cul
ture; but now, as a matter of fact,
Oregon Is the better fixed of tho two
iu having competing linns of rail
road ncross the hills aud prairies.
The same may also be said of Wash
ington, Therefore those great states
are beginning to "make a fuss" In
fruit production, and they are going
to keep It .up, aud rightly, too, for
they have got that great northern
world, swept by blizzards, to supply
with fruits. It Is a country of vast
extent, which will noon bo teeming
with million- ofpeoplc,illving whore
fruits cannot grow, but where "stufP'
with vvhleh to exchango for fruits
can tat; ami ixsutes, moy nave a
cool, northern, direct route by which
they (tan ship Kast. Oregon apples
and prunes and plums, and josslbly
grapos aud peaches, will soou m&ke
a great showing In the world's
markets, for no better, or ifreat T or
surer crops call be growu anywhere.
Tlie tiering )lruiflnr.
Tho ponulararlty which Hood's
Hursapurllla has gained us a spring
iii'mIIoIiio U wonderful. It iMeieH
just those elements of health-giving,
uioou-puriiviiig ami apiHiuio-runior-lug
which everyone seems to ueodut
this season. Jo not continue iu a
dull, tired, unsatl-fuotory condition
when you limy be so iiiuoh UuuelUed
by Hood's Haru-tparlllu. It pun lit
the blood nud ma ken the weak
strong
OREGON NEWS NOTES.
Tho Auburn Argus tails of a resi
dent who dreamed that ho found a
nugget of gold in au Auburn ravine,
and on awaking was so Impressed
thnt ho went at once to tho spot In
dicated lu his slumbers nud to his
surprise found a piece of gold of tho
value of about $40, Tho locality
where the ohlspa was found was a
noted ono for coarse gold lu tho early
history of Aubnrn as a mlulugcamp.
Tho Taconm Nows priuted ou
Wcduesday a fako story of a largo
fire lu the south end which had de
stroyed an lnmioHso amount of valu
ablo proncrty.Tho publication was In
tended to call attention to tho lack of
water lu caso a lire should break out,
aud as a warning to tho council to
havo tho water company remedy the
condition of things.
Tho Shasta Courlersays: A Shasta
county man has posted tip this re
marxablo sign: ',For8ale: AJersoy
cow to some man who will havo n
calf lu tho spring nt a bargain." The
quiot solemn people up that way are
anxiously waiting to seo tho custc
mor. Ono of tho elders said ho
would glvo tho cont suls of the con
tribution box for tho next six wcoks
to seo tlio man who is going to havo
a calf this spring.
Tho Dalles Chrenicle: Tho regular
4:30 a. in. west bound passenger will
havo to rustle to get to Portland ou
tlmo. She is duo hero tonight at
sovou o'clock only ten hours late.
Tho freight train that loft thoCes
cado n llttlo afternoon yestordny
c rrylng tho prisoner Parr in charge
of constable Knightly, mado re
markable tlmo about four miles an
hour, getting here about cloven
o'clock last night.
Eugene Register: Joo Damowood,
city marshal at Cottage Grove, had
au exciting chase last Friday. John
Mosoby was riding too fest on tho
streot.Damowood wont to nrrost him
and seized tho horso by tho bridle
reins. Mosoby slid oil' tho horso and
ran up tho street a dlstatico nud thou
down Into tho Coast Fork river aud
waded out about waist deep. The
marshal wont In nftorh'm and when
he caught him n tussel ensued, iu
which Mosoby was ducked under
tho wahr. After ho was pulled up
ho fought again aud wri again
glvou a ducking. Ho then begged
for mercy and walked pcceably to
the culibose.
Eugene Registei: Tho PDmmitteo
was out last week a short tlmo can
vassing for subscriptloi s to tho capi
tal stock of tho fruit and vegetable
cannery, Tho amount now sub
scribed Is 520,i!f J and thoy deilro to
rnl j it to $"r-, K) if thoy cau. Ar
ticles of lucorporatlon are now bolug
drawn up and au organization will
bo ellected this weok. Thoy are lu
correspondence with two or thrco
experienced cannery men with a
view to employing it compobnt
man to conduct tho cannery. Any
ono wishing stool; In this enter
prise should subscribe at onc-o.
Tho Dalles Chronlcle: Mr. Alfred
Kennedy aud his son Arthur aro
building lu the yard of Mr. Ken
nedy's residence on Ninth street, n
small steamer for plying between
this city and lho Cascade Locks.
Her oxtremo length will bo 45 foot
with 12 fool beam over all and a
carrying capacity of ten tons. Sho
will bo equipped with nccominoda
tions for passengers an well as freight
tralllc. The keel, knees or ribs stem
and stompost are In position giving
one a good Idea of her shape and
general appearance. She Is to bo
propelled by a scraw operated by
sufllclent powerful engineers to on
ablo her to do her work woll.
Detailed plans for an employment
of a 10-Inch rilled gun ou a disap
pearing can iagoou tho hluH' abovo
Fort Point, Kan Eraucisco harbor,
havo been approved by General
Casey, uhlof of engineers, nud di
rections have been given to tho en-
glneer in charge at Kan Francisco
to havo detailed plans for other con
tompluted coast defenu-s In the
harbor prepared nt once. These will
Include emplacements for au 8-Inch
gun on a dlsappeurlHg carriage on
Alcatraz island and eight 1-Mnoh
rifled mortars on the blull west of
Hun Francisco. The preparation of
these plans will occupy two or three
mouths. It Is the intention of tho
war department to push this work
us rapidly as pniHlblo, so that tho
guns may bo mounted as soon us
they are built.
Tho harbors of Portland, East
Portland and Albliiu, who have been
holding meetings for tho past two
weeks for tho purfo of perfecting
an orgfiilatlon of a Harbors' Protec
tive Union, held a meeting 'as t even
lug at their hall, corner uf Second
aud Salmon streets, and effected a
tMirmaiient organization. The ob
ject of this union Is to make and
keep up the prlaw uf shaving to 10
cents: hair cutting, 26 cents, and
li impoolng, 'Jft etuis, as well an to
protect ull union mon belonging to,
or who may hereafter become
member of tlio'inlou. Theoouklltu
t Ion uud by-laws of the order fixes
tho wage of tho workmen at not
ItM than fid jxr week and 60 cents
ou the dollar over f0, or on percent
ago al tlie rate or oo cents on ine
.l.tltui. ull M.f tulilnli ulll frr. lulu wild
take effect ou and after the 1st of
April, 1WI.
issociated Press Report aid
Digests of nil Important
News of To-Day.
MISCELLANY.
"diamond jo" estate.
Chicago March 12. Mrs. Maty
Reynolds, of Aurora, and Ernest
Dickey, applied today for letters of
administration on tho estate of tho
late Joseph Reynolds, widely known
as "Diamond Jo." Ho left $760,000
of personal property and no realty.
Tho only heir at law 1b the widow,
and alio receives tho entire estate,
uo will havlug boon discovered.
Reynolds was generally Buppooed to
bo much more wealthy than the
proceedings in court would Indicate.
A SHKIK AND FOUIi WIVES.
Nkw Youk, March 12. Sheik
Ohau Solyman Galllkhaw and lila
four wives arrived on tho Goscogno
yesterday, and are; bound for the
Sandwich islands, whore tho Sheik
has purchpscd a sugar plantation.
His wives go about closely veiled,
after tho oriontal fashion. They are
Circassians purchased In tho slavo
markot of Turkey. Tho Bhelk wps
Very affablo, and, through an Inter
preter, claimed that ho was a Chris
tian, although ho has four wives
and did not appear to think it at all
wrong, rs his country permitted it.
Ho said Christians who could allbrd
It in Turkey had as many wives ni
thoy wanted.
8TKICKKN Sl'KECHLESS.
New Haven, Mar. 12.-Tho
French Roman Catholic in this
city ajo horrified nt what thoy con
sldor tho punishment visited upon a
blasphemer, who was stricken dumb
while. cursing tho,;Cuthollo church
aud all counco'd wlthllt. Row
Father La Crosse camo hero recently
from Montreal, and revival) Borylcea
followed his advent in this oily. At
ono of the xj meetings tho priest
urged his hearers to endeavor to
reclaim nil whom thoy had known
as members of the church, but who
bad become ludlfloront to religion.
With this cud in vlow tho congre
gation called upon many of their
own nationality, and special oflorts
wore mado to reclaim Louis Lcmay,
of 110 James str.jt. Several .self
constituted missionaries Bought
Lemay at his rooms yesterday, and
with prayers aud supplications be
sought him to turn from his present
wnys nud find consolation within
tho portals of tho church. As a
return for their eolicltudo fdr his
spiritual welfare, Lemay cursod bis
callers roundly, commencing with
tho church Itself, dovotiug it to Jlro
and brimstone Theuf he took up
the prelates, beginning with tho
pope, aud cursod thorn Indvldually
and collectively. "May thoy all
," and,hero tho man stopped
whllo this eyes started from their
sockots audlhoBcomcd to bo in agony.
Frieuds drew near and bogged
Lemay to tell his troublo, but ho
was unablo to utter a word. A physi
cian who had been hastily sum
moned mado an examldatlon aud
declared that tho man had been
struck with paralysis. Tho sufleror
Is still ;specchle3. Tho Canadian
priest says that, lu his Judgment,
Lemay's qflllctlon Is a visitation of
God's wrath, and a warning to all
who do as this man did.
lIKHltlNO BEA.
Wasainoton, March 12. Tlio
settlement of tho Retiring sen mat
ter, as foreshadowed in the corres
pondence between tho United States
and tho British government, is not
a settlement iu tlio opinion of the
treasury department olllclals. The
fact that the Issue of permits to ves
sels to crulso iu Ueh ring sea Is not
prohibited during tho pendoncy of
negotiations this summer, Is pointed
out as almost futal to United States
Interests lu those matters. Advice
received at the treasury department
Indicate a more general onslaught
on tlio seal fisheries thU spring and
Biimmor than over before. There
are now fitting out at Victoria, B.
0., twenty vessels, which will Infest
the waters about the seal islands.
At Sau Francisco twenty v carols aro
being made ready for sea, bound for
tlio Islands of Lt, Paul and St,
George. In tlio language of gov
ernment ofllcluls, "when tho poud
Ing controversy as to jurisdiction lu
Bohrlng so- Is settled, there will be
nothing to settle; that is, all tho
seals will have been destroyed."
llKIIHINO BEA AGAIN.
Wabiunoton, Mar. J2.-It Is ataU
ed that, if Lord Salisbury nud Mr.
Blaine should ever agree to arbitrate
the question whether the United
States may not t.tsert an extraordi
nary Jurisdiction over tho seal fishery
by reason of its ownership of th
breeding islands, the European. cM
nets would probably and promptly
signify their Inteution uot tc- regard
the arbitration as a uettlemut of
such a question, however it might
result.
The practical consequence of Lord
Salisbury's latest dispatch appsn
to bo that Mr. Blaine will have to
make a further retreat thau be ef
fected by bis note of Doct'twber to