Vaflinijsfi:
1:
John Fitzgerald Kennedy
started his administration as
the 35th President of 11k United
States by dedicating himself to
two shining goals survival of
liberty at home and peace in a
world shivering in an "uncer
tain balance of terror."
' lie invited the Communist
world to join in a new begin
ning of "live quest for peace"
before "the dark powers of de
struction unleashed by science
engulf all humanity in planned
or accidental self-destruction."
"Let us never negotiate out
of fear, but let us never fear
to negotiate." he said in his in
augural address that was de
voted almost entirely to foreign
policy and foreign affairs.
lie suggested tliat "both sides
explore wliat problems unite
us instead of belaboring t h e
problems that divide us."
"Let both sides, for the first
time, formulate serious and
precise proposals for the in
spection and control of arms
and bring the absolute power
to destroy other nations under
the absolute control of all na
tions," Kennedy continued, lie
appealed to both sides to make
use of scientific wonders rath
er than scientific terrors.
' Pledged Liberty At All Costs
Sut repeatedly he put the
Communist bloc on notice that
ho intended no softening of
American purpose, saying:
"Let every nation know, wheth
er it wish us well or ill, that
wo shall pay any price, bear
any burden, meet any hard
ship, support any friend or op
pose any foe in order to assure
the survival and success of lib
erty." Kennedy said the United
States did not dare tempt the
adversary nations by allowing
itself to bo weak "only when
our arms are sufficient beyond
doubt can we be certain be
yond doubt that they will nev
er be employed."
While lie said he knew that
neitlicr he nor anyone else of
his time would live to see a
''new world of law" that he en
visaged, he suggested that a
start be made tow ard achieving
"a beachhead of cooperation
'. . . in tlie jungles of suspi
cion." Kennedy wrote the inaugural
speech himself. In it, lie said
the American people could
bring to (he cause of freedom
an energy, faith and devotion
which would light live nation
and set up a glow (hat "can
truly light (ho world."
"And so, my fellow Ameri
cans," he went on, "ask not
what your coiuitry can do for
you ask what you can do for
your country."
Wartime Buddies In Parade
Inaugurated with Kennedy
was Vice President Lyndon B.
Johnson of Texas. They had
served together in the Senate.
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RICHARD CHAMBERLAIN
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where Kennedy sport eight
years. Previously Ik? had
served six years in the House.
It was on a freezing Jan. 20.
1961, that Kennedy was sworn
in as President in a ceremony
of moving dignity, rooted in
rich tradition as ol d as the
country itself. He took the oath
of office with his hand on a Bi
ble that had been in his moth
er's family for generations.
One of the star attractions of
the inaugural parade was a
PT boat mounted on a flatbed
truck. The boat was numbered
109, the number of tlw craft
which Kennedy commanded
when it was sunk by a Japa
nese destroyer in Hie Pacific
during World War II. The nine
surviving members of the crew
were on the float.
As it drew abreast of the re
viewing stand, Kennedy waved
with both hands to his wartime
buddies, who were lined up on
the deck and waved just as ex
citedly. Tlte President had invited the
survivors and their wives to
Washington at his expense for
the inauguration festivities. lie
also invited them to attend ev
ery official function.
Greetings From Kx-Knemies
The ship that cut Kennedy's
PT boat in two was sunk itself
a year later off Borneo by an
Allied torpedo. The 17 Japanese
survivors sent a cable to the
man tliey almost killed con
gratulating him on his election
to the Presidency.
The former skipper, who had
become a farmer, said Kenne
dy's election had brought so
much attention to the incident
that the destroyer's survivors
formed a club.
On the oilier side of the
world from Japan, county Wex
ford. Ireland, celebrated the in
auguration of Cousin John.
On the same stone quayside
at New Moss, from which Ken
nedy's great-grandfather had
sailed for America in the days
of Ireland's famine, tlte people
danced awl sang. Bonfires
blazed and Gaelic pipes rang
out across the waters which in
1850 were the scene of fears of
departure. A message of con
gratulations was sent the new
President of the United States.
And there was a reply by
radio. In it, Kennedy said:
"Fourteen years ago this
summer I visited New It o s s
and saw the home from which
my great-grandfather had jour
neyed on his long voyage from
Ireland to America.
Two Nations Linked
"T li r c e generations have
passed since then, but across
this long time and across the
seas I send to all of you my
very best wishes. New lioss
and Washington, D.C., are
tied together today. ... 1 pray
the Lord's blessing on Ireland
and America and upon all tliose
who believe in freedom."
OPtNS TONITS 6 45
CONTINUOUS SAT. 4 SUN.
I ROM U:4S
SATURDAY!
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Soviet Premier Nikita
S. Khrushchev congratulated
President Kennedy on his in
auguration and said he hoped
for "a radical improvement of
relations" between Hussia and
the United States.
Less than week later the So
viet Union freed two American
fliers, crewmen of a U.S. re
connaissance plane the Rus
sians had shot down over arc
tic waters almost seven months
earlier. They had become
pawns in the cold war.
Kennedy made the dramatic
announcement at his lirH news
conference as President. He
hailed the release of the airmen
as amounting to removal of "a
serious obstacle to Improve
ment of Soviet-American rela
tions." The Soviet government
called it a reflection of a "sin
cere desire to uslicr in a new
stage in the relations" between
the two powers.
Kennedy personally greeted
the two Air Force captains
upon their arrival in the Unit
ed States. Later the fliers,
their wives and lamily mem
bers were guests for collee of
President and Mrs. Kennedy at
the White House.
Four Crewmen Killed
The United Slates and t h e
Soviet Union had disagreed
on circumstances surrounding
the shooting down of the plane.
This country said the Ameri
can aircraft was on a recon
naissance flight over the Bar
ents Sea north of the Soviet
mainland from its base in Eng-
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Se AN .SUND WASl
I a n d on an electromagnetic
mapping mission designed as a
navigational aid. The Soviet
Union claimed, however, that
tlw; aircraft was over Soviet
Territory and that its downing
was justified.
The body of the plane's com
mander was returned to the
United States by the Itdssians.
The other three members of
the crew were missing and
presumed dead.
In his first State of the Union
message 10 days after becom
ing President, Kennedy said he
had been "staggered" by what
lie h;d learned concerning "the
harsh enormity of the trials"
ahead.
"I speak today in an hour of
national peril and national op
portunity," he told a joint ses
sion of Congress. "Bclore my
term has ended, we shall have
to test anew whether a nation
organized and governed such
as ours can endure. The out
come. is by no means certain.
The answers are by no means
clear, . . ."
Saw Troubles Ahead
Kennedy warned that life in
the immediate future was not
going to be easy, declaring:
"There will lie further set
backs before the tide is turned.
But turn it we must."
He ordered a fast stepup in
the drive to slrcngtlien the na
tion's defenses. At the same
lime he bade Soviet Russia join
in a side-by-sidc march toward
peaceful conquest of space and
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betterment of mankind through
science.
While his speech dealt cMerf
sively with the world at large,
Kennedy's message also sur
veyed the domestic economy.
He called the outlook disturb
ing and troublesome.
Kennedy at 43 was the young
est man ever elected President.
He succeeded the oldest man
ever toxoid that office, Dwight
D. Eisenhower, who was past
70 when his term expired.
(While Theodore Kooscvclt
was about nine months young
er than Kennedy upon becom
ing Chief Executive, he
reached that office from the
Vice Presidency as the result
of William McKinley's assassi
nation. )
Kennedy also was the first
Roman Catholic President. 'Hie
Democrats had had a standard
bearer of that faith in 1928
Gov. Alfred E. Smith of New
York but he had been defeat
ed overwhelmingly by Herbert
Hoover.
Religion An Issue
In the 10 campaign, as in
the one a generation earlier,
religion was much discussed.
By a coincidence, the Repub
lican nominee each time was a
Quaker. Both Hoover and Rich
ard M. Nixon. Ihe candi
date, disavowed religion as a
campaign issue. But it re
mained a very live one.
Kennedy was elected with a
comfortable electoral majority
303 to 219, with only 269 need
ed but his popular vote mar
gin was the narrowest in 76
years. This margin was 113.037
out of a total of KR.8'12,778
votes cast, about one-tenth of
one per cent.
The winner's plurality in pop
ular votes was the smallest
since Democrat Grover Cleve
land won by only 62.683 over
Republican James G. Blaine in
1884. The total vote cast for the
major parties that year was
less than 10 million.
Sen. Harry F. Byrd of Vir
ginia, though not a candidate,
received the votes of 14 un
pledged electors in Alabama
and Mississippi, and one Okla
homa Republican elector also
cast his ballot for Byrd. Nor
mally that vote would have
gone to Nixon as he carried
Oklahoma.
The total vole divided this
way: Kennedy 34.221,531 : Nix
on 34.11)8.474; others 'includ
ing minority parties) 5112,773.
tint Minority of Total
Actually the total voter turn
out was about 225,000 higher
Ihan the vote for President.
That number did not mark
their ballots in the Presidential
column though voting for other
offices.
Nixon carried 26 states; Ken
nedy 23. All of Mississippi's
electoral votes were unpledged
and went to Byrd; Kennedy's
electors ran second and Nix
on's third.
Kennedy polled 50.1 per cent
of the major party vole; Nix
on 49 9. Of the total vote, Ken
nedy's percentage was 49.7;
Nixon's 49.6 and others 0.7.
Kennedy was tlw 14th presi
dent to poll less than 50 per
cent of the total vote. Harry S.
Truman and W'oodrow Wilson
were others in this century.
Kennedy appointed his broth
er and campaign manager.
Robert F. Kennedy, as Attor
ney General. The latter was
just 35 years old at the time.
Asked by newsmen whether he
knew of any historic parallel
of a President's appointing a
brother to the Cabinet, he re
plied: "No. We are going to
start one." The brothers were
extraordinarily close.
He named his personal pin si
cian. Dr. Janet G. Travell. as
While House physician. Presi
dent Kennedy credited her with
curing a muscular ailment that
had troubled him for m a n y
years. She also treated other
members of the family.
He was the first President lo
hold live news conferences on
television.
Young Kennedy was an out
standing advocate of interna
tionalism and strongly support
ed aid to Europe alter World
War II.
1 It m in tluit conllicl that he
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distinguished him.'elf as a jun
ior grade naval lieutenant in
command of a PT boat in
Blackett Strait, off tlie enemy
infested Solomon Islands.
His Boat Sunk
"Early Monday morning, Au
gust 2, 1943, a Japanese destroy
er appeared suddenly out of the
darkne-s and sliced the patrol
boat diagonally in two.
"It happened so fast there
wasn't a chance to do a thing,"
(lie young skipper said later.
"Tlie destroyer hit our star
board forward gun station and
sliced right through. I was in
the cockpit. 1 looked up and
saw a red glow and streamlined
stacks. Our tanks were ripped
open and gas' was laming on
the water about 20 yards away."
He remembered later think
ing, at the moment the destroy
er hit. "this is how it feels to
be killed." Two of the crew
were lost.
Kennedy, his back badly
wrenched, and three of his men
were on the still floating for
ward half of the torpedo boat.
Six others were scattered about
in the water in their life jack
ets. The young skipper worked
for 45 minutes to tow his seriously-burned
engineer to the
bow half. It took three hours to
collect all of the men.
The watertight bulkheads kept
the bow of the PT boat afloat
and on this tlie survivors drift
ed. About 2 p.m. Kennedy de
cided to abandon the bow sec
tion, which was about to sink,
and try to reach a small island
three miles away.
Refuge Near F.nemy Base
He swam to it, towing one
man. The others clung lo a
plank and swam in a group. It
took about five hours to reach
land. Two days later the men
had eaten all the coconuts on
the island's two trees. Then
tliey swam to a larger island
where there were plenty'.
' This island was close by the
cone-mountained Japanese base
of Kolombangara.
For three successive nights,
Kennedy, once a backstroke on
the Harvard swimming team,
put on a lifebelt and swam far
out to try to signal another PT
boat. But none came into view.
On Thursday afternoon two
natives found the group and
brought food and coflce, togeth
er with a small kerosene stove
for warmth. Saturday night a
rescue boat guided by a native
pilot arrived.
During Kennedy's campaign
for Ihe Presidency, several of
his fellow survivors worked for
his election.
Lieutenant Kennedy was
awarded the Navy and Marine
Corps medals and the Purple
Heart. One of his brothers, Jo
seph P. Jr., a Navy pilot, was
killed in action in Europe in
1944.
Sister and Husband Killed
A month later, the husband of
one of his sisters, Kathleen,
died in action in France. He
was the Marquess of Harting
ton. a captain in Ihe Coldstream
Guards. Lady Harlington her
self met tragic death in the
spring of 1948, along w ith three
fliers, in Ihe crash of a plane
in France.
A spinal injury that Senator
Kennedy suffered in the South
Pacific action necessitated two
operations. One was performed
in 1945 and anotlier in 1934. The
second required eight months of
convalescence.
Born in BrookHne. Mass..
'May 29. 1917, Kennedy received
his bachelor of science degree
ci:m laude from Harvard in 1940
and then studied at the London
School of Economics.
His father set up a million
dollar trust fund for each of his
nine children w hen tliey were in
early childhood. Tile Kennedy
wealth was amassed from such
widely diversified interests as
banking, liquor, motion pictures,
theaters. Wall Street and real
estate. Once when questioned
about his father's wealth, John
Kennedy conceded drily: "He
has some resources."
' In Congress at -'9
John Kennedy entered politics
al the age of 29, when he was
elected to Congress. That was
in 1946.
.Viler winning reelection twice
to the House o( Representatives,
he ran for the Senate in 1952
and defeated Senator Lodge.
He won by 70.000 votes de
spite the fact that Eisenhower,
tlie Republican presidential can-
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PAGE ! A
HERALD AND
didate, swept normally Demo
cratic Massachusetts by 210.000
in that C.O.P. landslide year.
Even tlie Democratic leaders
had considered Lodge unbeat
able. Lodge himself was so sure
he was safe that lie devoted
much of his energies to Eisen
hower. When he started looking
after his own campaign, he
found Kennedy had a highly ef
ficient organization.
He lost, and later on Presi
dent Eisenhower appointed
Lodge U.S. Ambassador to the
United Nations.
Kennedy's political stock was
enhanced furtiier when he won
reelection in 1958 by the largest
plurality ever piled up (or a
Senate scat in Massachusetts
almost 900,000.
In 1953 Kennedy and Miss
Jacqueline Lee Bouvicr were
married in St. Mary's Catholic
Church at Newport, R.I. Arch
bishop Richard J. Cushing of
Boston officiated and read a
special message o f blessing
from the Pope. A daughter, Car
oline Bouvier, was born in 1957.
Three years later there was a
son, John F. Jr.
Religious Question Disrusscd
Prior to the IOfiO primary
election balloting in the pre
dominantly Protestant state of
West Virginia. Kennedy dis
cussed the religious questions in
an address before the American
Society of Newspaper Editors
in Washington. In that speech
he said he was not "a Catholic
candidate for President."
Kennedy began with the as
sertion that "I do not speak for
the Catholic Church on issues of
public policy and no one in
that church speaks for me." He
aid he had voted often in the
! The
(Continued from Page I)
ception at the Pan American
Exposition in Buffalo. He was
shot on September 6. 1901, and
lingered on until September 14,
when he died. Vice - President
Theodore Roosevelt immediate
ly look the oath of ollice as our
25th President.
Now comes the fourth assas
sination of an American Presi
dent. It is a terrible indictment of
a nation that claims to. be the
most enlightened nation on
earth.
Why this record?
Tlie answer is hard to find.
Perhaps there is a clue in the
derivation of the word.
It comes from ASSASSINS or
HASIIISIIIN (hemp-eaters i the
name of a Iwcllth-century hand
of Moslems in Persia and Asia
Minor who smoked a drug
called hashish, and under its
influence murdered their enemies.
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Senate agains tlie wishes of
many Catholics.
"The fact is." he went on,
"that the Catholic Church is not
a monolith it is committed in
this country to the principles of
individual liberty and it has no
claim over my conduct as a
public officer sworn to do the
public interest."
What is it about the Presi
dency, he demanded, that some
believe it ought not to be filled
by a Catholic? He said mem
bcrs of his faith abounded in
other national offices, including
the U.S. Supreme Court.
Kennedy said the "only legiti
mate question that could be
osked was: 'Wculd you, as Pres
ident of the United Stales, be
responsive in any way to eccles
iastical pressures or obligations
of any kind that might in any
fashion influence or interfere
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"Wher th
ACE
MSLLEK
Fridav, November 22, 1963
with your conduct of that office
in the national interest?"
"I nave answered that ques. '
ion many times. My answer
was and is 'no.' "
i He wen the presidential nomi
nation on the first ballot at the
convention in Los Angeles. Sen
ator Johnson, who controlled the
U.S. Senate as Majority Leader,
was Kennedy's main opponent.
But the convention rejected
Johnson.an d also two other par
ty stalwarts Sen. Stuart Sym
ington and Adlai E. Stevenson,
twice the standard bearer.
Kennedy chose Johnson as his
Tunning mate.
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