PAGE 10A
HERALD AND NEWS, Klanutb Fll. Ore.
Wedntuliy, Aufint T. U6J
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Glassmaking Still Centuries Old Artistry For Skilled Swedes
t
1 J J. LO-S-i
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GLASS All til RY A craftsman at Orraforj Glais Factory near Kalmar, Sweden,
wofiu'"3 trw at arHst's ctvign at right, etches a figure into a glass vase.
-. UPI Telephoto
French Begin To Fear Possibility
They Will Wind Up Being Isolated
PARIS (UPI) "It fear of j partners by continuing to veto
"isolation" is beginning to haunt
many Frenchmen.
They are asking whether Pres
ident Charles de Gaulle's go-it-alone
policies are not leaving
France far out on a limb.
De Gaulle has turned down the
partial nuclear test ban agree
ment which was signed by the
United States, Great Britain and
Russia in Moscow on Monday.
He has rejected bluntly Soviet
Premier Nikita Khrushchev's pro
posal for an East-West non-aggression
pact.
There will be an empty chair
again France's chair in Moscow
this week when U.S. Secretary of
State Dean Rusk, . British For
eign Secretary Lord Home and
Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei
A. Gromyko get together to dis
cuss a lot ot cold war issues
somo of them issues in which
France is vitally interested.
The word "isolation" for De
Gaulle's present "include-me-ouf
foreign policies was used by one
of the Fourth Republic s most re
spected politicians last week for
mer Premier Reno Pleven.
Pleven did not take De Gaulle
too sharply to task for it. In fact
lie suggested that "isolation"
might be good tactics if you
know ust when to come in off
your limb. But his use of the
word betrayed anxiety.
The right wing newspaper
L'Aurore voiced considerably
more concern. It pointed out that,
in addition to boycotting the Mos
cow nuclear pact and the talks
that follow it tills week, De
Gaulle still is in difficulties with
his European Common Market
Britain's admission.
Now, Aurora said, De Gaulle
also faces the prospect that his
great and good friend West Ger
man Chancellor Konrad Adenauer
and, even more likely, Aden
auer's successor, Ludwig Erhard,
may side with the United States
and Britain rather than with
France on such issues as nuclear
testing and integrated defense
forces in the North Atlantic Alli
ance.
De Gaulle himself has held his
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peace in the face of these expres
sions of concern.
He has withdrawn behind the
tall brick walls of his country
home at Colombey-les-deux-
Eglises for the month of August,
leaving the world and his fellow
Frenchmen to speculate where
he is headed.
One thing he did make clear,
however, in his news conference
last week that he would not sit
by and let the United States and
Britain make a deal with the So
viets involving the future of Eu
rope, and particularly of Ger
many, without his consent.
By GAY PALXEV
I'PI Womra'e Editor
KALMAR. Sweden (UPII-An
art centuries older than Christi
anity shaped that prized crystal
vase in your living room, the
tumblers or wine glasses brought
to the dinner table on special
occasions.
Visit glass factories in south
east Sweden, most of them with
in less than an hour's drive o.'
this coastal town, and you come
away with a whole new appreci
ation of glass which today we
take for granted in its numerous
forms from the water glass to
the mirror to the picture window
to fine crystal to sculptured
works in museums.
Mechanical means now make
possible mass production of much
of the glass which goes into the
world s markets. But in many
parts of Europe and a lew cen
ters in the United States notably
at Corning, N.Y., where the fa
mous Stueben crystal is made
Solons Get
Test Treaty
WASHINGTON (UPH Presi
dent Kennedy told Democratic
congressional leaders today that
he expects to send the limited
test ban treaty to the Senate
about Thursday.
This schedule was relayed to
reporters by Senate Democratic
Leader Mike Mansfield, Mont
after the President's weekly
breakfast session with the Demo
cratic congressional leadership
group.
Mansfield said that the Presi
dent had indicated that the
treaty, signed in Moscow Monday
would be submitted to the Senate
about Thursday for its ratifica
The Senate leader said the for
eign relations committee tenta
tively planned to begin hearings
on the treaty next Monday with
State Department witnesses. He
said the tentative schedule called
for testimony from the Joint
Chiefs of Staff Tuesday and from
the Atomic Energy Commission
the next day.
the hand-produced product still
reigns supreme.
Swedish glassmakers produce
an types o: glass, but it is their
crystal which has become known
world-wide. Much of it is export
ed to the United States.
Combination Of Skills
The chemist, the artist and the
craftsman all combine their skills
to produce that heavy crystal
with its brilliance and bell-like
ring when an edge is tapped
sharply with the finger.
The origin of glassmaking lies
with the ancients. The Swedish
Glass Manufacturers' Association
at Vaxjo, in the heart of the fac
tory area, says it began as early
as 5,000 B.C. But for 5.000 years
it was used as a flexible mass.
much the same as clay, to make
decorative items. At about the
time of the birth of Christ, the
industrious Phoenicians had
learned how to blow glass. Glass-
makers of Alexandria and later
of Byzantum and Venice perfec
ted the methods.
In Sweden, glass first was melt
ed in 1556. Forty of the 46 glass
factories of Sweden now center
in the southeast part of the coun
try where wood and water two
vital items for its production-
are plentiful.
The oldest factory is Kosta
founded in 1742. It was one of
three works I toured the others,
Orrefors and Strombergshylta.
All are known tor high quality
of workmanship and design.
Sand Basic Ingredient
Sand is the basic ingredient of
glass. Sand melted with soda ash
and lime produces the common
flint glass. A finer quality re
sults from use of potash instead
of soda ash. The finest ervstal
consists of a melting of sand, pot
ash and red lead.
The lead gives weight to the
crystal, but the red color disap
pears during the melting. Sub
stances such as saltpeter and ar
senic, the latter a highly poison
ous substance used only in min
ute quantities, are also added to
improve the melting and purify
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the glass. Different types of
metal oxides added to the
"batch" the factory term for
the sand mixture produce differ
ent colors. Cobalt oxide, for in
stance, gives a blue tint; zinc
oxide, a red hue.
Paradoxically, most of the in
gredients used by the Swedes
are imported the sand coming
from Germany and Belgium, the
potash and soda ash coming
from Germany, Belgium or
France. But the lakes and rivers
provide the water, basic to the
moulding and cooling process,
and the forests the wood to stoke
the furnaces.
Most of the tools for hand-
blowing glass are the same to
day as they were 2.000 years ago
pipe, lorming blocK, snears,
pliers, and wooden moulds.
Skill And Lung Power
The class is given its shape
by the skill and lung power of
the blower, who blows inlo the
pipe as if he were producing
soap bubbles, bv the sizzling
wood moulds into which the glass
dipped occasionally, by one!
hand padded with thick layers of!
wet newspaper gently moulding!
while the other hand twirls the
pipe, by the forming block, and
by the crude-looking shears send
ing slithering strings of glass to
the floor as the worker cuts the
molten mixture if the product is
to be open at one end.
If a stem and foot are to be
added, an assistant takes a small
amount of class just from the
furnace, drops it onto the al
ready shaoed class and shearsi
off the amount needed. The stem
and foot then are shaped with
the same tools.
When a piece is finished, the
foreman quick-cools a rim along
its base with a pair of water-
dipped pliers and then, a sharp
blow with the plier handles and
the piece breaks off cleanly.
It now is ready for the coolingi
chamber. It is fed by convcyon
belt into a long, tunnel-like oven
heated by electricity. This oven
01 lchr, holds the glass from
from three to four hours and re
moves the thermal stress.
Other processes in handling the
cooled glass include smoothing
rough edges of such as wine
glasses by another heat process
a flame from a gas jet burner
licks the edge of each glass as
it moves along a conveyor.
Cutting and engraving are
other finishing touches. Cutting
is done in stages and the design
on, say, glasses for table use is
maru'd first bv a red line in I
tlie hands of another technician.
One exiiert does a rough cut
ting first, with sand and iron
disk. Cutting wheels get liner as
the glass moves to the linisnerj
stage.
Constant Collaboration
Knsravers work from the de
sign of artists, but between blow
er, engraver and artist, there is
a constant collaboration. As Mrs.
Kric Stromberg, widowed owner
of Strombergshyttan and its chief
designer put it, "the furnace is
the heart of glass. It is from
there that all must work."
Engraving is done with the aid
of copper wheels fed with oil and
emery powder and can be any-l
thing from a simple figure cut
into a cigarette box to elaborate
carvings. At hosta, 1 walcned
one engraver cutting the intricate
shape of a polar bear on an ice
floe into a free form block of
glass.
The block was tuined on its
side and he was using assorted
size drills working from the bot
tom. Upright, the bear looked
encased in the block. The tech
nicians said such an engraving
took him about one full day.
At Strombergshyttan, its owner
displayed a pair of sculptured
horses of which she was extreme
ly proud. The horses measured
less than 12 inches each, but she
said each had taken a master
engraver about 300 hours. The
cost of each, $4,000.
COON HOLM) MISSING
MILWAUKEE, Wis. (UPII
"Whistles" isn't "Queenie," and
thereupon hangs a tale of a miss
ing coon hound.
Joseph Burt went to court last
November to get back his hound,
which he said had been picked up
by two local men. He finally got
her back, but she answered to the
name "Whistles" and had UglV
brown toenails.
"Queenie" had red toenails, so
Burt is back in court again try
ing to find his dog.
People Read
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