PACE 6-B HERALD AND NEWS. Klamath Fails. Oregon
Wednesday, July 3, 1963
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First Day
The Strategy Behind Lee's Invasion of the North
All roads led to Gettysburg In the last days of June,
1863. There was nothing Important about the little Penn
sylvania town; no one in either the Confederate or Union
camns was planning a battle there.
But because it was the junction of nine major roads,
Gettysburg was like a magnet drawing two great armies
the Army of the Potomac and the Army of Northern
Virginia toward a bloody clash that would be the great
est battle ever fought in the Western Hemisphere.
Gettysburg had its beginnings in the days following
the disastrous Union defeat at Chanccllorsville, Va., on
May 1-4. The Confederate government decided to launch
a countcrstroke Into the North, for a number of reasons:
In the West, U. S. Grant was laying siege to Vickshurg,
last Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi; an inva
sion of the North might pull Union troops away from
there.
A Southern victory In the North might also encourage
the growing peace movement in the North. More impor
tant, it might cause Britain and France to recognize the
Confederacy. The capture of Washington could even
end the war.
Besides, Virginia wad war-torn and bleeding while the
North was fat and untouched, Its fields lush and freen
under the summer sun.
So the invasion began. Seventy-five-thousand ien
nndcr Robert E. Lee hit the dusty roads through Mary
land into Pennsylvania.
By the end of June the advance guards were as far
north as Uarrisburg while the rear was in Chambersburg,
northwest of Gettysburg.
Eastward, the Army of the Potomac 88,000 strong
was also on the move. More than 160,000 men in all
were converging on Gettysburg. Every third one of them
was to become a casualty.
Lee operated in the dark during those important last
days In June. "Jcb" Stuart, the brilliant cavalry com
mander who was to guard Lee's right flank and recon
noilcr tho Federals' movements, had gone off on a wide
sweeping, glorious but useless foray into the North.
It was not until the night of June 28 that Lee learned
that the Federals, now commanded by Lt Gen. George
Gordon Meade, had paralleled his route north, keeping
hetween him and Washington and now threatened his
line of communication.
Lee was forced to can bis strewn-out army together.
Fighting began on the morn
ing of July 1 when Buford's
Federal cavalry encountered
elements of Confederate Gen.
A. P. Hill's carps, who were
moving into Gettysburg looking
for stores. Reinforcements be
gan to arrive on bath sides but
Confederates, with superior
strength, pushed toward Semi
nary Ridge. After a brief re
spite, the afternoon's fighting
saw the Confederates force
the Federals south through the
town and onto Cemetery Ridge.
Union troops on Seminary
Ridge also withdrew to Ceme
tery Ridge. The first day had
been a Confederate victory but
Meade's entire army was now
assembled and digging in on
the high ground.
Second Day
In the obsence of J. E. 6.
Stuart's cavalry, on July 2, Lee
lacked complete information
on the Federals' strength and
disposition. Against the advice
of Longstreet, he attempted to
turn the Union flanks by send
ing Ewell's corps against the
Union right on and around
Culp's Hill and hitting the
Union left, in front of Little
Round Top, with Longstreet's
corps. Bitter fighting took
place in "Sickles' Salient"
the Peach Orchard, Devil's Den
and Wheat Field. Sickles' corps
was thrown back but poor co
ordination between Confed
erate attacks along the whole
line enabled Meade to parry
each one in turn.
Third Day
July 3 dawned with Confed
erate morale still high. Lee, re
inforced by Pickett's division,
determined to assail the Fed
eral center. His intention was
guessed by Meade. At about
1:45 p.m., 10 brigades 15,000
men commanded by Pickett,
Pettigrew and Trimble, ad
vanced in parade formation
across the mile of fields sep
arating Seminary and Ceme
tery Ridges. A few men reached
the Federal line at the Angle
the "high tide of the Con
federacy" but were repulsed.
The Union forces had won a
great victory but were, in
Meade's judgment, too badly
mauled to follow it up. North
ern rejoicing was tempered by
the fact of Lee's escape back
to Virginia.
The logical place was Gettysburg, because all roads led
there.
So they met, the men of North and South, on July I,
1863. When it was finished three days later, the North
left 23,000 killed, wounded or missing on the fields and
hills around Gettysburg.
The South lost 28 000 men, a loss all the more grievous
because she had not the means to replace them.
Militarily, Gettysburg was the end of one era and the
precursor of another: Never again would an army dress
right and march in formation against the guns of an
other army.
But not until the 20th century would the world witness
massed artillery duels to compare with those of Gettys
burg. Politically, it was the end of the South's hopes for
Independence (though the war dragged on for 20 more
months). But it was the beginning of a stronger United
Slates.
Todav we, the heirs of the men of Gettysburg, can
forget 'the blood and remember only the glory. We
remember Gettysburg and, a full century after the battle,
"take increased devotion to that cause for which they
gave the last full measure of devotion."
General Lee Stole March On Meade After Gettysburg
War Tide Turned In 3-Day Battle
By H. D. QUICG
United Press International
The great three-day battle of
Gettysburg, turning point m the
Civil War, was fought just 100
years ago this week with appal
ling casualties on both sides.
But its final casualty wauea m
years, three months, and 16 days
to happen in another place,
another time, another occasion,
lt was a time of peace but a
day of remembrance of war, and
the Great Battle raged again
that day.
It took its final toll in a
strange and touching way.
Oct. 19, 1927. was the date.
The day was gray and dripping
and cold in Washington, D. C.
and occasional hard rain swept
the city.
The rain let up as President
Calvin Coolidge, escorted by a
troop of cavalry, left the White
House with Gov. John S. Fisher
of Pennsylvania and other digni
taries. The procession went lo a spot
near the Botanical Gardens be
low Capitol Hill. There, in a set
ting of rippling flags and Civil
War corps shields, ringed by sol
diers, sailors and marines, a
crowd had gathered for the un
veiling of a monument to Maj.
Gen. George Gordon Meade,
Pennsylvania native and Union
commander at Gettysburg.
Several hundred Civil War vet
erans were there, some with
black slouched campaign hats,
others wearing blue kepis. On a
granite platform before the presi
dent were the color bearers of
Hie G. A. R. with many Civil
War regimental flags.
And with the speaxers on the
platform was a man who had
been a color bearer at the battle
of Gettysburg, Henry H a a k
Spayd, past commander of t h e
Pennsylvania G. A. R.
The rain stopped as the cere
mony began. Sen. Simeon D.
Fess of Ohio, acting chairman of
the National Meade Memorial
Commission, presided and spoke
first. After an invocation, Gov
ernor Fisher presented the mon
ument to the nation.
Miss Henrietta Meade, the
general's daughter, who was 10
when the battle was fought, was
present, wearing a big corsage
and carrying one of the
huge handbags popular at the
time. As she pulled the line un
veiling the monument, a field ar
tillery unit fired a 13-gun salute,
and 48 pigeons were released.
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By MERTON T. AKERS
United Press International
Lee stole a march on Meade
aftor
tlo of GeUysbunt.
AU day on tho Fourth of July
1863 the Army of tho Potomac,
commanded by Ma), Gen. George
Gordon Meade, and (he Army of
Northern Virginia, under Gen.
Robert E, Lee, lay exhausted on
the parallel hills of Cemetery
Ridge and Seminary Ride at Get
tysburg after three days of fight
ing. Both were content to call it
a day and to sort out Die wreck
age, human and material, of the
Civil War's bloodiest battle.
The weather was rainy. A
smog lay over the battlefield,
part gun-smoke, part natural fog.
It was no day for fighting and
everyone seemed gratelul. (To
morrow the first of the never'
ending lino of tourists would ar
rive at the Gettysburg battlefield
on an excursion train from liar'
risburg, Pa.)
Lee and his army were in a
tight spot. He had lost the big
gest and climatic battle of the
war a fact not fully realized
at the time. But as he had done
at Antielaiii (Sharpsburg), Lee
defiantly held his army In battle
position for a full day In the face
of superior numbers before he
begau to retreat on the night of
July 4-5 through the mountains of
aouth central Pennsylvania and
western Maryland toward the Po
tomac.
As the crow flies he had about
35 miles to go to reach the river
at Williamsport, Md., about five
miles southwest of Hagerstown,
Md. He was short of ammunition
and provisions. He was burdened
with wagon trains of wounded.
His losses at Gettysburg about
one-third of his force and strag
gling and desertion hod thinned
ins retreating army to little more
than 35.000 men.
Must Reach Itlver
His problem was to reach and
cross the river before Meade,
moving parallel, could
cut him off. His chances of doing
so seemed slim. The Potomac
was runn; high and the rains
wore making it higher.
aieacie moveu nis army cau
tiously and slowly. He was under
orders from Washington to fight
on the defensive and to keep his
army between Lee and tho capi
tal. He had two choices. One was
to chase Lee's army west through
the mountain passes, which like
ly would be fortified and defend
ed. The second was to slant to
the southwest through Maryland
and cut off Lee around Hagers
town. On the basis of scanty informa
tion about the position of Lee's
army, he chose the second route
but lost a full day in making the
decision. Lee made the most of
Meade's delay and puslied his
I army hard tnrongh the mud and
rain.
Suffering
of the Conledcrate
wounded in the convoy of wagons
was Intense.
Brig. Gen. John D. Imboden,
commanding the convoy, de
scribed the trip:
'The column moved rapidly.
considering the rough roads and
the darkness, and trom almost
every wagon issued heart-rending
wails of agony. . .Scarcely one in
a hundred had received adequate
surgical aid.. .Many of tho wound
ed. . .had been without food for
3ti hours. Their torn ond blood v
clothing, matted and hardened.
was rasping the tender, inflamed
and still oozing wounds. Very few
of the wagons had even a layer
of straw in them and all were
without springs."
CilUrns lilt Wagons
Tha convoy was attacked Rev
eral times by Federal cavalry.
At one point citizens set upon tlie
wagons with axes and cut the
spokes of the wheels. At another
point !00 wagons were captured.
When tlie convoy reached Wil
liamsport, Imboden forced every
family In town to cook for tlie
wounded.
Ry July 7 Mcnde'a army wasl
slogging southwest through the
mud and rain (ilong the same
roads in Maryland that they had
marched north over in tlie dust
only a week or so before.
That day Meade rodo into
Frederick. Md., where he had as
sumed command of the army, to
ill plaudits of tlie loyal citizens
and went to a hotel for a bath.
Then he wrote to his wife:
From the time 1 took com
mand (June 28 until today (July
71 I. , .have not had a regular
night's rest, and many nights not
a wink of sleep, and for several
days did not even wash my hands
and face, no regular food, and
all tho time in a ivA state of
mental anxiety. Indeed, I think 1
have lived as much in that time
as in the last thirty years."
Ho also asked her lo send him
two pairs of eyeglasses.
Wagon trams trom Westmin
ster, Md., tlie Federal supply de
pot, brought in new uniforms,
shoes and other equipment and
important supplies ol ammuni
tion. The Federals puslied on over
tlie mountains west of Frederick
and by Julv 11 began to skirmish
with the Confederates south of
Hagerstown above the old Antie
tarn battlefield.
Politicians After Mradr
Washington was prodding
Meade to hurry and strike Lee's
army on the north side of tlie Po
tomac. President Lincoln applied
tlie soul'.
Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck
overall army commander, tele
graphed Meade:
"Tlie President is urgent and
anxious that your Army should
move against him (Leei by
forced marches."
That was what Meade was
doing but his caution and lack of
information slowed him down.
"My army is and has been
making forced marches short of
rations and barefooted," Meade
replied testily.
On July 12 Meade had his
army placed around Williamsport
for what he hoped would be the
decisive blow. Lale in the day he
was readv to attack when a
heavy thunderstorm broke. About
supperlimo the attack was called
off.
Meade met with his corps com
manders that night. He lavored
attack the next day. Only two of
the commanders went along with
their chief, Maj. Gen. James S.
Wadsworth of the I Corps and
Mdj. Gen. O. O. Howard of the
XI Corps.
The ultimate decision of the
council of war was for more re-
connoitering.
I.ee Forms Army
Tlie day before Lee had formed
his army in an arc protecting the
river crossing site at Williams
port. The Polomac was still too
high to wade.
Leo handled Hie positioning of
part of the army himself.
"I never before, and never aft
erward, s;iw him ds I thought
visibly anxious over an approach
ing action. Col. E. P. Alexan
der, artillery officer, wrote, "but
I did on tins occa.-ion."
All day on the 13th Meade sent
his titxips probing into the Con
federate lines in keeping with the
council of war decision the night
before.
Late in the day General How
ard sent word that he feared
Lee was getting away."
But by then it was too late for
action.
Meade determined to strike tlie
next day, the 14th.
He did. but Lee was cone he
had crossed the river on the
night of July 13-14. Sumo of his
men went over on an improvised
pontoon bridge covered with
branches to deaden tlie sound of
marclung feet. It was a ricketv
bridge but it was good enough to
any two corps and the artillerv.
The other corps waded, the tail
men standing in tlie deep part of
tlie river and passing along their
snorter comrades.
Only a small rear guard was
cut oil and captured.
Lee had escaped from Mary
land again, thanks to the one day
tlie Federals had dallied as tlie
river receded.
Fewer Holidays
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paper Revolurion reported Tues
day.
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