f
WEDNESDAY, APrtiL 21.
'' Jjf 11511
(Continued from page 10)
mission has ordered that a license
be issued to the California Oregon
-rower '-cuipany tor its proposed
nig jjeno development, but con
tingent upon a renewal or exten.
sran of the contract between Copco
and the Department of the Interior
V covering storage in Upper Klam
S ath Lake for the 50 year period of
j me license, on substantially the
H same terms as the present agree-
fment which still has 13 years to
run. The Secretary of the Interior
I has assured us that he will not
, enter into a new contract before
f fully Investigating all of the pertl-
nent matters. I think he will take
i no action prior to the comnrehen-
sive report on the Upper Klamath
i Basin now being prepared by the
? . f i ....
"Hitou vi xwjciiiai-iuii uuu Que w
be completed about June of this
year unless there is a prior agree
ment reached between Copco .and
the Bureau which is satisfactory
lo local irrigation interests.
The statement has been frequent
ly made and denied that there is
Insufficient" unappropriated water
for the new Copco project at Big
Bend., i.-thlnk .the. jjeoB'e, of,, the
jsasia are inierestea in me lacis
as to Just how much water is avail
able and therefore propose to give
you the record.
Stream flow measurements are
available for nearly 50 years. 1905-
1953, showing the flow at Keno or
Spencer Bridge.
Before presenting figures It will
fee well to describe the units of
water volume and flow. The quan
tity of water stored, or the volume
of water flowing In a stream In a
certain period, is expressed In acre
feet. An acre-foot of water is
enough to cover one acre to a
depth of one foot and is equal to
j 43,560 cubic feet. The storage ca
pacity of Uppper Klamath Lake
las now regulated Is about 480,000
acre-feet which means that It holds
A enough to cover 480,000 acres to a
U depth of one foot or 80,000 acres
Sto a depth of six feet.
k Rate of flow Is expressed In cubic
3 feet per second, usually stated,
'Jj "second-feet." A second-foot Is a
cubic foot of water flowing past
a given point each second. One
I second-foot flowing 24 hours will
S discharge roughly two acre-feet of
water.
During the 20-year period, 1933-
1952 the flow at Keno has aver
aged 991,000 acre-feet per year. It
ranged between a low of 515,000
acre-feet in the water year 1932-
33 and a high of 1,919,000 acre-feet
In the water year 1951-52. The low-
,rit flow of record was 395,000 In
1930-31. Not all of this water Is
available for power development
because a certain amount, as yet
.not determined officially, must be
allowed to flow at all times to
protect the fish life in the stream.
.Also, the storsge capacity in Upper
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Klamath Lake is Insufficient to ful
ly control the flow. In most years
the lake spills considerable water
at rates higher than can be used
at the existing Copco plants or could
be used by the proposed new pro
ject at the Big Bend. Such excess
water is wasted down the river to
the sea.
The project proposed by Copco
is designed to be able to utilize
2500 second-feet of water and Cop
co' s application to the Hydroelec
tric Commission of Oregon is for
that amount. Therein lies a source
of misunderstanding by the irriga
tion interests, s They fear that if
copco gets a right to that quantity
of water there will be insufficient
water left for irrigation; Copco has
explained that it will use only a
uniform flow of 1250 second-feet
which will be . stored for twelve
hours per day and then released at
the rate of 2500 second-feet for the
remaining twelve hours. We must
understand that such use will be
flexible, depending oh the system
demands for electricity. For exam
pie, if there is 2500 second-feet In
the river and if the system requires
the energy, .surely the plant would
operate .24 , hours a day. Again, if
there is less than 1250 second-feet
available, storage could be for
more than 12 hours and use for
less than 12 hours. Copco Is con
vinced and apparently the Federal
Power Commission believes that
there Is sufficient water.
But now comes the question,
what will be the water situation
if and when the irrigated area in
the upper basin has been expand
ed from the present 350,000 acres
to some 700,000? If that time
comes, and irrigation maintains a
preferential use of water, the flow
at Keno will be reduced by some
200,000 to' 300,000 acre-feet annual
ly. That would mean in a dry year
such as 1931, and unless there were
storage water held over from pre
vious years, there would be prac
tically no water available for pow
er development.
This brings up the first ef. the
two basic concepts that must be
either supported or over-ruled In
making the decision on whether or
not Copco should obtain the water
right for this new plant.
The concept that consumptive use
of water for irrigation Is a higher
and preferred use as compared
with use for power development is
strongly supported by reclamation
interests in the stmi-arld west
where agriculture is dependent on
irrigation. The regional planning
and conservation authorities and
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high officials of the State of Ore
gon generally support this view.
Clearly, if that concept is to be
supported here, Copco would have
to accept a water right on condi
tion that It could claim only such
water as will not be needed lor
irrigation, present or future.
The other major- issue involved
Is whether the potential power be
tween Keno and the state line
should j.oe developed by a private
utility corporation in a series of
plants including the Big Bend No.
2 project, or whether the avail
able power should be developed by
federal agency in conjunction
with the irrigation of a portion of
Butte Valley. The Bureau's project
would divert water from the Klam
ath River above Keno, carry it in
a canal to a point south of Indian
Tom Lake, pump it 170 feet In ele
vation to'Butte Valley near Dorris.
carry It in a canal across Butte
Volley to Meiss Lake, and thence
by means of a tunnel and pen
stock return the water through a
power plant to - Klamath
River above the existing power
plants at Copco. Water for irriga
tion of Butte Valley would be tak
en from the canal in the valley
and drainage water would be
picked up and carried out of the
valley through the power tunnel.
This project would utilize the total
fall of the river between Keno ana I
Copco Lake but would reduce the
low water flow down the channel
through Oregon to that necessary
for fish life. It would have the dis
advantage that it could not util.ze
the flows at higncr stages of the
river, because it would not be eco
nomical to build the conduits and
pumping plant with capacity to
handle these large flows. Its feas
ibility would depend largely upon
additional storage in Upper Klam
ath Lake or at other possible stor
age sites.
The issue before us now Is wheth
er or not the Department of the
Interior and Copco should enter
into a new agreement providing
that for the next 50 years Copco
may regulate Upper Klamath Lake
in much the same manner as at
present, storing and releasing wa
ter to best serve Its own interests.
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subject to the provisions of con
trol by the Bureau of Reclama
tion to protect the water supply for
the Klamath Project. Copco has
stated that It cannot proceed to
construct the Big Bend project un
less the new contract is entered
into and, in fact, the order of the
Federal Power Commission dated
January 28. 1954, granting the li
cense for the project, is condition
al upon consummation of the new
agreement. " .
What do the people of Klamath
Basin stand to lose or gain by
this proposed new agreement? They
lose an irrigation development in
Butte Valley which although not In
Oregon in in the trade area of
Klamath Falls and would contribute
In some measure to the economy
of the County. The Bureau's
scheme has the advantage of mul
tiple use, that is, some of the wa-
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KLAMATH FALLS. OREGON
ter diverted to Butte Vallev would
be used for Irrigation and the drain.
age water irom Irrigated lands
would be used to develop power
to help defray the cost ol pumping
for Irrigation. In addition, the mul
tiple purpose scheme would provide
(or drainage front Butte Valley of
surplus waters which now accumu
late iu Meiss Lake and periodically
flood and damage farm lands bor
dering the lake. Such drainaae wa-
ten would be put to cood use
through the power plant. The Bu
reau scneme would develop the full
head (or fall) between Keno and
Copco Lake, nearly 1500 feet, while
the Copco Big Bend No. 3 project
would develop only 288 feet of tills
head at what seems to be the
reach of th stree&t offering the
most economical possibilities.
If a new contract is entered Into,
Klamath Basin gains immediately
an $8,000,000 construction project
which will provide work and busi
ness for local markets during the
two-year construction period and a
permanent, .lax-paying Industry, It
gains a new block of power for the
Basin, probably several years ear
lier than It would be provided un
dena Federal project through Butte
Valley. Granting of water rlehts for
the Big Bend No. 2 project would
throw a block in the way of any
person or agency who contemplates
out-of-basin diversion for power de
velopment in California.
Presumably, if Copco obtains the
Decenary wafer rights and builds
Big Band No. 2, It will eventually
deve'.op the other sites which in
clude Keno (head 291 feet), Big
Bend No. 1 (head 165 feci), Bis
Bend No. 3 (head 130 feet), Salt
Caves (head 425 fnct) and Warm
Springs (head ISO feet). All the
above sites except Warm Springs
are in Oregon and the total fall
in Oregon available for power de
velopment is about 1310 feet.
If the Copco development of Big
Bend No. 2 is permitted, it very
probably means that diversion of
Klamath River Water by pumping
to Butte Valley will be out of the
question for the next 60 years. The
Copco project would not bar the
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Irrigation development, when de
mand therefor arises, of some 300,
000 acres of arable lands in the
Klamath Basin in Oregon,
The' license granted by the Fed
eral Power Commission gives Cop
co the right to construct the pro
ject on Government lands and in
the channel of a navigable stream.
Water rights, whatever they may
be, must come Irom the Slate of
Oregon through the Hydroelectric
Commission. It Is believed that if
and when a license for the project
Is Issued by the Hydro-electric
Commission of Oregon, it will con
tain a provision that the right to
use of water for power develop
ment is inierlor to future develop
riations for irrigation in the Basin.
8uppose we look at the question
with the long time viewpoint of
the over-all benefit to the people,
and suppose we decide that irriga
tion is the highest ultimate use of
the water and power must give
way when the water" is needed for
irrigation. Can Copco recognise that
concept and still proceed with the
construction of its Big Bend pro
ject? The answer can not 6e stat
ed by anyone except Copco's oper
ating people because they are the
ones who know how the power to
be generated would fit into their
energy requirements and what it
will be north to them. -They alone
must decide whether it would be
an economical development o r
whether it would be possible to de
velop or purchase the same amount
of energy elsewhere at a lesser
cost.
If diversion out of the upper ba
sin above Keno is not permitted.
future irrigation and industrial uses
will not greatly deplete the total
water supply, wjth reoiamatlon
and irrigation of all the arable
lands above Upper Klamath Basin.
principally in the Williamson and
Sprague River drainages, the total
inflow to the lake may be reduced
ten to fifteen per cent In average
years. Irrigation of additional lands
adjacent to the existing Klamath
Projec will require something like
130,000 acre-feet. Consumptive uses
of water for potential industries
mi m
fcHl t 0 ;.jr
tin ways
AM) W6M ST0RA6I L0SS1
rJEf.lATOPES
will require negligible quantities.
The net result of all depletions dur
ing Uie next fifty years may be
on the order ' of 300,000 acre-feet
annually, reducing the average an
nual flow at Keno to about 7O0.VU0
acre-feet. That quantity is equiva
lent to a uniform flow of (70 cubic
feet per second.
Assuming an allowance of 100 cu
bic feet per second to be left in
the river channel for fish, an aver
age flow of 870 cubic feet per sec
ond would be available for the pow
er project. That figure is 70 per
cent of Copco's figure of 1250 second-feet
as the water requirement
for the project. ,
The generating potential of the
Big Bend project, and also the Cop
co plants in California would be
greatly increased if there were suf
ficient storage capacity to com-
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PAGE ELEVEN
pletely control the runoff during av
erage years and provide holdover
storage to augment the available
runoff during extremely low years
suca as 1931. Such additional stor-
age. If and when provided, will be
solely for the benefit of power,
whether developed by the Bureau
of Reclamation or Copco. The pres
ent storage capacity m Upper .
Klamath Lake is mors than ade
quate for all present and future ir
rigation requirements for lands be
(Continued en page it)
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