if
EDIBLE MUSHROOMS.
GUY CLIIOTT MITCHCtL.
"Mushroom Growing and Mushroom
Inawn Making" la the title of a very
Interesting bulletin Just Issued by the
Derirtment of Agriculture. This is
I subject which, to most farmers.
surrounded by a haze c.f mystery and
hesitation, owing to the fart that there
are a number of species of mushrooms
which are poisonous.
Determining the Poisonous Furtgl.
The first question a roan will ask is
"How can I tell a toadstool from a
mushroom?" The Department answers
this question by saying that you can
not tell a mushroom from a toadstool
because mushrooms are toadstools.
The general belief is well-nigh univer
sal In this country that the tleshy urn
brella-shaped fungi are divided into
two classes mushrooms, which are
edible, and toadstools, which are pot
sonous. The assumed difference does
not exist All fleshy umbrella-shaped
fungi are toadstools; a number of these
are edible, and commerce applies the
name mushroom; but not a small num
ber of other toadstools are edible, and
a great many of them, probably tho
Many people who would enjoy muah
rooma added to their menu are de
barred because of the difficulty of ob
taining them except at considerable
expense, and berause of unfamlltarlty
aa to methods of home culture.
Mushrooms are easy to grow, and
beginners are often as successful with
them as are those having an extensive
cxHricnce. Aside from preparing the
manure and making up the beds, it Is
.1 clean crop to handle and occupies lit
tle stace. The gathering, sorting, pack
ing and marketing of the mushrooms
can lie easily taken care of by the wom
en of the household.
Cellars or basement rooms where the
temperature In the winter does not go
below 63 degrees or does not rise above
03 degrees are suitable places for grow
Ing mushrooms. It Is hardly advisable
to grow them under the living part of
the house, since the odor of the manure
will permeate the dwelling. Stables
that are not too cold in winter are
suitable.
Preparation of the Beds.
The mushroom bed Is best prepared
from horse manure that comes from
well-bedded stables. Some straw Is de
sirable, but a large percentage Is ob
jectionable and should be removed.
The manure is cured by putting it un
der cover in piles three to four feet deep
and of any length and width. It usu
ally requires from ten to fifteen days to
cur-3. but should not be put in the beds
or boxes until the temperature has
cities, although many large growers
continue to soil entirely by contract or
by special orders to hotels and rest
aurants. The farmer, however, will
find ready sale for any of the standard
varieties. Should basement or cellar
lie unavailable, open-air culture may
be resorted to, although thla method
Urn - M
VENTILATOR OF PARISIAN MUSH
ROOM CAVE.
of growing is more difficult owing to
the impossibility of maintaining even
temperatures and controlling the moist
ure of the beds. The various bulletins
CHEW FOODS THOROUGHLY.
Cl A DS TOSS (7 A WBU UFA T
THIRTY-TWO T1MKS-OTIIKRS
RKCOMMKXIt FIFTY .
Certain1 Indigestion Preventative
Leas rood Well MamIcau-iI rur
nlhea More Nourishment for llody
-Saliva A Digestive.
Gladstone chewed every mouthful of
meat he ate thirty-two t lines, but sixty
times la not too often to chew a mouth
ful of solid food, according to a well
known specialist on stomach diseases,
who declares that It Is the one sure
way to avoid Indigestion, stomach and
Intestinal troubles.
"Kach mouthful should bo chewed
from fifteen to sixty seconds, accord
Ing to the kind of solids It contains,'
ho says. "Every piece should bo
ground Into Ann pulp and thorougblj
mixed with the saliva in the mouth
before It Is In a condition to bo prop
erly digested. Swallowing should be
a slow, almost formal action, for If a
bite Is gulped down even after It has
been well masticated It will cause ills
Irons by lodging in the thorax for a
few seconds and bringing on a dull
heaviness In the chest and stomach.
"Some foods should bo more thor
oughly mustlcutcd than others. For
Instance, beef. veal, mutton In fact,
all heavy foods should be chewed for
at least a minute, while soft cereals,
mushes and . well-cookod vegetables
need not bo held In the mouth for more
than fifteen seconds before they will
bo ready to swallow. All liquids tea
coffee, milk. wine, water should bo
drunk slowly. Five minutes at least
should bo given over to the slow sip
ping of a cup of fluid, whether It Is hot
or cold, for a quantity suddenly put
Into the stomach Is uot healthful, and
((COSTS
HEALTH IN
THE HOME
-MlmtfRi'ltM
lutt IM Mt Nil mn
HkM TMnM.M
(4 ttwn."
ITS
WORTH
10
. ........ I ........ I, f-
What I It flint Vu l!i want or nm ' "",, -,, . ,.(
Wl It (riant li-.iltli i.r auiHliltK Vi l'v " 1 "
What tlu-n la " lii'nlili werlli ' V'i f . k. . im,i ,.omi
Wl.nl would you (live to vo..l dy al. knr.a. nflrr ll.f l ''"' '
An Ounce of frvvriilloii U VHh a I'miml f turc.
tt vou will r-a,1 Itic hralth mKe l M.li;.i Hi " r,?r"o 75
f,.r oU "piTr. and follow ii Irm-l.iiiK. V ' " " "r ' 1 " "
ll.M'tnl ' lull
What w.xtld flint r worlli to vo.t t
Wmil.tn't it ! woilli " ilollr?
Of t-otirsn It woul'l.
wril'v .uT.uilll'v; 0WI l.v fudlmr Mrt.wrir. ItomrmnVrr MK.i..c. '"r yf
Tito Munii.ine will it you jiott l.n vriil. N fiioi No f I
THK FLT AGARIC
Deadly Poison andClus -ly Resembles the
Edible Mushroom,
most of them, are not poisonous. Abil
ity to distinguish poisonous varieties
from those that are edible is not eas
ily learned. On the other hand those
who wish to collect fungi for their own
consumption or the market must be
gin by committing to memory the dis
tinguishing marks of a few species.
Until this is done one must not ven
.ture to trust to general rules for dis
tinguishing good species from bad.
There is one rule, however, which
Bhould be applied: no one, unless de
cidedly expert, should collect for eat
ing the buttons, or small, unexpanded
fungi, since In their young condition
It Is often impossible, even for experts,
to recognize what the species Is. The
Department of Agriculture has issued
a number of bulletins on mushroom
growing -which give certain rules for
determining the difference between the
edible common field mushrooms and
those that are deadly poisonous. This
subject Is particularly treated In the
Year Book for 1897; reprints of this
portion can be obtained from the Divi
sion of Publications.
The mushroom In commerce is prac
tically the fruit of the mushroom
plant, and not the plant itself. The
plant proper is a white or bluish white
mold the spawn that grows in fields
and manure piles. Comparing the
mushroom to an apple tree, we have
the trunk, branches and leaves buried
In the ground, leaving only the apples
themselves standing above the ground.
The toadstool, like the apple, con
tains the means of reproduction the
apple contains seeds, while the toad
stool 13 filled with microscopic, dust
like bodies having the same function as
seeds.
' Important Crop Abroad
Mushrooms are extensively grown in
England and France, and to a limited
extent in Belgium. Germany and in
many other countries. Paris, however,
Is the center of commercial production.
In the vicinity of that city the culture
of mushrooms is now almost entirely
(COSTS
vloy-
HOME
COOKING
tMknl li m ! ttw Mill
airto wm Out f I'll
tattkt Mf l"X t"
ft". t. ti-M
fTs
worth
Is 10
Atnl Then About Cooking
You'vr henrd the old ylii:
"Tt. t or I wn.li tli f I
t.J ilia tvil "
t.ooil Cooklnir ConffilMitiM to (ioinl lleullh.
At 8hkpin r mv :
"t.nt r''l illi'sildn wtt on
l'llit. n. hoa.ili on l-.ili."
Hid Vnu vrr irr of rood t n-it i.u v ( " .'"'"i; '
td llmllli iiiir Willi I'.ol rooking.
And tlie Homo f.H.kmif l..i.riiii.nt In MnnwrU'n I lmm unilT MrtKmi I nn m.l
to the liood HfUli 1 1 it 1 1 n 1 1 1 . ...... t
tiood Cookitit; mill (.l llcuMiil
They're The ('...Id lnt Twin thai mnko thr w tk of IH y and Irad u on
through hnnpv nnd u-rfiil yrora to n Imlo mid lirartv old W .
bit riKld down NU- ,.r, .-n.l your .l.ii-r or live fwo-i-nil t..mi . h"
thl. maKaint. ONK WIIOI.K i:.! HH Tl:N l'l,MK. ...Ml'a I l. ni. muWrr
The ti..d ll.al.li and ii...,t i-..k.i.if ...,.n mrnt, n " " ' '.'?, 2,
Mazarine are not rihtrd w. Hi a I . or .f u..rH 'l !.. an- r.hl.-l w.tl. a M-t ..f Mama.
Iwik.tl lv a hlr-limo of alu lv mid t m ri , . iv tan
And what It Inn. to trll 11 I.. 1.1 in .lmri. Mi....:litf wav th.it r l .Iy tan
undrrMand mid know )nt wtmi t.. d.. t..-rov I ... k,.. and lo" H
When you at-nd y..iir aiih-r,,ii..i. wme voiir iimne and o. ''''
plainly th.'t you v. 11! W nurr It w,.l It . nl.-iid nnhl. and a. -ml w.ih II .'lie I nine or
i'ivc i'w. I t-nl Sltii l
((Costs'
Ao
MAXWELL'S
IIOMfNlAKER MAGAZINE
IVIOIISlllH IIUIIDINC;. CIIICAl.O.
worth
S10
son should bo more thoroughly niiiHtl
cated." Chewing fond thoroughly n.com
pllslicH the double result.! nf ttilnrliig
It so that the Juln-n of the Moiiuu h
can get at the individual partlrlei uud
combining It with the rtallva. whlrh, in
itself, is a powerful dlgewtlvo ugeut.
Yontc Tliun Welch Ratvbit.
Microbes In the water,
MlcrobcH In the nlr;
Microbe In the plo and cuke,
Mlcrobi's everywhere;
trying for tin In the cold.
Likewise in the heut ;
Every tliun we draw our brcuta
Or stop to drink or eat.
in horrid consternation
We vainly try to tdcop;
We know that through the casement
The MliTobes Htl'lve to creep;
Though as croiitlon H inlKhty lords
We swagger and pretend,
Tho Microbe Is the only ono
Who triumphs la the end.
SCENES IN SOME Ok' THE UKEAT MCSHROOM CAVES OF PARIS.
gone down to luo degrees. A layer
of the more strawy portion of the
manure is first put on the bottom and
then thoroughly tramped or pounded
down. Succeeding layers are then ap
plied and each packed down until the
bed 13 10, 12 or 14 inches deep. Cul
tivated mushioom 'fepawn, used for
planting the beds, may be obtained
from nearly any seedsman in the form
of dried manure bricks. These should
be broken up into pieces about 2 inches
in diameter, planting each piece in the
bed 8 to 10 inches apart by making a
suitable hole 2 inches deep and press
ing the spawn firmly into it. The hole
should then be again filled with tho
manure and packed down firmly. The
bed is covered loosely with excelsior or
straw to retain the moisture and to
of the Department of Agriculture on
mushroom growing may be obtained
on application.
TO MAKE PERFECT PORK.
IS ' r I Til '
if SI
A PLATE OP THE FINEST EDIBLE MUSHROOMS.
confined to the underground limestone
quarries or cement mines. These
caves are not unlike some of our mines
with galleries or halls radiating in
every direction. Most of these are well
ventilated by shafts, protected at the
surface by wooden towers. Until re
cent times the mushroom growers of
Paris refused to allow visitors to these
caves, some of which are miles In
length the cultural methods being
carefully guarded. Even to-day It la
not easy to obtain permission to make
a casual visit to the mushroom caves.
The total production of mushrooms in
Paris alone In 1901 amounted to more
than 10,000,000 pounds.
In the United States fresh mush
rooms have only recently been of any
Importance commercially, although
they are not grown to any extent
prevent a too rapid fall of tempera
ture. At the end of about a week
this material is removed, and the beds
are covered with an inch to an inch
and a half of rich loamy soil. In from
C to 7 weeks mushrooms should begin
to appear.
Harvesting the Crop
Mushrooms are ready to pick about
the time the gills beneath the umbrella
portions are a bright pink color. The
beds should be gone over every day;
every mushroom that Is large enough
for market should be picked. In pick
ing, the mushroom should not he cut off
at the root, but by catching it by the
top and giving It a gentle twist or bend
the fruit will come away from the
ground quite easily.
There is now a good open market for
fresh mushrooms In a few of the larger
In.
Method of Slaughtering Which
sures Wholesome Meat.
A Kansas City man has discovered
a novel mothod of preparing pork for
the market in a way that will give to
the people a meat which la perfectly
wholesome. Tae theory 13 advanced
that when a pig Is sent to slaughter,
every squeal emitted in the process of
slaughter is an audible announcement
of a nervou3 reaction that effects every
fiber of its body, producing such
changes as will be detrimental to any
one partaking of the flesh. The plan
proposed is to drive the porker up an
incline into a small pen. Just as he
steps in the pen the platform tilts and
runs him down a chute. At the end
of this chute there is a bucket of slop
or mash, or any otner pis delicacy.
The animal pokes his snout into the
bucket when hi3 whole bead is caught
in a trap and nitrous oxide renders
him unconscious before he has time
to let out even a little squeal. While
the nig Is In this state It is slaughtered.
There is no excitement, no squeal and
consequently no thermic changes.
use.
The Strenuous Lite.
"Indeed, Mr. Hurryup, this is so un
expected. You embarrass me very
much."
Hurryup (glancing at the clock)
"I'll give you one minute to recover
from your embarrassment."
When the Stork Fie w Down.
"Mama, were you at home when I
was born."
"No, dear, I was at grandma's in
the country."
"Wasn't you awf'Iy B'priBed when
you heard about it?"
At the Literary Tea.
Miss Sappho "And you haven't
said a word about my new poem."
Mr. Cholly "Aw beg you" pawdon
gweat, you know weally, Miss
Sappho, I didn't think you could wlte
to such a aw depth of profundity,"
Life.
Too Slueb Yet Not Enough.
"What's the matter, Willie," asked
grandma. "Old you eat too much
dinner?"
"No," sobbed the little fellow, "I'm
just feeling bad 'cause I didn't eat
enough to make me feel uncomfur-lma."
frequently causes an uncomfortable
fullness, which, if continued, results in
a form of Indigestion."
The principal directions of one emi
nent specialist on digestive troubles
are, in most every case which comes to
him. to eat much less and chew it
more.
Better to Eat Little.
"If the time that can bo devoted to a
meal is short," be says, "It would be
well to remember that a small quantity
of nourishing food, properly masti
cated, is more beneficial than a larger
amount poorly chewed and swallowed
in a hurry. The best plan I know la
to leave the table without entirely sat
isfying one's hunger, while another
baked apple or piece of beef would
taste good.
"Dinner being the principal meal of
the day, more solid foods are generally
served, and for that reason alone more
time is required In properly eating It.
A few minutes should be given in tak
ing soup, which can be chewed or swal
lowed like fluids, according to the In
dividual desire. Many persons believe
that milk Bhould always be chewed.
Two-thirds of the dinner hour,
or longer, if convenient, should
be used In eating meats, veg
etables, etc., and the remainder
of the period given over to the mas
tication of deserts, which, If of pastry
I !l
COMMON MEADOW MUSHROOM.
Edible and Delicious,
or cake, require about half aa long a
time as the chewing of meats.
"Persons who have vigorous exercise
and sit up late Bhould have a fourth
meal at about 11 or 12 o'clock. This
should be the lightest of tdL
"Foods fried should be chewed a
longer time than those prepared by
boiling, baking or roasting, for they
are harder to digest, and for that rea-
Xo Four Flu shine.
The rrohldenl Mauds pat on the.
American navy. And yet h maintains
that It needs romdant revision. Now
let us take tho problem home with us
and work It out by tho use of a HtU
midnight Rockefeller.
Kirk's
AMCK.CAN CROWN
SOAP
'a a preen a.wp, mnnUtenry of paat. a perfect
cl.miM-r for uiii...iu.'.i:o imi hinory and at'
vein. will n. t n Jure tho moat highly
H.lnl..'d kiirf.iie. Mitilo from ptiro veirvtablo
oda. If your dealer i!ol imt carry Anicrtcuii
(. row tl Hoop in kt'i k, M-nd u hl nam and
aMicn niu. Vc will aro that your wants are,
mipjihed. 1'ut up in Itt and U) lb palla.
James S. Kirk & Company
CHICAGO ILL.
Foster's Ideal
Cribs
Accident Proof
STOP YOUR RUNAWAY
JT .ITS I'NM l
ff AN 1 I
if BUCKLES 1
I crownWcc tl
v tJHiuii y I -
NONE C.r.NUINC
UNLrS MAMI'tO
SAFETY RCIN
t
You Cn Do It rvrftT TIME
With A
inn 5AI RTY REIN
PRICE, COMPLETE, f .VlX)
Eiprtmg Prepaid
Mo mort Smaih-upt; No. mora
tlx Loit; Can b bucklo4
on, In a mlnuta, fo ant Brldl:
WORKS INDEPENDENTLY OF THE DRIVING REINS.
Writ for deacrlptlna circular. Ire on application, to
ui;i;k manupactuwixi
47 exchange place. new york.
TII15
OO.,
Will Hlop uny II or ho or ifnnry llrtunilml.
International Harvester Co.
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