THE PICTURESQUE DAIRIES
OF EUROPE.
Government Investigation Shows
Them Below the American Standard.
GUY ELLIOTT MITCHELL
We often hear of the model dairies
of Europe, co-operative dairies into
which a spwk of dirt is never allowed
to lodge, of Danish butter that is In
truth a dream and brings a fabulous
price, of eggs guaranteed fresh and
country-like, and other reports of the
way they do things on the fine old
farms of Europe until one begins to
think that one can not be more than
half living In this country. But how
much of this sort of thing will bear
Investigation and close analysis?
The Dairy Division of the United
Sates Department of Agriculture is a
progressive and useful institution and
has done several things to destroy
prevailing fallacies and incidentally
establish the fact that American meth
ods as a whole. In at least some phases
of agriculture, are as far if not farther
advanced than those of any other coun
try. Not the least interesting of such In
formation gathered was that collected
by the late Henry E. Alvord, for many
years the chief of the Dairy Division,
in a tour of the countries of Europe
SELLIXG MILK IS DENMARK
for the purpose of looking into the
dairy industry of the continent
Major Alvord stated first, upon his
return home, that while the United
States has never evolved a strictly
dairy cow of Its own, it has now noth
ing to gain through the importation
of new blood from Great Britain, the
Channel Islands, the Netherlands, Den
mark or France. There are many pic
turesque and useful breeds of milch
cattle in these countries but they do
not compare, he stated, with the adapt
ed American breeds. For instance,
Danish Prize
Winners.
Brittany, In the north of France, has
within its borders pretty, active little
black-and-white cattle with marked
dairy characteristics, producing often
an astounding quantity of milk for
their size, but they are believed to be
useful in the United States only as
playthings.
American Cow Stables Upto Averaee
In the stabling and general care of
dairy cows no foreign country shows,
In general practice, any methods or
conditions better than our own. While
the average conditions throughout the
country are undoubtedly far from
what they should be, tho United States
H
h&A 1 I I- 1
" Jbi ti; ..L,Lm&, m
MODEL CO-OPERATIVE FRENCH
CUEAMEUV
farjner and dairyman are making as
rapid strides forward as can be found
anywhere. ,
Major Alvord found comparatively
few places in Holland and Switzerland
where there Is such close relationship
between the dairy cows and families
of connecting apart
ments, so often described In poetic
fanev bv Europeat traveler. These
i
I
Is V "w
1.1 1
tiv..wM V.T't'f jy-JE
X en fn as" a member of the
m . . t - 1. . W V AltA KA
family thev do in no Place in me nnrrnoun.
Pnitid States but they are the excep- Major Alvord found it ln,v.slMo to
Hon Stables which In summer are draw any comparisons between the
converted Into conservatories and methods of cheese-making and the re
rooms for weaving and cheese curing suits In this country and those abroad,
are the unusual and show places. The It Is believed that the American fac
constructlon of cow stables generally in tory system, common to the United
the dairy countries of the Old World States and Canada. Is superior to any
is of a substantial nature, with little, thing elsewhere, lu variety and fancy
regard paid to light and ventilation, cheese this continent can not yet at-
COMBINED DWELLING AND COW STABLE IN DENMARK-STABLE IN FRONT
conveniences of arrangement or ease
in i-ixmine. While much attention is
paid to cleaning cow stables, it is ap
parently more from an appreciation of
the value of the manure than from an
efTort to have sanitary conditions in
the dairy.
Foreigners Provide Cood Feed.
There is one thing where Europeans
may be ahead of Americans. They
seem to e better versed in the feeding
of cattle. Even the poorest peasants
do not hestitate to purchase concentra
tpd rattle foods where necessary, yet it
appears that the only reason the na
tives can give for this practice Is the
stereotyped answer: "My father did
BO."
The American farmer. Major Alvord
thought, has undoubtedly a much more
intelligent knowledge of the principles
of feeding, but there is probably more
carelessness and waste In feeding ani
mals of all kinds In America than any
where else in the world.
Tho mint AHtnnlshin? feature of Eu
rope in the care of milk on the farm is
tho ontlrA fihsprif nf refrigeration in
France, and the general ignoring 01
the valuo nt cold in dairying. In the
matter of dairy appliances ana equip
ment, the United states is surpassed
iiv nn nthpr ennntrv althoueh Den
mark and parts of Great Britain stand
nhnut an wpll
In most big cities of Europe there
are a few well-conducted milk delivery
establishments, such as are usually
found In our smallest cities, while in
some localities dairy animals are
driven through the streets and milked
at customers' doors. Milch cows are
managed In the same way even in the
best streets of Paris and of Rome.
Paris probably has the poorest milk
service of any of the large cities. Dur
ing the Exposition at Paris in July,
1900, a special show of perishable dairy
products was held as an annex to that
exposition.
Paris Milk Exhibit Very Poor.
While the French producers had
every opportunity of exhibiting their
frnrula In tho hout nnauililo fihnno tho
only samples of natural milk and
cream, absolutely tree from cnemical
preservatives and uncooked, which
were sweet and palatable after noon
of the exhibition day, were from the
dairies in New York and New Jersey,
then eighteen days from the cow! The
American products had been preserved
solely by cleanliness and cold. Major
Alvord made the statement on his re
turn from Europe that no mllk-Bupply
company in Europe could duplicate this
performance,
la butter-making, while there la am-
pie room for Improvement In our coun
try, the only foreign country from
which the United States can possibly
learn anything Is Denmark. There the
lest creameries are nioilels of cleanli
ness, good order, and systematic man
agement. But all these detaila are ac
complished only through a lavish ex
penditure of labor which would appal
an American creamery manager. It Is
not an uncommon thing for six or
eight persons to be constantly em
ployed for six or eight hours a day.
turnkig out a quantity of butter which
Is ordinarily made In this country by
a man and a boy who nave ait me worn
nn.shed dily at 3 or 4 o'clock In the
tempt to compete with the Old World.
In nriljr to learn the bottom facts
about making any of the famous spe
cialties in cheese. It is necessary to go
to tho locality where they originate.
Making Dairy Work Popular.
Americans find novelty in Europe In
the fairs" and "markets" where prod
ucts of the dairy are sold to the highest
bidder. In Normandy the wives and
daughters of farmers and peasants as
semble by the hundred in the parks or
along the streets, selling their
mottes" of butter. The cheese fairs
of Frome, England,- and Kilmarnock,
Scotland, and the street markets of
Alkmaar, Hoorn, and Utrecht. Holland,
also present lively and Interesting
spectacles in connection with the sale
of dairy products.
Major Alvord's observations show
that while too much can not be said
of the industry, frugality and thrift of
Europe's dairymen, a close comparison
leads one to feel that the conditions of
the Industry in the United States are
decide lly more satisfactory in almost
every particular.
Wholesome Cider Vinegar.
Tn nn nrHinnrv chean restaurant the
safest thing to do if you wish to use
some vinegar on your food is to try and
get half a lemon. Then you will know
that you are not eating out the lining
of your stomach with caustic chemi
cals. Vast quantities of "pure cider
vinogar" ate quite innocent of the
meaning of apples and are distinctly
injurious, being purchased by the re
tail dealer in barrels, at seven to ten
cents a gallon, which every apple grow
er knows is a prohibitive price ior
cider vinegar. However, real rl ler
vinpenr is a rood condiment. The rea
son it can not be sold for the prices at
which chemical vinegar is onereu is
that it takes from one to three years
to make properly.
The cider first must go tnrougn me
nrocess of alcoholization, and then be
changed into acetic acid. There are
methods of artificially hastening this
process, but the product is not first
class, and it can only be done on a
s&Mfc - TV - f. - ' -
5 Wlhen Alexander ; asfed Kis Aunt
y - fet grew on
' (like 'dcnstfeve&y
largo acalo. Tho ordinary bin green
cucumber pickles are usually quite
free from cider vinegar. The only way
to make th"n edible la to soak trtt
pickles In strong brine, to extract the
acid then to soak them In water to
get out tho b'-lne. and finally pickle
them In real vinegar.
Pure vlnegrr can bo made as well
from other fruits a from apples,
llrapes. plums, and other frulta which
contain a considerable proportion of
sugar, which Is converted Into alcohol
and then Into acetic acid, make good
vinegar.
The Department of Agriculture has
in preHs a shart bulletin on vinegars,
which can e hail upon application to
members of Congress. It la known as
Farmers' Bulletin No. 2113 and Is com
piled from the work of tho various
agricultural experiment sUUlotis on
thH subject.
Thoroughbred Milch Gouts.
Among the various European milch
gnats the Spanish gnat Is mild
to bo foremost In the quantity and
quality of milk given. The accom
panying Illustration Is from a photo
graph taken by Explorer David tl. Fair
child, of the Department of Agrlctil-
SPANISH MILCU UOAT
ture. while be was touring Spain
making observations of the utllcli
sunt Industry of that country
The remarkable' size of udder of this
goat is nothing abnormal among the
Spanish goats, but on tho other hand
is the general rule. Many of those
goats give eight quarts of milk a day.
BricTs Fnm Everywhere,
British Columbia Is the only British
province in America which has pre
wrvcl the old English custom which
obliges Judges to Wenr wigs.
In Arizona Indian children mny be
seen catching ants and eating them,
and In Mexico the honey ant Is eagerly
sought after by the natives as an ar
ticle of food.
Nine-tenths of the people of Persia
are Mahometans.
The Irish br;s, it is suited, could pro
duce fifty million tons of peat a year
for one thousand years.
The steel in the modern band saw Is
of finer quality and will stand rougher
usage than the far-famed Damascus
blade of the ancients.
The physician in China collects no
fee, but receives a percentage of the
money paid to the apothecary.
Zorene, a new chemical compound,
will, it is said, double the life of metals
exposed to the air. such as bridges,
vessels, tanks and the like.
An adulterator of food In Germany
Is liable to a term of imprisonment of
six months and a fine of 1.200 marks.
A man will die for want of sleep In
about ten days and for want of air in
about five minutes.
A taplandcr will sometimes travel
on skates one hundred and fifty miles
in a day.
Cromwell was a gypsy baiter. He
once ordered them expelled from Eng
land and if they refused to depart by
the next wind they should be hanged
without delay.
A bee, carrying no burden, will fly
at the rate of forty miles an hour.
Carrying a load of honey his speed Is
reduced to about twelve rallea.
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