FAMOUS NAVAL BATTLES OF THE WORLD OID MUCH FOR ’FRISCO. The Late Ex-Mayor Sutro -Jade Many Gifts to the Pacific Metropolis. San Francisco lost one of her best known and most philanthropic citizens in the death of ex-Mayor Adolph Sutro. He was a man of many peculiar char­ acteristics, but withal a most generous giver, a..d his name will long be held in remembrance by the people of San Francisco for the many splendid gifts he made to the city. Adolph Sutro was born sixty-eight years ago Ln Prussia of Jewish parents. He came to the United States in 1850, when the gold fever was at its height, and was lured with countless others to the shores of the Pacific. It was not long after that the great Comstock lode began to turn out its millions and at­ tracted the attention of the world. The mines soon got down so deep that there appeared to be no way to drain them, and the heat was so intense from lack of ventilation that the miners could not work. Sutro, who hail studied engi­ neering, conceived the scheme of con­ structing an enormous tunnel under the lode which should connect the shafts and relieve them. He got capitalists to back him up, and in October, 1878, a tunnel twelve feet wide, ten feet high, and with its branches over five miles long had been completed. It proved a success. The mining companies, how­ ever, refused to share revenues with the tunnel company. Sutro therefore closed the- tunnel and brought every- body to terms, as the lode could not be worked without using it. When the tunnel was In full opera- tion Sutro unloaded it at a handsome profit, wandered about Europe for a time, picked ufi a wondrous library and Wheelmen generally will be interest­ ed In a recently patented and decidedly novel device designed to change the present principle of applying [tower to the bicycle. The rider simply moves his legs up and down, almost vertically. He thus saves all that power that is now lost in making the complete revo­ lution on the pedal. The device consists of two spur wheels, the one on the rear hub being two Inches in diameter. The ANOTHER BICYCLE IMPROVEMENT. other, which is attached to the rear frame, is six inches in diameter. Two arms, connecting with cranks, move up and down as the power is applied, and the wheel moves off. It is claimed, with even less friction than does the chain less wheel and with great saving in the amount of power. The two spur wheels are neatly covered and the general ap­ pearance of the wheel is not altered. The December Race, MAGINE a fleet of 5,000 war vessels armed with more than 2.000 new style guns, some weighing 100 tons, and ac­ tually manned by 5110,000 men, with many reserves, and you have the naval force of the world marshaled in one graud body. Salamis and Manila are the naval antipodes of history. Salamis was the first great recorded laittie. It drove the I’ersiaus from Greek soil. From crude galley ships, propelled by oars, naval pro­ gress has advanced to a stage which al most reaches the limit of terrible de­ struction. One battleship like the Oregon could have destroyed the Spanish armada nnd its English foe. There an- guns on the Oregon which consume l.OtM) pounds of gunpowder in a single discharge, while the most formidable guns in the armada service consumed four and a half pounds to the charge. Although Ironclads were used to some extent in the civil war, in the Chinese- Japanese war, in minor engagements be­ tween the Peruvian nnd Chilian fleets and the Russo-Turkish war in 1877, the Span­ ish-American fight in the Philippines and at Santiago, marks the first conflict be­ tween ironclads in which the great sen monsters of modern warfaro received n fair test. In naval warfare it is the same as in land warfare. The whole history of the art has been divided into tactical periods ushered in more or less directly by some great tactical discovery, Such diacoveries have consisted not only of new armuge uients anil maneuvers, but of improved vteapons aa well—Improved defensive ar­ mor or improved motive power. When the Tyrrhenian Peesai su* added a sharp beak to the prow of the ancient galley he intro­ duced a feature of greater tactical Import than the oft-quoted Invention of iron ram­ rods of the Dessaure or of the needle-gun by Mr. Dreyse, As the Pyrric phalanx succumbed to the more open array the lighter weapons of tbe Roman legion and the Swiss hereeaon to the short swords of closed fighting of Gonsoloo's infantry, so the old line of battle was pierced and broken by tbe new tactics, which Paul Hoste, the Jesuit, the clerk of Eldin and Rodney and Nelsou put into practice. I In the battle of Artemesitun, about 500 B. C., an engagement which was of more political thau military importance, which t.ie Theban poet celebrated as the “place where tbe sot» of Athens Laid the shining groundwork of freedom," the Greeks adopted a very remarkable order of battle. Their fleet was Inferior to that of the Per­ sians. which was large enough to literally surround them. The Greeks, appreciat ing the fatality of adopting the old forma­ tion, formed their fleet in a circle, with their prows facing the surrounding en­ emy, and then darted forth to tweak the shipmade wall. As a result the Persians lost thirty vessels The Greeks were nom- Inally defeate<1, although the net result was in their favor. This was perhaps the 6rst great naval battle of which we have any knowledge, although the battle of Sa­ lamis is usually credited as the first great recorded sea fight. Ramming as a method of aggressive naval warfare la almost as old ns naval history, and has not yet t>ecn abandoned, although the improvements in shipbuild­ ing have rendered it leas effective. The Invention of gunpowder found a slow re­ sponse in the methods of naval warfare, galleys forming a considerable part of the navy until the eighteenth century. In the reign of Edwacd III., when the English fought the French at Blays, the former stood off on the starboard tack and ma­ neuvered so as to tnrn on the pursuing French and, aided by the tun at their tacka, lathed their veasele to the French fleet and crippled their antagonleta with I lances, 6words nnd every sort of weapon they could lay their hands an. Same Mode of Attack. as In the fight between Pembroke and the Spaniard Rny Diaz De Rosas, near Ro­ chelle, although cannon were used nlmoet for the first time on sea, the name mode of attack prevailed. Pembroke was made prisoner after four of tbe enemy’s vessels had been lashed to his vessels. In fact, all the records of ancient naval warfare seem to indicate that sea fighting was lit­ tle more than land fighting. The contend­ ing fleets would be lashed togvtlier and tlie men would fight hand to hand until one of the principals surrendered. The Spanish armada, with its 130 vessels, was little more than a series of Homeric duels. The »hips wen- clumsy and unwieldy, commu­ nication was effected by means of small boats and most of the destruction was wrought by fireships. Guns cut little figure, and most of the Spanish vessels, it appears, wen- destroyed by violent storms, in open sea. Even as late as 11192, when Admiral' Russell of England engaged the French iti a series of sea fights known as the battle of I»a Hague, he positively for­ bade his men to fire on the French until his opponent, Tourville, had taken his dis­ tance? In laittle army. One English ad­ miral in a battle with the French forbade his men firing until the enemy had fired the first shot, an incident which furnishes a precedent for President McKinley’s re­ ported order to Captain Sampson. It was not until forty years ago that the ironclad ent any figure in uaval warfare. At the great battle of Trafalgar in 1805, in which Nelson was killed, only a hand­ ful of powder was used In a discharge, and the guns were all twelve and six p-nnders. It Is a remarkable fact that England herself, the lender of the world as a sea fighter, weighed down by a can­ kerous stretch of [»■ace. has not tired a shot, metaphorically speaking, in four de­ cades. The boinl-ordmeut of Alexandria lu 1882 wns not an exception, as England was then simply firing ut a target, having no opposition whatever. Neither were the efforts of the Chilians and Peruvians in their late belligerency of any avail in af­ fording a clew to the great problem of the ironclads. Tbe attempts made by the vessels of China and Japan four yenrs ago wen- anxiously awaited by the rest of tlie world, and, although they wen- on a more extended scale than any previously made, they still failed to furnish an exhi­ bition of the ri-nl merits or demerits of the iron monsters. Japan's smaller ships got the better of China's heavier craft with the same ease with which American soldiers prevailed over Pekin’s raw land levies, • Originated tn America. It was America, however, that Intro­ duced the ironclad to the world, and the duels between the Monitor and the Merri­ mac were pathfinders In the new and un­ certain warfare which defies wooden beaks and ships of fire. As a result of the Spanish war, the whole world has t-een thrown on the defensive. Almost Immediately after the United States vot­ ed a naval appropriation of $50,000,000 Russia rot aside the same a monnt for the construction of men-of-war and England ordered built eighteen battleships to her annual budget of thirty-two crulrora. for­ ty-one torpedo boat destroyers and eleven »ther war vessels. Next to the English come the French, with a total of 000 ves- sels of war. and the United States has quickly come to the front as a naval pow­ er. Her vessels are not as heavy as those of her cousins, but they excel in speed and American seamen have always rank­ ed a-lth the best In tbe world. To recount the most famous naval bat­ tles I* history Is like recounting the most famous poets, military leaders and states­ men. It is all a matter of judgment, and no two lists would be alike. The follow­ ing, however, are among the leaders: Artemisinin—Greeks virtually defeat Per sinus with superior fleet, 500 B. C. Salamis—Greeks, with 880 small war gal- leys defeat Persians with $00 ships, the former losing forty galleys and the intter twenty galleys. Loss of life on both sides estimated from 5.000 to 50.000; 480 R. C. Wlnchelseo—English defeat forty Spanish vessels and capture twenty-six. August, 1350. Harfleur—English capture or destroy 500 French vessels, Aug. 15, 1410, Bay of Lepanto— Venetian sad Span­ ish fleets defeat Turkish fleet under l’asha All; Christian fleet consisted of 250 ships and more than 50,000 men, and Turks commanded superior force; only thirty Turk­ ish vessels escaped: 10,000 TursB were taken and 25,000 slain; Christians lost 10,000 men; 1571. Gibraltar bay—THitch defeat the Spanish, April 25, 1607. Dover strait»- I Hitch destroy the English fleet, Nov. 29. 1652. Portsmouth—English defeat the Ihitch and destroy eleven men-of-war and thirty merchantmen. Feb. 18, 1653. North Foreland—One hundred English nnd Dutch men-of-war engaged; eleven I>utch ’ taken and six sunk; June X 1653. Coast of Holland—English snuk thirty Dutch man-of-war, July 31, 1653, Santa Crus—Spanish tle<«t burned by the English. April 20. 1057. Harwich—Dutch lose eighteen ships to the English, June 28. 1665. Thames- Dutch lose to the English twen­ ty-four men-of-war. four admirals killed nnd 4,000 seamen. July 25, 1666. Messina-Spanish fleet, twenty-nine ves­ sels, destroyed by tbe English. July 31. 1718. Gibraltar—English defeuted combined fleets of Spain and France, Sept 13, 1782. St. Vincent—English, with fifteen vessels, defeated Spanish with twenty-seven vessels, Feb. 13, 1797. Battle of the Nile—English under Nelson defeat the French and capture and destroy eleven vessels and kill nearly 1.000 men un­ der Admiral Brueys, Aug. 1. 1798. Trafalgar—Nelson sunk nineteen French nnd Spanish vessels, lighting twenty seven ships against thirty-three of the combined fleet; Nelson killed; Oct. 21. 1805. Navarino—The fleets of England, France and Russia destroy thirty Turkish men-of- war, Oct. 20, 1827. lain Hirer—Japanese defeat Chinese; heavy losses on both sides. Chinese losing four vessels and 600 men; Sept. 17, 18M. Noted American Fight«, Among the noted American kittles nre the following: Coast of Scotland—l’nul Jones captures the Serapis and SeartKirough, seventy guns Sept. 23, 1770. Off St. IUtt's—Tbe Constellation, twenty- six guns, captures the French L'Insurgeant, forty gun a Feb. 9, 1779. Const of United States—Constitution, for­ ty-font guns, sinks the Guerrlere. thirty­ eight guns. In thirty minutes Aug 19. 1812. Madeira—Uulted States forty-four guns, captures tbe Macedonian, forty gnus, Oct.' 25, 1811 Brasil—Constitution captures tbe Java. Deo 29, 1812. Luke Erie—Perry, with flfty-fonr guns, de­ feats English fleet with sixty-three guns Sept. 10, 1813. Lake Champaln—McDonough, with elghty- slx guns, defeats English fleet with ninety- six gnus Sept. 11, 1814. Manila—Commodore Dewey, with six ves­ sels defeats the Spanish under Admiral Montejo with eighteen vessels sinking elev­ en of the Spaniards nnd withdrawing un­ scathed. May L 1818. Santiago-Commodore Schley, with six vessels totally destroyed the entire Spanish fleet under Cervera. But one American wns killed, while tbe Spanish lost 000 killed and 1,100 taken prisoners Pnssing by the battle of Salamis, which was in reality nothing more than a land battle on galleys the aucevss of the victor depending largely upon favorable winds and formidable crew«, the next most im­ portant naval battle of the world was that fought In the boy of Lepanto in 1(171 be­ tween the papal. Venetian and Spanish fleets and that of Selim, Sultan of Con­ stantinople. The Christian fleet consist­ ed of 25est marksmen lr abounds in instances of daring at sea. ths i the world. It Is called ’back shooting.’ destruction of ships and loss of men. but The bead, as one will see by the Ulus it was not until Csvmmodore I>ewey open- I ed fire on the Spanish fleet In Manila hay I tration, is supported by a wrist-strap. that the full strong voice of the modern The Judge—And for the levity with man-of-war was heard. Aa for the strength of the various :ia- ! which you have conducted yourself tions of the world, figures indicate little. during your trial I shall give you an Suffice it to say that England and France additional fine of $10. How does that are strong leaders, with Russia. Germany, suit you? The Villain—That is what I Italy and the United States all within would call extra fine—ImlUnapolia hailing distance. Journal. r ’ ' — There are times when the absence of, itlng a woman from wearing a Mother Hubbard except on days when the ther­ cnuiklJQeaa shows tbe absence of Senac. I I mometer is above 95, i When Tom Cooper retires from the racing field it will be as a rich man. He has carefully hoarded his money, and has Invested it in telephone stock that has trebled in value and which Is now paying a handsome dividend. Eddie Bold is laying by a snug sum, and al­ though this is not Invested as lucrative­ ly and advantageously as the money of Cooper, Bold will not quit the game poor. Cyclists in Chicago. It is estimated that there were at least 300,000 cyclists tn Chicago last year, and that this year the number will reach 500,000. Ponltry Schools in France. England imports eggs and poultry to the value of $23,000,000, while France exports $70,1X10,000 of the same. France has a number of poultry schools, where pupils are regularly trained in rearing fowls, managing incubators, curing dia­ bases, etc.. 30,000 chickens being hatch­ ed each season at the GumtmLs school. The pupils pay for their instruction, and work from 6 a. m. to 8 p. m., three of the hours being devoted to study. Scholarships are founded for the bene­ fit of those unable to afford the tuition fee. The highest prized American coin Is the Lord Baltimore farthing, a tiny piece, for wbleh as high aa $300 ban been paid. ¥ 4 *