Good
One of the most thriving trolno
n the United St&toa today and which
vnilnsl carries on lu work rvpird
loss of the fluctuation of stocks on
the great cschma Is the growing
and ell;nr of seed. Troia tiuall bo
glnnlugs la the colonial period this
business has grown so that novr Its
ralue In measured by tho tens of mil
lions. The first bopinnmjj of the food
business commenced In small shops
where a fevr boxes of seed shared a
comer with codtlsh or a shelf with
calicoes or books. To-day It has come
to claim for Itself Immense ware
bouses and business establishments,
baring Interests which extend to
every portion of the globe.
The rilsrlms probably were the first
Introducers of seeds Into this country,
for they brought with them seeds of
the plaiits cultivated by them In their
J)
BEATING OUT HEMP SEED IN KEN.
TUCKY.
Kngllsh and Putch homes. These of
course were of such plants as were
considered necessaries of life corn
barley uud peas while fruit trees
we re also set out.
Early records show that in 17K.
Nathaniel Bird, a book-dealer of New
port, 11. 1., advertised garden seeds
just arrived from London. The fol
lowing year an announcement was
made by Gideon Welles that be had
some eholee (Vnntvtieut onion seeds
for sale. In New York city hemp and
flax seeds were advertised for sale as
early as 17t!5. lioston. however, be
ing the commercial center In the early
days, was the chief city for the sale
of garden seeds. In 1707 out of twenty-six
advertisers In the Boston Ga
zette, six were dealers in seeds. Dur-
Nebraska,
A Few
Pumpkins
For Seed
Ing the War for Independence the ad
vertising of this commodity appar
ently ceased, although it is hardly be
lieved that there was not a time but
what one could purchase seeds in any
of the large cities of that period,
A Pioneer Seedsman.
In 17S4, David Landreth commenced
operations in Philadelphia; Bernard
M'Mabon, in that same city in 1S00,
while in 1S3, Grant Thorburn began
to sell seeds In New York. By 1S30
the population had increased from
about three million In 1790, to ten
and a half millions. To meet the
growing demand for vegetables and
flowers, these ten and a half millions
required more than three and a half
times as many seeds as were used in
1700. Dealers established themselves
In the principal cities and crossed the
mountains.
Along with the reaching out for
trade came the Increasing size and
prominence of the catalogue. The ear
liest seed catalogues were mere lists
not intended for general distribution.
Thorburn probably Issued the first
seed catalogue as early as 1823.
shortly after the civil war the cata
logue became more' prominent. Its
size was increased and a few illustra
tions appeared. Novelties were not as
numerous twenty years ago as they
are xoaay; xney were not given so
much attention either. Today there is
not an important catalogue but gives
considerable space to novelties,
Seedsmen are on the alert for novel
ties; they are the money makers. The
modern catalogue, with its profusely
Illustrated pages while in a sense the
Harvesting
ifst!''! mm ifi
fwfeftllil' Itilr
HOW THE ELEPHANT GOT BIS TCSE3,
Growing Seeds for Market
Seeds Are Half the Battle
GUY ELLIOTT MITCHELL
need man's acinit. is a text-book of hor
ticulture. Millions of the luniks find
their way Into rural homes and become
the basis by which the amateur gard
ener derives a knowledge of varieties
and even methods of growing plant
under Tarted conditions.
Seed Crowing a Bis Industry
The seed trade has changed quite as
much as has the catalogue, first with
Its woodcut engravings, to excellent
FIELD CROWN LILIES FOB Pl'US.
half-tones and color plates. The bar
rel of pas tirst sold In Newiwrt has
grown to hundreds of bags, aud the
few thousand packets to millions. The
modern seed house has every mechani
cal contrivance to aid In making the
business economical and systematic.
From the cellar to the mailing room
cverythiutr is so arranged that orders
may be tilled with accuracy aud dis
patch. During the late summer and
early fall catalogues are prepared for
mailing, and seeds packed iti r.viuivo
for distribution. While one hundred
letters a day was considered a large
business thirty years ago, some houses
row receive over six thousand daily
during the busy season.
Of course to supply this enormous
trade much attention must be pa hi to
the growing of the seed. The present
development of garden-seed growing
began when David I-andreth estnli
lished a small seed farm at Philadel
phia in 17! During the Civil War
this country largely depended upon
foreljm markets for seeds, but between
18W and 1870 as many seed farms
were established as had tx-en during
the thirty years before the conflict.
Growers also became expert and the
market gardener found he could get
from the seedmen Just ns pood seed
as he could save himself and at less
cost The business of seed-raising In
creased rapidly after the war, farms
being established in various parts of
the eastern United States. In 1873
soed growing commenced in Califor
nia, when It. W. Wilson planted 51
acres to beets, onions, lettuce and car
rots for seed purposes.
Two Thousand Acre Seed Farm.
Prom this beginning the business lin.
grown to enormous proportions. Now
a single firm of growers devotes annu
ally some 2,000 acres to seed crops.
Onion and lettuce are staple seed
crops, while carrot, cehTy, leek, en
dive, kale, kohl-rabl, jarsnlps and
parsley are all grown by California
seed growers.
While the cenRus of 1800 showed
that there were in the United States
500 seed farms, containing 1(50,580
acres, the census of 1900, with incom
plete returns, slwwed more than 2,500
seed farms. The Census Ofllce made
an effort to collect statistics of seed
crowing farms, but owing to the re
fusal of a number of the large firms
handling seed to furnish the names of
the farmers growing seed for theni,
the information secured was very In
complete. Not a small part of sped-growing Is
devoted to the raising of flower seed.
Flower seeds have been regularly
grown in this country for at least fifty
years, The amount raised, even at
tha present time, is not sufficient to
meet the trade aud the creator part of
the flower-aecd aold Is Imported from
Europe.
Importance of Seed Testing.
Slue the data of tradition a great
deal of attention has been paid to
seed testlug for quality of germina
tion. Seed have been floated or have
been heated uutll they popped; they
have been broken and the fracture
uotcd: they have been cut and Judged
by the appearance of the Inside.
Various experiment stations of the
United States havt for a long time,
paid much attention to practical seed
testing. The Department of Agricul
ture for nearly eight year has con
ducted a trial ground lu connection
With Its seed laboratory where studies
of varieties are made. Samples are
also planted t the vast qua initio of
shhI sent out for ConcreKslonal dis
tribution. The Department has in fact
done much to purge the country of
dishonest seed dealers, aud a farce
force is constantly employed Bccurlug
seeds from dealers aud testing them,
A CLOVER SEED STORE-HOUSE.
l)th with regard to their germlnatlve
quality and their trueness to name.
There Is great opportunity for adulter
ation, and many farmers are apt to
consider they are saving money if they
can get seids at a reduced rate, llnd-
Ing out when It is too late that they
have leen swindled with f ilse varie
ties or that perhaps 50 m-r cent, of
their seeds fail utterly of germination.
Personal Seed Teats.
The average farmer, however, would
do well to carry on a little seed test
ing establishment of his own each
year, and this course Is advocated by
the Department of Agriculture. In
, . ' f('4vi Ji h;iiyi-
A CALIFORNIA
fact, the" Department will send any
body a pamphlet describing simple
methods of testing seeds.
Finns with any reputation ln-hind
them can not afford to work off poor
seeds, and if a lot of seed is tested
and found to be defective in germlna
tlve qualities, the seedsmen will prob
ably stand ready to supply n good arti
cle in its place. The fault.ln fact, may
not be the seed man's. Although the
seed dealers attempt to convey the
idea that they raise their own seeds
on their own farms, such a practice is
manifestly Impossible where vast sup
plies of seeds are furnished. They
raise some of the seeds, but large
quantities are contracted for by them
with other growers and farmers, and
there Is always a chance of the seeds
men themselves being imposed upon.
So that it Is well for tho individual
grower to test each batch of farm or
garden seeds which lie expects to
plant The test which he can make
will show 1dm nothing regarding vari
eties; he may bo getting a common
cabbage instead of some high-priced
novelty, that can only be determined
at tho end of the year: but the gov
ernment experiments along this line
are effectually holding the more irre
sponsible seedsmen In line, and the
farmer himself can cheek up with his
seedsmen on the question of germi
nation. Seeds Cermlnate Quickly,
Most seeds will germinate in from
three to ten days. The apparatus re
quired is very simple a pan, some
cotton flannel or cotton batting, a little
U r -h- . .. ..... . L'V" v" . ' ' "Wr' J i
Bl I r . -1. . J-. I,.n ;
water snd a warm pUc tn th
k::dn;n, A listen la time cftvn atv
nine, and a Utile trouble a tuonta t
fore pUuttng time may mala the
farmer or the gardener rouldcraM
money and conduce greatly to hU hp
plncfts aud good tamper. .Nothing l
certainly more acicmvsttng than to
plow, fine the rrouud well, ptaut, and
then, as the golden moments of sprlm;
Klip by. wait In ruin for t young
pUnts to appear, or vecuro only a half
stand.
TBS tl'OOPMAyS STRIDE,
Vlth a Long Swinging Step, Ht
Covers Much Ground and l're
serves Perfect Balance.
A woodman walks with a rolling
motion, hi hips swaying an lucii or
more to the stepping side, aud hU pace
is correpoiullnj;ly long, ills hip ac
tion may be noticed to an exaw'kvrntod
degree In the stride of a protessloual
pedestrian, but the latter walks with a
heel-and toe step, whereas an Indian's
or sailor's step Is more nearly flat footed.
In the latter case the center of gravity
U covered by the whole foot The oU
is as secure as tWt of a rojo walker.
The toes are polutcd straight forward,
or even a trill inward, so that the in
side of the heel, the outside of the ball
of the foot, and the smaller toes all do
their share of work and assist lu bal
ancing. Walking in the woods in this
manner, one is not so likely to trip over
projecting roots, stones and other traps
as bo would be If the feet formed
hook by pointing outward. Tito ad
vantage is obvious In snowhhoelng. If
the Indian were turned to stone while
In the act of stepping, the statue would
probably stand balanced on one foot.
His gait gives the limbs great control
over bis movements. He is always
poised. If a stick cracks under him it
Is because of his weight, and nt hy
reason of the Impact lie goes slleutty
on, and with great economy of form
Ills steady balance enable blin to put
his foot down as p-ntly as you would
lay an egg on the table,
American Cheese Iroductloa,
Twenty years ap the cheese supply
of Great Britain was largely furnished
by the United States, but b-day Can
ada has taken the lead and far out
strlpivd us as an exporter of thl com
UKMlity. Iu ISM) the United State
sent 131.2tKS.77d pound of cheese to
Great Britain, while in 10H only
25,l.s.DtW pounds were shlppt-d to that
country. Canada, on the other hand,
exported over ai.txx'.'Wi pounds twenty-five
years ago as nsalnst Ul-.siU.Vt-'J
pounds last year. This loss of trade,
however, has Hot becu injurious, but
on the other hand. Is caused through
an excess of consumption at home over
production, while reverse conditions
prevail with our Canadian neighbor.
Canada was thus forced b seek the
British markets for her plethora and
to till up the place left vacant In that
market by the withdrawal of tho Unit
ed States therefrom.
While the United Slates. In
Is), manufactured nearly NJ.noO.Ooo
pounds of cheese, the p-r capita fac
tory production was only 3.7 pounds,
when'as, on tho other hand, lu 1WU,
Canada produced '."J I.Oon.oi) Ntunds,
furnishing nearly 4.H pounds for each
Inhabitant. It is therefore shown, by
X rejKrt from Consul-General llollo
way, of Halifax, that the Cuuadlan
exjHrt trade to which every one of
our netghliora itoluts with pride was
not pained nt the expense or tho Unit
ed States, fur they must export their
chccs or get "snowed under." The
United State can tut keep t'p in pro
duction with our lucreusuig home con
sumption. Mulberry fences.
There are hut few fenfics in Ja
pan. The mulherry treo Is planted In
stead, the leaves of which furnish food
for silk worms. Nearly 2U0,C00 acres
are thus utilized.
ONION PATCH.
CARRY A V 10 STICK,
Cane
Preferred to Revolver by
Detectives.
. "President Roosevelt's epigram
'Speak softly and carry a, big stick ,
has licet! quoted nil over tho world",
said an expert fencing master, who
has taught sword practice In n dozen
of tlie world's capitals. "Aud it Is
good advice literally us well as flgu
ratlvely. Do not provoke quarrels;
avoid them if you can. But bo pre
pared for u tight corner. Many night
policemen and detectives entry stout
canes in preference to revolvers. The
stick Is always ready in all wea
titers. The revolver must lifl car
ried In the pocket, and only nn expert
can flash it on tho instant When
you are In a situation whero your stick
Is needed do not figuro on using it as
a club. An nglle man can dodgrf the
sweep of a stick, and knife you lcfore
you recover your guard. Carry tho
stick with tho tip somewhat In fld'
vance, grasping It firmly six Inches
or more below the knob or handle.
If you are . confronted by an adver
sary give him a sudden, hard thrust
with tho smnll end. Thd etnmneh is
a most vnlnerable point, and if yon
patch him fairly the rhnnres are ten
to one tnat be will double up like a
J I. a t m t m
jiicn-Knue. nerore us recovery you
can withdraw the stick and hand him
one on the head or the back of the
neck that will put him out of business
tor some time to come.
1?. 4
g COOOCOCXXXXOCXKOOCCOCOC
NO OTHER WAGONS APPROACH
b Perfect Adaptability Under &!l Condition fo,
The Strong Old Hickory
ill MANUFACTURED BY ' !!
Kentucky Wagon Manufacturing Co.
LOUISVILLE, KY.
LARGEST PRODUCERS OF FARM WAGONS IN THE WORLD
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K'lFlr.
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' a grrn cnntUtrnry of ! prfoct
clean we tr utumutill ia'hlnry and al'
vohli lc; will not Ir jtir th mut b Ik My
pulitl.ot ur(4C. Ml from par yriplatil
oil. U your draler dc not carry American
Crown Hm ( In tia'k, KJ ntbl bam anJ
ilJir anil wo will m that your wanta an)
tupi liaU. rut up la J'.' IS and SO lb pail.
James S. Kirk & Company
- CU1CAV0, ILL
BOOKS BOOKS
V tiava pulilUhcHl torn food one it
lally aulltnt (orlarmer. lluok that will W
vvvry farmer to mak ntura out of bia farm
Writs fur our catalogue
WJJI1H l'l'IlLISHINO CO
8t. l'uul Minn.
Well Drilling
Machines
Over 70 sir.es arid styles for drilltntr
either dt'cp or shallow wells inony kind
ot mm or r:it. fliountcU-on wheels or
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Strong, simplo nrcl duruMc. Any tno
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SOD rOR CAT.UOCIC
WILLIAM BR03., Ithaca, N.Y.
Repeaters
ara thu rlliul toliil
't anil aula tiKiorv
'J lii Inli"! lormt
i.ih.i aliiclit of Ri'Hl
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tmpilrt iir lffm hint
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prvvvnl nwik ana
f k Ifnm tnlrfing hit
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rnrk aolly and
moolhly. makinr Vrry
litil nun. Our lirw
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ci)e Missoula Rursero
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L i ' l' r ,
vurieucs iox planting
5
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THE EVERBEARING STRAWBERRY 5
A SPECIALTY OP
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a? Cut Flowers and Floral Designs. Also Vctrctahlo Plants
shipped by express. Catalogue and Price List Frco.
Mail orders have prompt attention.
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WYCKOFf. 8EAMANS BEN EDICT
Sandwich
sar rm rtu circle no horse
HAY PRESS
Tho Halcr for npecd. IUlc 13 to 13
tons a day. I hut 40 Inch food bolo.
Adapted to honk barn work. Stand tip
to it work no digging hole for wheel,
Self" feed At tun lime ul increase ciip
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and duos out UicrtXrfj draft.
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tit Mala Street, Sandwich, III
SILOS
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Write fur Catalog-no.
Eagle Tank Co., 281 N. Green 8t.,'
Chicago, IU.
IF YOU WANT A JACK
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Fruit Plants, Shrubs, .
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PLANTS AND
SHRUBS