If
WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 11, 1963 MEDFORD MAIL TRIBUNE, MEDFORD, OREGON
Invasion of World's Last Uninhabited Continent Has Been Completed
By MARTIN GERSlifl"' I McMurdoSEnd and the land warm," explained 1 Equipment found in rear echelon eom-
mm
5 - - VVjVSv""" v s' jjjj
PRACTICED MARKSMANSHIP Floyd Davis displays the No, 8
shooting position at his Sportsdrome bhooting Kange in Dallas,
Texas, where Lee Harvey Oswald, accused assassin of President
Kennedy, allegedly practiced his marksmanship prior to the
assassination. Two other men who shoot at this range have
identified Oswald from pictures as the same man whom they
had seen practicing at the range. Davis here is pointing to a
target on the No. 8 position. This is not a target that Oswald
is believed to have shot at. I UPI)
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The, Medical Roundup
By
Kmorltat roniultanb In Medicine
1 Mayo Clinic
Sinerltui Trofemor or Wedicln
Miiyo Clinlo
CRtfUtsr and Trihuno Syndicate,
1963).
Ml
Serum Hepatitis
As I have Bald several times
in this column, there are two
main types of hepatitis or in
flammation of the liver. One Is
the usually mild, harmless dis
ease which we physicians have
known about for centuries. We
used to call it Infectious jaun
dice. It is due often to drinking
contaminated water. It doesn't
seem to be due to contacts of
an infected person with mem
bers of his family, or with neigh
bors or friends.
The hepatitis which is very
dangerous is the ono that comes
usually two or Ihree months aft
er a person has had a transfu
sion. I was just reading an im
portant editorial in the JAMA,
In which the statement is made
that a blood transfusion "causes
death in approximately one of
every 150 transfusions, in per
sons over 40 years of age, as a
result of serum hepatitis." That
is so big a risk that no one is
ever going to give me a trans
fusion unless I verv definitely
need one to keep from dying.
Blood experts keep telling us
that today thousands of trans
fusions arc given which weren't
really necessary; It just has be
come the custom to give people
transfusions when, perhaps,
they have lost a little blood, or
are somewhat anemic. As the
editorial writer said, many hun
dreds of transfusions are given
In this country every day.
One of the most distressing
features about a transfusion of
blood is that, in spite of every
care that is taken, some of the sary,
donors will be found to be car
riers of the virus. It is a curi
ous fact that the virus which
lives in the donor doesn't socm
to bother him at all, but if It
gets into someone else, and he
is over 40, it may easily kill
him. In some age-groups, the
Incidence of a serious hepa
titis after a tranfusion runs from
eight to 20 per cent which
means that one in five persons
can get into serious trouble.
An editorial writer went on In
say that if a person who jusl
must have a transfusion of blood
is given some gamma globulin
with it, he can be saved from
getting serum hepatitis. Gamma
globulin is a part of tlic blood
which has a decided tendency
to save people from getting a
viral disease, such as measles
or hepatitis. The gamma globu
lin can be Riven in two doses
of 10 milliliters each, a month
apart, the first ono immediate
ly after the transfusion.
At present, much of the gam
ma globulin that Is available
is being given to children to im
munize them against measles.
Fortunately, today, with the de
velopment of a good vaccine
against measles, there will be
much less need (or gamma
globulin, and then it can he
used to protect people from get
ting scrum hepatitis.
Also, as many blood special
ists have said, It will be a great
day for medicine when wo phy
sicians slop giving transluslons
that are not absolutely ncccs-
Written For UP!
McMURDO STATION, Ant
arctica (UPI) The invasion
of Antarctica is over. Man has
occupied the last continent on
earth, wresting it from the
grasp of a furious mother na
ture whose awesome powers
kept this vast land mass devoid
of human life for at least 135
million years.
The final assault on this white
continent began on July 1, 1957,
start of the International Geo
physical Year, when 12 nations
pooled their scientific knowledge
to establish permanent stations
on this 5.5 million square miles
of land mostly buried beneath
at least a mile of steel har
dened ice.
Little more than 50 years
ago, a few men gambled their
lives against raging snow bliz
zards, 100-knot winds and tem
peratures known to plunge 100
degrees below zero just to see
the Antarctic.
As recently as 1957, the trip
from the United States to Ant
arctica took 54 days aboard
bouncing ice breakers which
had to grind their way through
rigid frozen seas.
Today Americans come to the
ice-bound continent on planes
which can make the trip from
New York in 44 hours and from
New Zealand in as little as sev
en hours.
This summer, according to
Rear Adm. James R. Reedy,
commander of U.S. Naval Sup
port Forces, Antarctica, some
3,000 men from a dozen nations
live at more than 40 outposts,
field bases and permanent sta
tions across the length and
breadth of this land.
Antarctic Summer
Most men come here for the
Antarctic summer, a period of
daylight lasting ' from October
to March. At least 20 per cent
volunteer to winter over during
the dark days when transporta
tion between Antarctica and the
rest of the world ends for six
months because of the forbid
ding climate.
Even communications break
down during the winter period
because of magnetic storms and
other natural phenomena.
McMurdo Station is the Am
erican beach head of Antarc
tica. The Navy's logistic base
is the largest outpost of civil
ization on the continent.
More than 1,000 servicemen
and scientists live here in the
summer months; some 250 men
remain here all year.
I he station, located on the
Cape Armitage tip of Ross Is
land, is built on volcanic ash
not unlike the earth found in
Hawaii. It lies in the shadow
of smoldering Mt. Erubus, Ant
arctica's only active volcano,
and it overlooks the frozen bay
ice of McMurdo Sound.
Itoyal Society Range
In the distance is the stun
ning Royal Society Range. The
cold blue, ice -covered moun
tains topped liy white froslincs
of frozen snow leave even the
most cynical sailors struck by
their majestic beauty.
It is moro beautiful than
anything at home," admitted
Swiss scientist Bernard Spociil,
Baden, Switzerland, who is on
a research project In Antarcti
ca with the University of Minnesota.
Air transportation to all U.S.
stations in Antarctica begins
from new Williams Field, a run
way carved out of the 70-foot
thick ice on McMurdo Sound.
The reason (or the "new"
Williams Field is that the old
one is drifting off to sea. Each
summer the bay ice breaks and
moves slowly seaward When
Williams Field drifted four
miles south, it was abandoned
and a new runway scraped in
the ice.
Hazardous Air Untile
McMurdo Slnlion is connect
ed to the nearest point of civil
ization, Christchurch, New Zea
land, 2,130 miles away, by one
of the most hazardous air
routes In the world.
There are no 'alternate land
ing fields for U.S. planes mak
ing Ihe dally runs, meterologl
cal reports are scanty, the
planes can't carry enough fuel
for a round trip non-stop flight
and Ihe unpredictable Antarctic
weather can keep a plane from
landing after it arrives at Us
destination.
bordering the station is littered
with barrels of oil, venicles,
food supplies and assorted
equipment brought here in sum
mers gone by. The scene resem
bles a wartime beachhead after
the battle has passed. But while
equipment in the rest of the
world rots or rusts when left
unattended, the cold of Antarc
tica has preserved the material
cast aside here.
Surrealist's Conception
McMurdo Station is a mixture
of the past, present and future,
resembling some surrealist's
conception of a frontier town.
An assortment of 109 insulat
ed huts are clustered about the
station's one main but unpaved
street. The huts are made of
canvass, wood or corrugated
metals.
The street begins at the
Chapel of the Snows and ends
at a huge mess hall where
servicemen all ranks eat cafe
teria style. Everybody includ
ing officers stand in line for
chow.
The interdenominational chap
el, which also houses the
brary, is built at the foot of
Observation Hill, a solid mound
of volcanic rock and ash top
ped by a huge memorial in me
mory of Capt. nobert falcon
Scott who conquered the South
Pole but died on the Ross Ice
Shelf en route back to civiliza
tion. Half way down Observation
Hill, overlooking the Chapel,
are two green Butler huts
which house the nuclear reac
tor which one day will provide
heat, water, electricity and
even flush toilets for the sta
tion. The reactor was installed In
December, 1061, but has not
been working properly, so that
all buildings still must be heat
ed by kerosene stoves. A con
ventional generator provides
electricity.
Since the blinding sun never
sets during most of the six
month summer season, service
men and scientists work busily
around the clock to accomplish
a year's activity in half the
time.
Navy workshifts are 12 hours,
six and a half days a ween,
but nobody seems to mind. Sci
entists set their own hours.
The men work better here
than elsewhere because they
have to if they want to keep
Operator 1-C Willard Cousins,
31, of Goldsboro, N.C., now re
siding at 22 Saratoga Road,
North Kingston, R.I.
Most of the important work
of settling into the Antarctic
is done during the summer
months. In the winter, Navy
men stand by for maintenance
work. The scientists continue
their experiments all year.
Commissary Steward 1-C Rob
ert Smith, Carmel, N.Y., said
he spent one year at the isolat
ed station working, sleeping
and playing darts, pinochle and
cribbage. And growing a fine
beard.
McMurdo Station's master at
arms, Chief Equipment Opera
tor John Hutchinson, 38, of Oys
ter Bay, N.Y., devoted his win
ter to studying Russian, Alge
bra and a correspondence
course in naval regulations.
"Tourists Come"
"We only worked eight hours
a day in the winter because
there was less to do. The chow
was better then. Things change
in the summer when the tour
ists come," Hutchinson said.
But things are changing ev
erywhere in Antarctica now
that the battle for the conti
nent Is over. In other years
sailors at McMurdo were grant
ed special concessions just as
servicemen on combat duty are
permitted certain privileges not
mands.
But with the assault over
and the lengthy occupation be
gun things are changing at Mc
Murdo. "This is the first year enlist
ed men saluted me here," said
one naval officer who visited
here several times before. And
beards, once the sign of the
veteran Antarctic explorer, are
on their way out at McMurdo.
While Antarctica was consid
ered a battlefield, money was
no object and much equipment
was wasted as Americans
fought to get a toehold in the
ice.
But Congress last year cut
the Navy's annual Operation
Deep Freeze budget by 25 per
cent, although the new annual
allotment of $19.5 million will
be provided for five years.
But Navy Captain Marshall
G. Nicholson, Reedy's chief of
staff warned that scientific re
search and costs in Antarctica
were going up 2V'z per cent
each year, and said his new
budget would be insufficient.
Capt. James Elliot, McMurdo
Station commander, said he
had only 13 mechanics to main
tain 384 pieces of equipment.
"Under our present budget,
we're not making any progress
forward; we're merely holding
our own on the ice," Ellio
said.
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Biologist Needs
More Blue Frogs
ITHACA, N. Y. (UPI) -Prof.
Lowell D. Uhler wants more
blue frogs.
He already has two of them
but they're both females.
Uhler, a biologist at the New
York Slate College of Agricul
ture at Cornell University, wants
to find out why they are blue
instead of the traditional green.
In order to do this, he has to
breed them.
The professor wants lo breed
bluo frogs Willi green frogs to
see if the offspring would be
blue.
In view of the sex of his
present two blues, Uhler and a
student, Michael Berns of Great
Neck, N. Y., plan a project
that will take several years but
should answer his questions.
Uhler and Berns plan to mate
the female blue frogs with a
green male frog, hoping even
tually to obtain some blue off
spring. Then, blue males and
blue females will be mated as
well as blue males and green
females.
By this method, Uhler hopes
lo determine Ihe genetic basis
of Ihe blue color.
Uhler savs il takes these
species about two years lo grow
from the egg to Ihe breeding
stage, so It will necessarily be
a long-term project.
Blue frogs apparently are not
uncommon. Since his attention
was first called to them, Uhler
had advertised in several pro
fessional magazines in an effort
to obtain live specimens.
Though a number of people
have reported seeing Ihcm, he
has received only several.
Ever see a blue frog?
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