MONDAY. OCTOBER 28, 13
CIVIL WAR
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TROOPS SUFFER FAMINE The Union Army
penned up at Chattanooga, Tenn., in October,
1863, after losing the battle of Chickamauga,
was not eating well in fact teamsters had to
guard their mules because soldiers stole the
corn from the animals' nosebags. The reason
for the famine was the fact that the besieging
Confederate Army controlled the Tennessee
River below Chattanooga and Gen. U. S. Grant
could not get supplies into the city. Grant,
using a plan worked out before his arrival on
the scene, broke the blockade and let supplies
flow to his army again. This drawing, from
the Library of Congress collection, shows Gen
eral Hooker's men crossing the river at Brown's
Ferry to break the blockade. (UPI)
Soldiers' Hunger Sparks Battle
By MERTON T. AKERS
United Press International
A Civil War soldier who
lugged a heavy musket, from 40
to60rounds of ammunition,
half a pup tent, a blanket, a can
teen and assorted cooking uten
sils worried less about the
weight than about food.
If a soldier "liberated" chick
ens, turkeys and ham from plan
tations, he soon began grum
bling because he had no bacon
and hardtack.
The Union army penned up
in Chattanooga, Tenn., in Octo
ber 1863 after losing the battle
of Chickamauga, was not eating
well in fact, teamsters had to
guard their mules because the
soldiers stole the corn from the
animals' nosebags. They had lit
tle bacon, less hardtack and no
trimmings.
"The men had been on half ra
tions for a considerable time,"
Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, who
had just assumed command of
the army, wrote.
"The beef was so poor that the
soldiers were in the habit of say
ing that they were living on
'half rations of hard bread and
dried beef on the hoof.' It looked,
indeed, as if but two courses
were open; the one to starve,
the other to surrender."
The reason for the famine was
the fact that the besieging Con
federate army controlled the
Tenrtessee River below Chatta
nooga and that was the only
way Grant could bring in pro
visions in large enough quanti
ties to feed his army and its
animals.
Grant was not a general to sit
and wait for an event to happen.
He preferred to do something
about it.
Blockade Broken
Using a plan worked out be
fore he arrived who conceived
the plan is a matter of dispute
Grant broke the Confederate
blockade of the river and sup
plies flowed again.
Part of the Union army was
at Bridgeport, Ala., about 25
miles southwest of Chatta
nooga, under the command of
Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker who
had brought two corps of rein
forcements from the Army of
the Potomac in Virginia.
Hooker's men marched to
ward Chattanooga early on
Oct. 27, 1863. He was not in fa
vor of the move.
"It is a very hazardous opera
tion and almost sure to procure
us a defeat" he was quoted.
His men marched 15 miles
that day. Confederate p i c k ets
along the way fell back.
The next day Hooker march
ed along the valley with Look
out Mountain swarming with
Confederates, on his right. He
could see their signal stations
wigwagging messages to the
headquarters of Gen. Braxton
Bragg, Confederate commander.
Touch and Go
To Hooker it was touch and go
as he approached the Tennessee
River below Chattanooga where
it looped back north.
The Confederates kept up rifle
and artillery fire from the top
of Lookout Mountain but did lit
tle damage. Any moment Hook
er expected Confederate col
umns to attack his extended
force from the foothills of Look
out. At the most exposed point on
a crossroads Hooker sat on his
horse as his men marched by to
Brown's Ferry, five miles west
of Chattanooga and assured
them there was no danger of a
Confederate attack in force. At
least he hoped so.
Another three miles and his
men reached Brown's Ferry.
There they met a Union force
from Chattanooga which had
seized a bridgehead on the river
the day before and had thrown
up a pontoon bridge with little
resistance.
"Hurrah, hurrah, vou have
opened our bread line," they
shouted as Hooker's men arrived.
Grant's "cracker line" was
open. Now supplies could come
up the Tennessee River to
Brown's Ferry and easily be
hauled across the neck of land
the five miles to Chattanooea
out of sight and range of the
reoeis on LooKout.
The forces from Chattanooea
which had seized the Brown's
Ferry bridgehead had paddled
meir pontoons on tne Tennessee
River from the north in secrecy.
The longer route was necessary
because the Confederates on
Lookout Mountain which stands
like a sentinel across the river
from Chattanooga, could see
every move of the Federals. To
have started a pontoon train
west toward Brown's Ferry
woum nave tipped ott Confed
erate pickets that something
was up and enabled Bragg to
pile in more troops.
Confederates Surprised
Seizure of Brown's Ferry sur
prised the Confederates but
they made a fight to pinch off
Hooker's force that night.
Soon after midnight they at
tacked a Union division c o m
manded by Maj. Gen. John W.
Geary at Wauhatchie, Tenn.,
just south of Chattanooga and
west of Lookout.
This was one of the few night
attacks of the Civil War- and
was f o u g h t in the moonlight
with only an occasional cloud
darkening the sky.
Hearing the firing. Hooker or
dered troops from Brown's Fer
ry back to aid Geary. They
were slow, owing partly to
stopping to clear away Confed
erate Hankers and did not reach
Geary's division until 5 a.m. By
that time the battle was over.
The fighting was confused.
The Confederates about 2,100
in the main force and 1,800 in
a flanking maneuver attacked
Geary repeatedly but every time
they were thrown back. By 4
a.m. the fight was over and the
Confederates commanded by
Brig. Gen. Evander M. Law
fell back to their Lookout
Mountain stronghold.
The Federals counted 437 cas
ualties, the Confederates 460.
Birth of a Myth
Out of the moonlit battle came
one of the best myths of the
Civil War.
The story goes that during the
fighting the mules of Geary's
wagon train stampeded toward
the Confederate lines. Thinking
they were being charged by
Federal cavalry, the Rebels cut
and ran before the mule bri
gade. The story isn't true but Grant
repeated it in his memoirs.
The myth was topped off with
the alleged remark of some wag
that in honor of their charge
the mules should have been
breveted as horses.
While the maneuvering around
Lookout assured the Federals of
sufficient food, forage and am
munition, the beseiging Corn
federates fared less well.
Bragg's commissary was fail
ing, according to Pvt. J. B. Pol-
ley of the 4th Texas.
Hungry for Pork
"Appetite comes with eating.
it is said," he wrote in a letter,
"but to the Texans in Bragg's
army it comes with fa tting.
"Blue beef and musty corn
meal have become monotonous.
Anyhow, my comrade, Jim Som
erville and I decided to 'vari
gate our eatin',' and we en
gaged in a search for a quad
raped of porcine persuasion . . .
we tound ourselves m a se
cluded glade and in near prox
imity of a couple of fair-sized
and well-fed hogs . . ."
Somerville's musket m i s s ed
fire but eventually they killed
and skinned one of the hogs.
As they toted away the car
cass they ran afoul of provost
guards.
Taken before the provost mar
shal, Polley and Somerville con
tended they had paid for the
hog. The officer was skeptical
but let them take the carcass
on the promise they could prove
their purchase the next day.
That night their comrades
ponied up $100 as they ate the
hog and the next day Polley
paid off a farmer who claimed
to own the hog.
Polley wrote that they were
"heartily congratulated on t h e
hunger - satisfying issue of our
adventure.
Gunmen Hold Up
Portland Loan Firm
PORTLAND (UPI) - FBI
agents today were looking for
two gunmen who took $29,020 m
a holdup at the Hawthorne Of
fice of the Benjamin Franklin
Federal Savings and Loan Asso
ciation here Saturday afternoon.
Both men wore false Hallo
ween noses.
Two women clerks and two
customers were in the office at
the time of the holdup and were
forced to lie face down on the
floor.
The men apparently escaped
in a car which was stolen from
a parking lot near the office
about the time the holdup oc
curred. Two other offices of the com
pany were held up earlier this
year.
Kennedy, Children
End Weekend Rest
WASHINGTON (UPD-Presi-dent
Kennedy and his family
spent a leisurely weekend at
their plush, new country home
in nearby northern Virginia.
The President returned to the
White House this morning. Both
children, Caroline and John Jr.,
accompanied him on the 20
minute helicopter flight from
the home on Rattlesnake Moun
tain to the White House lawn.
Mrs. Kennedy stayed behind at
the home she helped design
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