8 A-
SUNDAY. OCTOBER 20, 1363
MEDFORD MAIL TRIBUNE, MEDEORD, OREGON
Open Season Appearing on Scientists
Bv JOSEPH I.. MYI.EII
L'nilrd Prrss International
WASHINGTON (UPl)-This
seems to be the open season
on scientists.
They are under attack (rnm
many quarters. Some of the
hardest blows have come from
scientists themselves.
Many of the knocks have
been delivered, if not with a
blunt instrument, at least
bluntly. For example, Dr. Phil
ip H. Abelson, editor of the
magazine Science, said recent
ly that:
"The scientific community
has not responded adequately
lo the high trust placed on it
by the nation."
No one is sugResting that
the 20th century world can or
wants to get along without sci
ence. Science undoubtedly is
here to slay.
Affair Is Flagging
But in Congress the love af
fair between scientists and
lawmakers which began with
the wartime conquest of the
awesome atom appears to be
flagging.
The House chopped the Na
tional Science Foundation's
budget from the $589 million
asked by the administration
to $323 million.
At the same time, the House
cut the space exploration pro
gram from $5.7 billion to $5.1
billion, whittling for the first
time an undertaking of the
government which until this
year had seemed immune to
congressional criticism.
The House also voted 3116 lo
0 to create a special commit
tee to investigate federally fi
nanced research and develop
ment projects generally and
specifically. The House Sci
ence and Astronautics commit
tee, meanwhile, will make a
similar investigation.
Support for Projects
Support for research proj
ects, including space explora
tion, hit $14.9 billion for the
fiscal year which started July
1. Less than a quarter of a
century ago, in 1!M0, the fed
eral government was spend
ing only $75 million for such
work.
Since 1940 research and de
velopment spending has dou
bled every three to four years.
Many congressmen, as well
as others, are appalled.
Scientists say most of this
money is being spent on hard
ware, not on science. But con
gressmen and the lay public
do not exactly understand the
distinction which scientists
make between pure research
on the one hand and engineer
ing development on the other.
This may be because scien
tists themselves have flocked
in large numbers to big and
costly government programs,
such as atomic power develop
ment and space exploration,
which are concerned as much
with exploiting as with creat
ing knowledge.
A Vocal Critic
Albclson is one of the most
vocal critics of the $20 billion
project to land men on the
moon before 1970. He is not
alone. But there is more to
the story than the moon proj
ect. After World War II, scien
tists were called upon by both
Congress and the public to
give expert advice on affairs
in which they were not always
expert and to make final judg
ments on issues about which
scientists themselves were di
vided. It developed that scientists,
too, were people. Many will
remember the conflict within
the scientific community over
the possible effects of man
kind on the small amount of
radiation exposure resulting
from delayed fallout spread
around the world by nuclear
tests. Some scientists magni
fied the effects; others mini
mized them.
Some Things Not Polite
This was confusing, not to
say maddening, to the non
scientists. Learned doctors
denounced each other in pub
lic and before congressional
committees. Some of the
Ihings they said about each
olher were not, to say the
least, polite.
This same sort of confusion,
this cleavage among members
of the scientific elites, mani
fested itself during Senate
hearings on the limited nuc
lear test ban treaty.
One scientist said the treaty
would hurt the United States.
Another said it would hurt
Russia. A third said it would
affect both nations about the
same way. As the Federation
of American Scientists put it:
Apparent Contradiction
"Many Senators found
themselves perplexed hy the
apparent contradictions be
tween the testimony of dif
ferent scientists."
2-17-24-138
44 82
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Many similar examples of
disagreement among the "ex
perts" could be cited.
Scientists obviously have
not undertaken in any organ
ized way to set themselves up
as high priests of a particu
larly esoteric cult. Their in
ability to close ranks among
themselves rules out any such
attempt.
Still, scientists do seem to
be different from ordinary
mortals. Exaggerated notions
about them have taken root
in the popular mind. There
are good scientists, who cre
ate balms and panaceas, and
there are bad scientists who
invent bombs and poisons
or so some people seem to be
lieve. Only An Image
Dacl Wolflc, publisher of
Science, said recently that
for many Americans the
scientist "is only an image .
and never a reality in the
sense that the local doctor,
lawyer, banker, and merchant
are living realities."
It is possible to revere the
scientist. It is hard not to
when you think of a Newton,
a Planck, an Einstein, a
Pauli, or a Fermi. It is also
possible to despise him.
Dr. Robert M. Hutchins,
president of the Center for
the Study of Democratic In
stitutions, does not believe
the scientist has much lo offer
toward solution of man's
moral and intellectual prob
lems. Hutchins, former presi
dent of the University of Chi
cago, says:
"A scientist has a limited
education, lie labors on the
topic of his dissertation, wins
Ihe Nobel Prize by Ihe time
he is 85, and suddenly has
nolhing to do . . . he has no
alternative but lo spend the
rest of his life making a nuis
ance of himself."
Series of Papers
The center which Hutchins
heads recently published a
series of papers charging that
"a majority of American
scientists, especially those
connected with the arms pro
gram, are not acting in the
host interests of a free so
ciety." Another person who long
since has disabused himself
of the notion that scientific
enterprise will save Ihe world
is David E. Lilienthal. Ulien
thal, Ihe first chairman of
the U.S. Atomic Energy com
mission, has worked much of
his life with scientists.
In a just published hook, he
accused them in effect of get
ting too big for their breeches.
They involve themselves as
experts in "non-scientific
areas of human affairs."
Because he Invented the A
homh, the scientist "seemed
to take on some of the at
tributes of his world-shaking
crcalion; there was. in the
public mind," I.ilienlhal said,
"something unearthly, some
thing superhuman, something
uncanny about him."
Scientist Contused
And with burgeoning of vast
new government enterprises,
Lilienlhal said, the scientist
got "confused with bureau
cratic impulse to justify ex
penditure and see that next
year's budget is higher than
'last's."
"The space program hap
pens al the moment," Lilien
thal said, "to be the most ex
tensive illustration of what
has happened lo science
through its absorption into a
Slim
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last-building and gargantuan
establishment.
"Here the goals of the pro
gram are not scientific goals;
they are political. This is not
to say that the goals are
therefore not justifiable,
though whether they are is a
serious problem indeed.
Illustrates Direction .
"The space program mere
ly illustrates how the direction
of scientific effort now is no
longer controlled by recog
nizable scientific considera
tions." Many scientists heartily
agree with this. But they have
found to their sorrow that
when scientists denounce pro
grams they consider non
scientific, Ihe axe often falls
on programs they approve.
If the $20 billion Apollo
lunar landing program is vul
nerable, how much more open
to attack is a funny sounding
$14,000 science foundation pro
ject to study "information
contained in echoes."
The liny science foundation
project is basic science, aimed
solely at acquiring knowledge.
But it just might help the
blind to see with sound
stead of light. Nevertheless
projects like this are bound
to suffer in the gathering of
fensive against the bigger
and costlier programs.
Shocked at Sneers
Dr. Abelson, who hits often
at Apollo, was shocked by
congressional sneers at scien
tifically pure activities cost
ing only a fraction of the total
federal research and develop
ment budget.
Wolfle has said that perhaps
it isn't worthwhile to try to
change the public "image of
the scientist." It is science,
not the scientist, that is im
portant. Lilienthal also pays
tribute to science. He does
not deny, moreover, that
scientists are people.
"They have proven beyond
all doubt," he said, "that they
are human, and nothing more
admiring could be said. They
have shown us that they can
be just as wise and just as
foolish, just as judicious and
just as ridiculous, just as
clear-headed and just as bone
headed, as any of us laymen
can ever be."
Measures to Reduce
Shoplifting Listed
In Police Bulletin
A bulletin discussing measures i Where and when possible,
that can be taken to reduce use "clerk spotters" to control
losses by shoplifting has been shoplifting.
distributed to Medlord mer
chants by the city police depart
ment, Chief Charles P. Champ
lin has announced.
The problem of shoplifting, al
ways serious, becomes particu
larly acute during the Christ
mas shopping season, Chief
Champlin noted.
But he advised that if a few
simple precautions are observed
Avoid display of extra value
merchandise in the immediate
vicinity of exits where thieves
can "snatch and run."
Guard against "disturb
ances" among customers. They
may be a "cover" for thefts.
Prohibit use of stock room
entrance by the public.
The bulletin also recommends
by merchants, shoplifting can be ; tnat a! incidents be reported I
more effectively controlled and
kept to a minimum.
Among the suggestions in the
bulletin are the following:
Maintain an adequate sales
force during rush periods, es
pecially during lunch and din
ner hours, so as not to invite
shoplifting.
Watch for Loiterers
Watch out for loiterers, par
ticularly those with large empty
bags. If suspicious, call the police.
promptly to police, since the el.
ement of time can often be cru
cial in the successful handling
of shoplifting cases, Chief
Champlin said.
LAW LPIIKLD
PORTLAND (UP1) A new
law requiring public dental tech
nichians who repair and replace
dentures to work under super
vision of licensed dentists was
upheld today by Circuit Judge
pro-tern Barrett H. Goldstein.
3
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