in I FRIDAY, AUGUST In, 19S3
Farming the
.Hiolo'gisi Relieves AAcodd Will CooTriLroll Life ddh cecums
MEDFOBD MAIL TRIBUNE, MEDFORD. OREGON
Editor'! note: This in t h e
fourth in series on the Im
plications of the government's
intensified oceanography pro
gram and the race between
the United States and Russia
4o learn the mysteries of the
ocean depth.)
By A. ROBERT SMITH
Mail Tribune
Washington Correspondent
Washington - "I don't see
why we can't farm fish just
like cows," says Dr. Robert L.
Edwards, gazing out to sea
from his laboratory at
Woods Hole, Mass., the Amer
ican mccca for oceanographers.
Dr. Edwards, a government
biologist, was talking about
his hopes for making the
ocean fish resource more de.
pendable and more plentiful,
not of rearing food fish in
ponds or lakes as fish farm
ing is usually thought of.
The logistics of "farming"
the oceans would be incredi
ble, Dr. Edwards concedes,
but he believes man will one
day know enough about the
marine life of the oceans to
influence and alter that mys
terious life cycle for the ben
efit of future generations.
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This Is not )ust an aca
demic consideration which
intrigues a pipe-imoking
scientist. The world iish
catch, which reached 90
billion pounds in 1961. it
rising each year. The catch
seems to double about ev
ery 12 years. No one knows
ior certain how much addi
tional tithing the ocean can
sustain without teriout de
pletion of moil food fish
tpeciet. Several tpeciet al
. ready show evidence of the
ravage! of over-fithing. But
some fisheries experts
think the ocean could sus
tain a catch that is five
timet greater than the pre
sent one.
In any event, the world
population boom and the like
ly increase in commercial
fishing by coastal countries
that have severe food short
ages point inevitably to
rapid rise in the world catch
in the years immediately
ahead.
Dr. Edwards, deputy di
rector of the Bureau of Com
merical Fisheries lab at
Woods Hole, is stimulating
oceanographic research ef
forts aimed at increasing the
ocean fish population. isn
produce billions of eggs that
perish due to disease, pre
dators or other , unfavorable
factors in their natural en
vironment. Biologists estimate
that only about one of every
10,000 eggs produce fish
which reach maturity. Dr.
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Edwards is confident that
oceanographers will learn how
to increase the survival rate
so that the fish population
may one day be doubled.
Such an optimistic goal can
be reached, he notes, only
through an Intensive research
effort. To gather data and
specimens for laboratory an
alysis, Woods Hole this spring
received a brand new re
search ship, Albatross IV
the first ever designed and
built by the U. S. specifically
for fisheries research. H cost
$2.1 million.
During a recent four-day
Atlantic cruiie, this re
porter observed the ship's
scientists and technicians
tet out their big 60 by 90
foot nylon net from thit
item trawler and retrieve
tome 20 marine species.
The Albatross hat labs
where 16 tpecialittt can
work. It even hat closed
circuit television equipment
to permit the icieniists on
shipboard to watch the ac
tivities of fish many fath
oms below when a camera
it dropped with the net.
Raymond Fritz, chief sci
entist on the Albatross, notes
that the abundance of com
merical fish varies drastically
from year to year unaccount
ably. By spending 200 days a
year at sea, Fritz hopes the
Albatross will learn more of
the mysterious habits of
groundfish species such as
cod, haddock, silver hake,
redfish, flounder and sea scal
lop.
The ideal Is to gel maxium
sustained - yield fisheries,"
said Fritz. "In some cases we
may be over-fishing, and in
others under - fishing. We
need more biological infor
mation." David Miller, a marine
zoologist, specializes in study
ing what happens to various
species in their first year after
spawning, the period when
groundfish mature. He hopes
to make a systematic survey
from 150 sampling stations
scattered about the Gulf of
Maine to collect eggs and lar
vae In search of clues as to
how to arrest infant mortality
among fish.
The Albatross and Woods
Hole are responsible for the
Northwest Atlantic between
Nova Scotia and New York.
Other research ships will in
the near future operate in
conjunction with ntw labs at
Seattle, La Jolla, Calif., and
Beaufort, N. C.
This is but one facet of the
nation's intensified oceano
graphy effort conducted by
some 20 government agencies
and a host of state and pri
vate Institutions, Including
Oregon State University and
the University of Washington,
each of which operates its own
research vessel.
While other oceanograph
ers focut on the overriding
military aspects of the total
effort, the million of the
Albatrott it geared to the
plight of the American
fisherman and hit concern
over depleted iitheries and
riling foreign competition.
As Donald L. McKernan.
director of the Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries, put
It. "international fithery
problem! are increating and
erioutly threaten the wel
fare of Canadian and U. S
fishermen."
Just as Pacific coast fish
ermen have felt the impact of
foreign competition off the
Northwest and Alaskan coast
for salmon, halibut and crab
Hr
M A ATA
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STAMPEDE
Family
Council
Kdllnr's Note: Thr r.milr Coon.
rll consists n! a judge, psychia
trist, three cl.rjrymen. a newspaper
rrlltnr. a women's editor, and two
writers. Farn article is a summary
nf an actual case history. The
'mined reports on problems that
have heen dealt with hv respon
slble agencies and counselors.
(Copyrlrht 19(3
Genera! Features Corp.)
Mrs. L. S. - We can get
back our rent and live rent
free this way.
Mr. L. S. - The new head
aches we'll have won't make
it worthwhile.
Mrs. L. S. - We have a
beautiful apartment with a
large terrace. Our daughter's
marriage in June leaves us
with a large empty bedroom
and bath. A middle-aged gen
tleman with whom we are
friendly has a studio apart
ment in the building, and
asked me whether we'd rent
the room to him. Besides the
income, we'd fill our empty
home again. He's a cheerful
person.
Mr. L. S. - He's a little too
cheerful for my taste. Let
him stay cheerful where he is
- I can manage without his
brand of sunshine as well as
without his rent check. We
don't know much about this
fellow: I can't find out what
he does for a living, he never
mentions his family, and I've
seen him with a succession of
lady . friends. I'd hale to
worry about my wife joining
the list.
The Council: There are
problems and sub-problems
here. Among the latter, which
we must push out of the way
for now, are: Why should an
apartment occupied by a
married couple feel "empty"
to Mrs. S., the wife? . . . And
why doesn't Mr. S. trust his
wife's love for him? If she's
flighty enough to he in dan
ger of joining this gay blade s
"list," she can do so no mat
ter where he lives. But the
immediate problem presented
speaks not of an inadequate
marriage or notions of infi
delity, but of Mrs. S. as po
tential landlady to a male
roomer. Forget it, Mrs. S.
Keep that spare room ready
for your daughter and her
husband when they come
back to visit. Or, if you need
the money, seek a sub-tenant
you and Mr. S. can agree on,
one you know more about,
and can count on to heed the
minimum rules for peaceful
coexistence. As for cheering
the place up, why import sun
beams which may fizzle?
Warm up the flickering ones
within your walls.
from Japan and Russia, New
England fisherman have been
hurt by competitors crowd
ing in upon their traditional
fishing grounds, notably the
Grand Banks and Georges
Banks.
A recent example of the re
sult, said Fritz, is the decline
of the ocean perch, or red
fish, the mainstay of Glouc
ester, Mass., for two decades.
Last year the catch was 121
million pounds, lowest since
1944 and less than half the
record catch of 258 million
pounds taken In 1951. There's
no mystery about this decline
-it's due to over-fishing, Fritz
said. .
Some say that Russian fac
tory ships which ply these wa
ters contributed to this by
nearly depleting the Canadian
redfish two years ago. Now
the Russians are said to be
taking great quantites of
whiling at the expense of
American trawlers.
"It's economic warfare.
They're raiding our bread
basket," says Walter Beat
teay, skipper of the Albatross,
and a native of Massachu
setts. But back at Woods
Hole, Dr. Edwards disagrees,
saying too little is known as
yet whether increased fishing
or other factors are respon
sible. Canada tried without suc
cess to get the 13-nation In
ternational Commission for
North Atlantic Fisheries to
limit the redfish catch. But
it only standardized the size
of mesh in nets five years
ago to permit greater escape
ment of immature fish.
Before the decline of red
fish, New England witnessed
the virtual disappearance of
the mackeral. For these and
other economic reason's such
as risir" costs of replacing
aged fis..ing boats and inflat
ed costs of marine insurance,
New England's commercial
fishing is in the doldrums.
The U. S. hat slipped
from second to fifth rank
among the world't great
fishing nations; and Massa
chusetts hat dropped behind
California and Alaska in
value of itt annual catch.
Washington rankt 9th and
Oregon 14th.
In fact, the U. S. hat be
come a net importing na
tion in term of fith. Since
1959 the value of fish im
port! hat exceeded the val
ue of the domestic catch.
Lait year the value of im
ports wat $473 million, the
value of the domettie catch
381 million.
The goat of sustained-yield
fisheries is a long-range one.
The sudden decline of the
California sardine some years
ago and the one-third dip in
the supply of the Pacific
Northwest's Dungeness crab
last year point up its impor
tance to the Pacific coast.
just as the decline of the
mackeral and redfish make
it meaningful to New Eng
land.
Sustained - yields of desir
able fish species, the Alba
tross scientists believe, can
only be achieved through
STAR GAXER0
Ql 7- 7-26-31
33-48 67
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adequate research upon which
sound conservation can be I
based. If they should make
some remarkable discoveries
on ways of increasing the
ocean fish populations.
much the easier to avert de
pletion. But it will be fruit
less if the fishing countries
fail to act on their findings
to prevent over-fishing.
If that is the ultimate re
sponsibility of the politicans
and their fish - consuming
constituents the world around,
at least the oceanographers
are determined to confront
them with the most complete
biological data on which to
work out agreements for sus
tained-yield fisheries in per
petuity. Nfxt: - Malfunctions which
jtopardiif U.S. oceanography.
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